Water and Sanitation WATSAN State Series Odisha HUP

Water and Sanitation WATSAN State Series Odisha HUP



1 Pages 1-10

▲back to top


1.1 Page 1

▲back to top


Water and Sanitation
STATE SERIES 2012
ODISHA: AFTER BABY STEPS, RUN!
Health of the Urban Poor (HUP) Program

1.2 Page 2

▲back to top


Water and Sanitation: State Series 2012
Odisha: After Baby Steps, Run!
Prepared and published by
Health of the Urban Poor [HUP] Program
Population Foundation of India
B-28, Qutab Institutional Area, New Delhi - 110 016
Author
Biraja Kabi Satapathy
Special Inputs
Dr. Sainath Banerjee
Dr. S.K Mondal
Smarajit Chakraborthy
Dr. Hrudananda Mohanty
Anand Rudra, USAID
Editing Support
Ranjan Panda
Shipra Saxena
Design & Layout
Sarita Singh
Photographs
HUP
Published
June, 2012
Copyright
The contents of this publication may be used freely, for not-for-profit purposes,
provided the users duly acknowledge the publishers. However, anyone intending
to use the contents for commercial purposes must obtain prior permission from
the publishers.
2

1.3 Page 3

▲back to top


Table of Contents
Abbreviations
4
Preface
6
In brief
7
CHAPTER 1. Urban WATSAN: Odisha Needs to Catch Up
9
CHAPTER 2. Policy, Plan and Program: A Safe Net
11
SPREAD BOX: Community Speaks
14
CHAPTER 3. Schemes: Programmed for Access and Availability
17
CHAPTER 4. Way Forward: Converge and Consult
21
List of Tables
Table 1: Demographic Highlights, 2011 Census (Provisional)
10
Table 2: Urban Household Water & Sanitation Arrangements
10
Table 3: Guidelines for Urban and Rural Water Supply
13
Table 4: Odisha Norms for Water Supply
13
Table 5: Highlights of the Odisha Urban Sanitation Strategy 2011
13
Table 6: Highlights of the Slum Rehabilitation and Development Policy 13
3

1.4 Page 4

▲back to top


AUWSP
BDA
BSUP
BMC
CBO
CSP
HUP
IHL
IHSDP
ILCS
JICA
JnNURM
KBK
LPCD
NAC
NFHS
NGO
NRCD
NUSP
NSDP
OBC
OMA
OMCA
OMR
OUSS
OWSSB
PAS
PFI
PH
PHEO
PPCP
RAY
Abbreviations
Accelerated Urban Water Supply Programme
Bhubaneswar Development Authority
Basic Services for the Urban Poor
Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation
Community Based Organisation
City Sanitation Plan
Health of the Urban Poor
Individual Household Latrine
Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme
Integrated Low Cost Sanitation
Japan International Co-operation Agency
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
Kalahandi-Bolangir-Koraput
Liter Per Capita per Day
Notified Area Council
National Family Health Survey
Non-Government Organisation
National River Conservation Directorate
National Urban Sanitation Policy
National Slum Development Programme
Other Backward Caste
Odisha Municipal Act
Odisha Municipal Corporation Act
Odisha Municipal Rules
Odisha Urban Sanitation Strategy
Odisha Water Supply & Sewerage Board
Pollution Abatement Scheme
Population Foundation of India
Physically Handicapped
Public Health Engineering Organisation
Public-Private Community Partnership
Rajiv Awas Yojana

1.5 Page 5

▲back to top


RLTAP
RoR
RTI
SC
ST
STI
SLSC
SRDP
SUSM
UIDSSMT
UIG
ULB
USAID
VAMBAY
WATSAN
Revised Long Term Action Plan
Record of Rights
Reproductive Tract Infection
Scheduled Caste
Scheduled Tribe
Sexual Tract Infection
State Level Steering Committee
Slum Rehabilitation & Development Policy
State Urban Sanitation Mission
Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme
for Small and Medium Towns
Urban Infrastructure and Governance
Urban Local Bodies
United States Agency for International
Development
Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojna
Water and Sanitation
5

1.6 Page 6

▲back to top


INJETI SRINIVAS
Principal Secretary to Government,
Housing and Urban Development Department,
Government of Odisha
Bhubaneswar - 751001
D.O. No__________________/HUD,
Date:
PREFACE
Providing water and sanitation services to the growing urban populace is a challenge
which has to be met in a planned and time bound manner. Housing and Urban
Development Department, Government of Odisha is committed to meet this objective
following an inclusive approach. Odisha Urban Sanitation Strategy, 2011, Slum
Rehabilitation and Development Policy, 2011 directly deal with providing water and
sanitation facilities to urban poor by leveraging centrally sponsored schemes such as,
JnNURM, UIDSSMT, IHSDP, BSUP, ILCS, RAY, and the state sponsored PIYUSH
schemes. A convergent approach is followed to increase access, usage and effective
coverage of water supply and sanitation facilities in urban areas in coordination with allied
departments, Urban Local Bodies, development partners, NGOs, CBOs and community
at a large.
I am happy to learn that the Population Foundation of India (PFI), through its Health of the
Urban Poor (HUP) programme is bringing out the “Urban Water and Sanitation Profile” for
Odisha, which will provide the opportunity to various stakeholders not only to reflect upon
what has already been achieved but also help plan the future strategies to bring in
sustained improvement in providing water and sanitation facilities to all the urban
populace, including the poor and other vulnerable sections of the society. Apart from
analysing the status of the water and sanitation services in the slate, the profile also offers
plausible solutions within the current policy framework. Therefore, it should serve as a
useful source of information for all the relevant government departments (Women and
Child Development, Health and Family Welfare, Housing and Urban Development),
Urban Local Bodies, NGOs and others working in the area of urban water and sanitation.
I take this opportunity to extend my compliments to the Health of the Urban Poor (HUP)
Programme - Population Foundation of India (PFI) for their contribution in compiling the
“Urban Water and Sanitation Profile” for Odisha.
(Injeti Srinivas)
Principal Secretary to Government,
Housing and Urban Development Department,
Government of Odisha
6

1.7 Page 7

▲back to top


In brief
The state of access to water and sanitation
in urban areas is a cause for serious concern
Getting safe water and sanitation to the urban poor is a vital job. Most of the urban poor
in Odisha reside in slums which are spreading as urbanization gains momentum. A host
of factors — poverty, lack of legal rights over settlements and difficult housing and
environment conditions — restrain urban poor households’ access to safe drinking water and
sanitation. This makes the vital job a difficult task as well.
The Odisha Urban Water Sanitation Profile is a state of affairs
report on the water and sanitation (WATSAN) scenario in
urban areas of the state. It doesn't just analyze the status but
also flags off potential solutions within the current policy
framework.
Only 16 percent of the state’s population resides in urban
areas. However, the rate of urbanization is very high. The state
of urban water and sanitation is a cause for concern.
As per Census 2011, 48.0 percent of urban households use tap
water for drinking. Of this 42.1 percent water is treated and 5.0
percent remains untreated. While 31.7 percent use water from
hand pumps and tube wells, 18.4 percent use water from wells;
of which 5.3 percent are covered and 13.1 percent uncovered.
56.9 percent of urban households have source of water within
their premises. The Census 2011 data also shows that 35.2
percent of households in urban Odisha do not have latrines.
This is the second highest among all states, with Chhatisgarh at
the top position having 39.8 percent households not having
latrines.
Odisha has separate WATSAN policies and strategies. It also
has a policy for slum rehabilitation and development. The
Odisha State Water Policy 2007, Odisha Urban Sanitation Strategy 2011, and the Slum
Rehabilitation and Development Policy 2011 directly deal with provisioning water and
sanitation facilities for the urban poor.
Schemes like the Accelerated Urban Water Supply Program, Revised Long Term Action Plan,
Pollution Abatement Scheme, Odisha Integrated Sanitation Improvement Project, Jawaharlal
Nehru National Renewal Mission, Urban Infrastructure Development Schemes for Small and
Medium Towns, Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme, Integrated Low Cost
Sanitation, Rajiv Awas Yojana, PIYUSH scheme are some important schemes that help the
urban poor in accessing WATSAN facilities.
48 percent of
households get tap
water for drinking.
Only 42.1 percent
of households get
treated tap water.
7

1.8 Page 8

▲back to top


31.7 percent get their
drinking water from
hand pumps and tube
wells. 18.4 per
cent use water from
wells.
8

1.9 Page 9

▲back to top


Chapter 1
Urban WATSAN:
Odisha Needs to Catch Up
Only 42.1 percent of urban households get tap water from treated source
Odisha enjoys many cultural and geographical superlatives. It was the first state in the
country to be created along linguistic lines in 1936. Its natural resources are enormous,
both in quantity and quality. It hosts all major agro-climatic zones: from coastal to semi-
arid upland. However, it is one of the poorest states in the country. Its human development
indicators, like those related to health, are not very encouraging.
Odisha is predominantly a rural state. According to the 2011 census out of the state’s total
population of 4.19 crore, 83.32 percent reside in rural areas (see Table 1). This makes the state
one of the least urbanized regions of India. However, the state’s urban population growth is
catching up fast. In fact the rate of urban population growth during the last decade has been
very high at 26.8 percent as against that of rural population which was 11.71 percent.1
As per Census 2011, 48.0 percent of urban households use tap water for drinking. (See Table 2
for further details) Of this only 42.1 percent use water from treated sources and the rest 5.9
percent from untreated sources. That means, only 42.1 percent of the state’s urban households
use tap water that is treated. While 12.8 percent of households use hand pump, 18.9 percent
use water from tube wells or borehole. 18.4 percent households use water from wells, of which
5.3 percent are covered and 13.1 percent un-covered. 0.2 percent of urban households depend
on springs, 0.5 percent on river or canal and 0.2 percent on tank or pond or lake water.
56.9 percent of urban households have source of water within the premises while 24.7 percent
households have to fetch water from a source located within 100 meters from the premises. As
many as 18.5 percent households collect water from a source located beyond 100 meters. There
is an increase of 4.8 percent of households in accessing water source within the premises from
2001 to 2011.2
In 2002, keeping in
mind emerging
challenges in the
sector, India
adopted a new
water policy.
Odisha followed it
up with a new state
policy in 2007
The Census 2011 data also shows that 35.2 percent of households in urban Odisha do not have
latrines within the premises. This is the second highest among all states, with Chhattisgarh at
the top position having 39.8 percent households not having latrines. Out of the 64.8 percent of
the households in urban Odisha, who have latrine facilities within their premises, 58.8 percent
have water closet, 4.2 percent pit latrines and 1.8 percent other types.3 2 percent of urban
households use public latrine and almost 33.2 percent of households defecate open.
Pour flush latrine in urban area which was connected to a system of sewer pipes that collects
both human excreta and waste water is recorded in 11.5 percent of households. At the same
time pour flush latrine connected to a septic tank is recorded in 45 percent of urban households.
4.2 percent households use pit latrine out of which 3.1 percent with slab or ventilated improved
pit and 1.1 percent without slab or open pit.
1 Provisional Census of India, 2011, Odisha profile.
2 Census of India 2011, Main Source of Drinking Water 2001-2011
3 Census of India 2011, Availability And Type of Latrine Facility: 2001-2011
9

1.10 Page 10

▲back to top


In 0.8 percent households in urban Odisha there is latrine facility within the premises but the
waste material is disposed directly into open drain i.e. night soil deposited in open drain. In 0.5
percent of household of urban Odisha, even if the latrine facility is available, within the
premises the human excreta is removed physically by human beings. It shows there are still
cases of manual scavenging in Odisha.
Table 1: Demographic Highlights
Indicators
Total
Population
4,19,47,358
Percent of rural urban population
Sex ratio
978
Sex ratio 0-6 years
934
Literacy rate
73.45
Source: Census of India, 2011 (Provisional)
Rural
3,49,51,234
83.32
988
939
70.78
Urban
69,96,124
16.68
934
909
86.45
Table 2: Houses Household Amenities and Assets - WATSAN Highlights
Indicators
Total
Rural
Households
9,661,085
8,144,012
Households main source of drinking water (in %)
Tap water
13.8
7.5
Tap water from treated sources
10.0
4.0
Tap water from un-treated source
3.9
3.5
Well
19.5
19.8
Covered well
2.2
1.7
Uncovered well
17.3
18.1
Hand pump
41.4
46.8
Tube well/Borehole
20.0
20.2
Spring
1.8
2.1
River/Canal
1.7
1.9
Tank/Pond/Lake
0.9
1.0
Other sources
0.8
0.8
Availability of drinking water within premises
22.4
16.0
Availability of drinking water near the premises
42.2
45.2
Availability of drinking water away from the premises
35.4
38.5
Households by type of latrine facility
Latrine facilities within the premises
22.0
14.1
Water Closet
17.7
10.0
Piped sewer system
2.5
0.9
Septic tank
13.6
7.8
Other system
1.6
1.4
Pit Latrine
3.5
3.4
With slab/ventilated improved pit
2.1
1.9
Without slab/ open pit
1.4
1.4
Other latrine
0.8
0.7
Night soil deposited into open drain
0.3
0.2
Night soil removed by human
0.3
0.2
Night soil serviced by animals
0.3
0.2
No latrine within the premises
78.0
85.9
Public latrine
1.4
1.2
Open
76.6
84.7
Source: Census of India, 2011, Houses Household Amenities and Assets, Figures at a Glance, Odisha
Urban
1,517,073
48.0
42.1
5.9
18.4
5.3
13.1
12.8
18.9
0.2
0.5
0.2
0.9
56.9
24.7
18.5
64.8
58.8
11.5
45.0
2.3
4.2
3.1
1.1
1.8
0.8
0.5
0.4
35.2
2.0
33.2
10

2 Pages 11-20

▲back to top


2.1 Page 11

▲back to top


Chapter 2
Policy, Plan and Program:
A Safe Net
Odisha has a strong water and sanitation access policy for the urban poor
In 1987, India formulated its first national water policy. Based on this, Odisha formulated its
own policy in 1994. In 2002, keeping in mind the emerging challenges in the sector, India
adopted a new water policy. Odisha followed it up with a new state policy in 2007. The
policy of 2007 takes into account all emerging factors and aims at laying down the principles for
wise and judicious use of water for the survival of life.
The state policy, as in the national water policy, prioritizes allocation of water for drinking and
domestic use. The policy mandates the following:
The State shall provide adequate safe drinking water for human beings and livestock,
both in urban and rural areas. Irrigation and multipurpose projects should invariably
include components for domestic use, which should override the demands from other
sectors.
Maintenance of water quality and reduction of pollution load are an integral part of the
strategy.4
4 Orissa State Water Policy–2007, Department of Water Resources, Resolution, Rajiv Bhawan, Orissa, March 16, 2007
(http://www.dowrorissa.gov.in/SWP2007/SWP%202007.pdf).
The Policy
prescribes a
decentralised
approach to
sanitation that
empowers state
and urban local
bodies to develop
their own state-
level strategies and
city sanitation plan
to achieve policy
goals
11

2.2 Page 12

▲back to top


The state
government
brought in a
coherent slum
resettlement and
development policy
in 2011. Its main
objective is to have
'slum free cities'
In 2005, the Government of India set up a taskforce comprising eminent policy makers,
practitioners, experts and members of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to formulate a
policy to deal with the challenges in the urban sanitation sector. Setting up the taskforce was
preceded by an extensive consultation with the states.5 Based on the recommendations of the
taskforce, the government approved the National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP) in 2008. The
policy envisions Indian cities to be sanitized, healthy and livable. Its primary goal is to ensure
and sustain good public health and environmental outcomes for all urban citizens, with a
special focus on hygienic and affordable sanitation facilities for the urban poor and women.6
The policy prescribes a decentralized approach to sanitation that empowers state and urban
local governments to develop their own state-level strategies7 and city sanitation plan (CSP)8 to
achieve policy goals.
The Odisha Urban Sanitation Strategy (OUSS) 2011 is an outcome of this policy. It was
necessary given the number of urban local bodies (ULBs) in the state. There are 103 ULBs in
Odisha, including three municipal corporations, 37 municipalities, and 63 Notified Area
Councils (NACs) according to city size. All urban areas in the state are governed by the
provisions of the Orissa Municipal Act (OMA), 1950, the Orissa Municipal Rules (OMR), 1953
and the Orissa Municipal Corporation Act (OMCA), 2003.
The OUSS stresses upon achieving open defecation free cities and towns. It speaks of adequate
fund allocation for providing services to the urban poor. The strategy calls upon state effort to
resolve issues of space and affordability for individual sanitation facilities and community
facilities where individual provision is not feasible. The OUSS promotes individual household
latrines, community planned and community managed toilets for groups of households
wherever necessary, and 100 percent upkeep and management of public sanitation facilities for
floating population, and community toilets for the urban poor.9 Under the strategy, the City
Sanitation Plans (CSPs) need to be prepared in a participatory manner that is in consultation
especially with urban poor citizens and women.10 In major policy advancement, the strategy
says that ULBs and other service providers should not have any problems in extending
sanitation provisions to unauthorised settlements.11
While these overarching policies were being put in place, the state focused on the
disadvantaged communities in urban areas. Urban growth is generally accompanied by growth
of slums. All slum dwellers may not be poor, but almost all the poor in the cities live in slums
and shanties.
The state government brought in a coherent Slum Rehabilitation and Development Policy
(SRDP) in 2011.12 SRDP’s main objective is to have “slum free cities”. The policy aims at
creating an enabling environment at the city and state level for upgradation and poverty
reduction. This, in turn, will improve the quality of life for the urban poor. The policy also
provides the framework within which the Rajiv Awas Yojna (RAY), a centrally supported
programme, shall be implemented.13
5 “Sustaining the Sanitation Revolution”, India Country Paper, SACOSAN III, New Delhi, November 16-21, 2008, p. 24
6 National Urban Sanitation Policy, Ministry of Urban development, Government of India, 2008, p. 7.
7 Ibid., Annexure: I, p. 13.
8 Ibid., Annexure: II, p. 16.
9 Ibid., pp. 4 & 6.
10 Ibid., p. 10.
11 Ibid., p. 13.
12 Slum Rehabilitation & Development Policy (SRDP) for Orissa, 2011, Government of Odisha.
13 Ibid, p. 2.
12

2.3 Page 13

▲back to top


Table 3: Guidelines for Urban and Rural Water Supply
The following standards are currently applied in the state to assess the domestic water requirements of urban
centers
Classification of Towns/Cities
Population
Lpcd
Towns provided with pipe water supply but without sewerage system
< 50,000
70
Cities provided with proper water supply with sewerage system
existing/contemplated
> 50,000
< 2,00,000
150
Metropolitan and mega cities provided with proper water supply
wherever sewerage system is existing/contemplated
> 2,00,000
150
Note: To reflect real use situations, the consumption rates in liter per capita per day (lpcd) is increased by 30 percent,
accounting for unaccounted water use (15 percent) and service loss (15 percent). Where water is provided through
public stand points, a rate of 40 lpcd is assumed.
Source: Odisha State Water Plan, 2004, Government of Orissa, p. 56.
Table 4: Odisha Norms for Water Supply
The state has stipulated norms for domestic water supply that entitles more water to urban citizens than their rural
counterparts
Urban
Lpcd
Rural
Lpcd
Class 1
70
Big Village
40*
Class 2
135*
Small Village
100
Class 3
150*
Livestocks: 45 lpcd
Poultry:
7 lpcd
Note: *Add 30% extra
Source: Orissa State Water Plan, 2004, p. 4 (http://www.dowrorissa.gov.in/SWPlan2004/SWPlan2004.htm).
Table 5: Highlights of the Odisha Urban Sanitation Strategy 2011
Community-driven solution
Puts local communities and local self-governments in charge of sanitation.
Proposes the operation and maintenance of community and public toilets by user
groups and ULBs through Public-Private Community Partnership (PPCP) mode.
Institutional development
Gives the institutions high political weight by making the chief minister the head
of the state apex body, that is the State Urban Sanitation Mission (SUSM).
Source: Orissa Urban Sanitation Strategy, Housing and Urban Development Department, Government of Odisha, 2011,
p. 7, 8 & 13.
Table 6: Highlights of the Slum Rehabilitation and Development Policy
Policy tenets
Mainstream all slums into city infrastructure with legal, affordable, equitable,
and improved municipal networks and social services.
Provide basic minimum services to all slums till fully upgraded.
Develop affordable housing for slum dwellers in the neighbourhood who
currently reside on untenable sites and are tenants in these settlements. Joint
house titles in the name of women and men with access to microfinance.
Implement reforms for tenure security and legislation of property rights,
earmarking budgets for the poor, earmarking developed land in housing
projects, rent control, and planning bye-laws.
Institutional arrangements
A State Level Steering Committee will be constituted under the chairmanship of
the chief minister.
An Orissa Slum Development Task Force would be constituted at the state level
under the chairmanship of the chief secretary.
Slum Free City Planning Team will be constituted in corporation areas and
municipalities. Notified Area Councils may organize into regional clusters and
form Cluster Level Task Forces. These may be headed by the municipal
commissioner in case of a corporation, chief executive officers in case of
municipalities and collectors/revenue divisional commissioners in case of the
Cluster Level Task Force.
13

2.4 Page 14

▲back to top


Community speaks
The state government has been implementing a large
number of programmes and policies on WATSAN in
urban areas. It is important to listen and understand the
people’s perspective on their own development.
vendors near slums are rampant. There is the provision
of public water stand posts in slums; on average six to
eight households have one post. But this is not uniform
across slums. In most slums, pipelines have been
tampered with, and people use plastic pipes for
collecting water from the main pipelines. Water
conservation activities and economic use of water is
missing among the community.
During discussions it was found that some slum
dwellers treat drinking water before use. We found a
number of cases of diarrhea at the urban slum health
program run by National Rural Health Mission, Odisha in
Harekushanpur slum.
Sanitation facilities: Harekhusna slum has one
community toilet with 16 seats. The people use this
community toilet on pay-per-use basis. However, it is not
an adequate provision to meet the needs. Some
households in this authorized slums have an individual
How?
Below is an assessment of such programs based on
communities’ perception and experience in four slums—
Harekrishna Basti, Panda Park, Isaneswar Basti and the
Maa Mangala Basti—in the northern part of Bhubaneswar
Municipal Corporation (BMC). This is based on extensive
visits and interactions with residents of slums and
frontline workers. The analysis is done through a
checklist on water and sanitation facilities available with
communities in slums.
What?
Water supply: Piped water supply is available at the
household level for those with a record of rights (RoR).
Illegal water supply connections by slum dwellers and
14

2.5 Page 15

▲back to top


household latrine (IHL) with single pit. There is no
sewerage system in the slums. Individual toilets are
mostly being used by women and children. Sailabala
Sahoo, a resident of Harekrushanpur, says, “We installed
an individual household toilet for my convenience. It’s
difficult to go outside during the night and rainy season.
But not all the family members use this toilet.” In
unauthorized slums, 99 percent people defecate in open
areas. Purnima Digol, a resident of Isaneswar slum, says,
“Most of the people in this slum belong to the SC/ST
community who migrated from Phulbani. We are staying
here for the last 12 to 14 years. There is no electricity in
these slums. How can we expect people to get adequate
water supply and toilet facilities in these slums? Except
one or two households who have toilets at home, all
others defecate in the open.”
Waste management: The BMC collects garbage from a
few points in the slums. But the collection, even in
authorized slums, is not regular.
Hygiene practices: The frontline workers in slums know
the importance of hand washing at critical times. But it is
not a practice among community members. Girls and
women usually use cloth during menstruation. “There are
a large number of cases of Reproductive Tract Infection
(RTI) and Sexual Tract Infection (STI) among women in the
reproductive age group”, says Dr. Santosh Mishra of
Urban Health Centre, Harekrishna Slums. Scarcity of water
adds to problem.
Waterborne Diseases: These are very common in slums
because of unhygienic conditions. The cases increase
during the monsoon.
15

2.6 Page 16

▲back to top


24,273 hand pumps and tube wells are
functional in different ULBs to cater to the water
demand during non-supply hours and the
demand of the population residing in areas
uncovered by piped water supply system
16

2.7 Page 17

▲back to top


Chapter 3
Schemes: Programmed for access
and availability
The state has a wide range of programs covering access to supply to
legal tenureship
Odisha's urban drinking water supply program reaches approximately 45.6 lakhs people.
Everyday, around 776.48 million liters of drinking water is supplied to 103 ULBs of the
state along with two census towns. The supply goes through 2,32,186 house
connections and 21,481 public stand posts. In addition, 24,273 hand pumps and tube wells are
functional in different ULBs to cater to the water demand during non-supply hours and the
demand of the population residing in areas uncovered by piped water supply systems.14
During the fiscal year 2009–10, the government took up 396 water supply projects under the
state plan to augment water supply in ULBs. It made a budget provision of Rs 2,537 lakhs for the
same. In addition, Rs 100 lakhs was provided for 200 hand pumps and tube wells. Renovation
and upgradation work started on 145 sewerage works at a cost of Rs 150 lakhs.15
Rs 2,425.01 lakhs was provided for urban water supply in the 2010–11 budget for 563 schemes,
including 238 new schemes. Rs 150 lakhs has been provided for 111 urban sewerage schemes.
In addition, Rs 100 lakhs is available for sinking of 200 hand pump and tube wells.16
Given below are short profiles of the various programs in implementation to augment WATSAN
provisions in urban areas.
Accelerated Urban Water Supply Programme (AUWSP)
The Accelerated Urban Water Supply Programme is a centrally sponsored scheme. The central
and state governments share the cost of the scheme equally. Out of 103 ULBs, 52 qualify for it.
So far, the central government has given technical sanction to schemes in 35 towns at an
estimated cost of Rs 7,523.97 lakhs. Out of this, 32 schemes have been commissioned17 for the
benefit of around 8.15 lakh people.
Revised Long Term Action Plan (RLTAP)
The Revised Long Term Action Plan is a centrally supported program for the backward Kalahandi
Bolangir Koraput (KBK) region which covers Koraput, Malkangiri, Nawrangpur, Rayagada,
Bolangir, Sonepur, Kalahandi, and Nuapada. Under this programme, 17 water supply schemes in
equal number of ULBs have been given administrative approval. The Government of India will
bear the total project cost of around Rs 9,336 lakhs. These schemes will benefit a projected
population of 7.04 lakhs.18
Rs. 2,425 lakhs
was provided for
urban water supply
in the 2010-11
budget for 563
schemes, including
238 new schemes.
Rs. 150 lakhs has
been provided for
111 urban
sewerage
schemes. In
addition, Rs. 100
lakhs is available
for sinking of 200
hand pumps and
tube wells
14 Annual Activity Report 2009-10, Housing and Urban Development Department, Government of Odisha, p. 6
(http://urbanorissa.gov.in/pdf/publications/annual_report/annual_activities_2009_10.pdf).
15 Annual Activity Report 2010-11, Housing and Urban Development Department, Government of Odisha, p.7
16 Ibid., p. 7.
17 Ibid., p. 7.
18 Ibid., p. 8.
17

2.8 Page 18

▲back to top


Pollution Abatement Scheme (PAS)
The Pollution Abatement Scheme (PAS), under the National River Conservation Directorate
(NRCD), covers water pollution control activities in rivers. The Odisha Water Supply and
Sewerage Board (OWSSB) has successfully completed PAS in the Mahanadi and the Kathajori
rivers at Cuttack. Other NRCD projects are being executed by OWSSB in the Brahmani River at
Talcher and the sewerage project at Puri.
Integrated Sewerage System for City
The OWSSB is executing the Integrated Sewerage System for Bhubaneswar city at a cost of
around Rs 754 crores. The project is funded by a consortium of agencies that include the
Government of India and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). Bhubaneswar has
been divided into six sewerage districts for smooth implementation of the project. A similar
integrated sewerage system is being laid out for Cuttack at a cost of around Rs 945 crores.
Similar sewerage systems are proposed for four other cities: Sambalpur, Berhampur,
Dhenkanal, and Rourkela.
In Odisha,
JnNURM covers
Bhubaneswar and
Puri. Besides, two
other reform-driven
schemes – Urban
Infrastructure
Development
Scheme for Small
and Medium Towns
and Integrated
Housing and Slum
Development
Programme –
were included
under JnNURM
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM)
The Government of India launched the JnNURM for integrated planned development of 65
selected cities. It includes two sub-missions: the Urban Infrastructure and Governance (UIG)
and the Basic Services to Urban Poor (BSUP). In Odisha, JnNURM covers Bhubaneswar and
Puri. Besides, two other reform-driven schemes—Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme
for Small and Medium Towns (UIDSSMT) and Integrated Housing and Slum Development
Programme (IHSDP)—were included under JnNURM. These two schemes are being
implemented in the cities and towns other than Bhubaneswar and Puri.
Urban Infrastructure and Governance (UIG)
Under the UIG, which spans from 2005–6 to 2013–14, the state implements seven projects. One
of the seven projects covers an integrated sewerage and storm water drainage system for
Bhubaneswar at a cost of Rs 567.24 crores. Another project in Puri involves the setting up of a
24x7 water supply and storm water drainage system with an investment of Rs 238.72 crores.
18

2.9 Page 19

▲back to top


Basic Services to Urban Poor (BSUP)
The prime minister of India launched the BSUP scheme in 2005. The scheme focuses on
upgradation of facilities for slum dwellers in the 63 cities covered under the JnNURM. The main
objective of the scheme is to have holistic slum development by providing adequate shelter and
basic infrastructure facilities to the slum dwellers.
Under the scheme, six projects for slums in Bhubaneswar and Puri have been taken up. This
includes construction of 2,508 dwelling units in the two mission cities.19
PIYUSH Scheme
was launched after
amending the
Orissa Water
Works Rules with
the objective of
providing universal
access to safe
drinking water in
ULBs
Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small and Medium Towns (UIDSSMT)
The UIDSSMT scheme aims at improving infrastructure in towns and cities and creating
durable public assets and services in a planned manner. It subsumes the existing schemes of the
Integrated Development of Small and Medium Towns and the Accelerated Urban Water Supply
Programme. The scheme applies to all cities/towns as per the 2001 Census, except cities/towns
covered by JnNURM.
The cost of the scheme is shared between the central and state governments, in an 80:10 ratio,
while the balance 10 percent has to be raised by the nodal/implementing agencies.
Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme (IHSDP)
The IHSDP combines the Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana and the National Slum Development
Plan integrated approach in improving housing and living conditions of slum dwellers. The
IHSDP is applicable to all cities and towns (based on 2001 census) except Bhubaneswar and
Puri, which are covered under the JnNURM. It covers upgradation/new construction of houses
and infrastructural facilities like water supply and sewerage. Eighty percent of the scheme's cost
is shared by the central government, while the rest is contributed by the state
government/ULB/Parastatal. The beneficiaries contribute a minimum of 12 percent of the
housing cost, and beneficiaries from the SC/ST/BC/OBC/PH contribute 10 percent.
19 Information collected from JnNURM cell, Housing and Urban Development Department, Government of Odisha, till August
31, 2011.
19

2.10 Page 20

▲back to top


The Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of India, has already
sanctioned 32 projects in 29 ULBs under IHSDP for 12,773 houses along with infrastructure
facilities with an estimated cost of Rs 258.79 lakhs.20
Integrated Low Cost Sanitation (ILCS)
The scheme is specifically designed to cover the economically weaker section of society. It
constructs or converts low cost sanitation units through sanitary two pit pour flush latrines
with superstructures and appropriate variations to suit local conditions. For those who practice
open defecation, new toilets are built under the scheme. The central government shares 75
percent of the cost while the state government contributes 15 percent. Beneficiaries contribute
the remaining 10 percent.
Odisha has submitted a detailed project report on a two-phase ILCS. The first phase will cover
12 municipalities and 13 NACs. The second will cover Bhubaneswar, Sambalpur, and 18 NACs.
Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY)
The scheme, to be implemented from 2009 to 2016, aims at providing central government
support to states that attempt to assign property rights to slum dwellers. RAY is the
government's key program to achieve a “slum free India”. The scheme advocates an integrated
approach to slum development by giving legal tenure to dwellers and building decent housing,
and providing basic civic and social amenities. Further, the benefits of health, education, social
security, construction workers’ welfare and livelihood, and public transport linkages for
holistic slum redevelopment are to be provided through convergence of schemes available
under the respective sectors. All ULBs are entitled to access funds under the scheme. The
Bhubaneswar Development Authority (BDA) has been declared the state-level nodal agency for
RAY. In the first phase, six cities of the state—Bhubaneswar, Cuttack, Puri, Berhampur,
Sambalpur, and Rourkela—have been included.
PIYUSH Scheme
PIYUSH Scheme was launched after amending the Orissa Water Works Rules with the objective
of providing universal access to safe drinking water in ULBs. The scheme enables the urban
poor to avail a household water supply connection by paying only Rs 500 in five equal monthly
installments.
The Public Health Engineering Organisation (PHEO) opens a temporary office for a day or two
in a target area, and conducts one-day “connection mela”. The local dwellers put in their
applications and get to know of their connection status the same day.
20 Annual Activity Report 2010-11, Housing and Urban Development Department, Government of Odisha, p.17
20

3 Pages 21-30

▲back to top


3.1 Page 21

▲back to top


Chapter 4
Way Forward: Converge and Consult
Water and sanitation must be mainstreamed into the overall development
discourse
Water scarcity in slums forces people to use water from polluted or unprotected
sources. At times, they are forced to buy water, often of dubious quality, from
vendors at highly inflated prices. Invariably, poor families pay more per liter than
the better off, who can secure piped connections or afford to invest on their own sources. In
high population density areas, the possibility of groundwater pollution is high. In these areas,
hand-dug wells, commonly built in rural areas, are not suitable.
The problem of sanitation in slums is critical and complex. This is due to high population
density, poor quality of infrastructure, lack of space and clarity on tenure. There is hardly any
space to install an individual household pit latrine. Community or shared toilets are the
solution. But in this case, operation and maintenance by community is critical, requiring
community contribution in management and maintenance that involves monetary contribution.
Experience indicates that this requires a strong community mobilization process.
The Public Health Engineering Organisation (PHEO) provides pipe water supply to a few
authorized slums. However, there are problems of availability of water and distribution. While
water supply is much less than demand, public taps are not equally distributed within a slum
The problem of
sanitation in slums
is critical and
complex. This is
due to high
population density,
poor quality of
infrastructure, lack
of space and clarity
on tenure. There
is hardly any
space to install an
individual
household pit
latrine
21

3.2 Page 22

▲back to top


thus leading to exclusion. Water
is supplied for two hours per day
to each slum. This is way below
the demand. Also, dependence
on a public tap varies within a
slum. A few taps may have 10
households depending on them
but there are others on which 30
to 40 households depend.
Slum dwellers don't have the
security of land tenure. This
discourages them from making a
monetary contribution toward
infrastructure development or a
community fund for their
operation and maintenance of
facilities.
The Housing
and Urban
Development
Department is the
umbrella
organisation for the
implementation of
programs and
schemes for the
poor. In addition,
there are a large
number of agencies
responsible for
implementing
programs aimed at
poverty reduction
and other services
for the urban poor
Majority of slums are located on
private or government lands.
This poses a key challenge for
setting up community toilets.
The state needs to get the
consent or agreement of
landowning agencies for
construction of community
toilets.
Hygiene education, stressing the importance of safe water and sanitation, plays a critical role
in generating their demand. Currently, this is not a priority area. There is more focus on
curative health services and the development of services in urban areas. Hygiene education will
help the community minimize health risks.
There is a need to build in the benefits of safe water and sanitation in all allied departments
and sectors. And this must be done starting from conceptualization to implementation of a
program.
Overlapping jurisdiction and the absence of coordination and convergence among various
programs and activities is a serious problem. There is an urgent need for integrated and
unified arrangements for effective redressal of problems in urban areas. Both intra and
interdepartmental convergence will lead to improved services. This will facilitate better
targeting of programs, effective identification of beneficiaries, and less participation of
community-based organizations in the concerned programs.
The Housing and Urban Development Department is the umbrella organization for the
implementation of programs and schemes for the poor. In addition, there are a large number of
agencies responsible for implementing programs aimed at poverty reduction and other services
for the urban poor. These include departments of revenue, school and mass education, health
and family welfare, Scheduled Castes (SCs) & Scheduled Tribes (STs), women and child
development, and civil society organizations, community-based organizations, and academic
institutions.
22

3.3 Page 23

▲back to top


Various agencies are involved in state water and sanitation facilities for the urban poor. The
PHEO plans, executes, operates, and maintains the urban water supply and sewerage systems of
the state. The OWSSB is a state government undertaking, set up in 1991–92 as per the OWSSB
Act 1991, with the objective to develop infrastructure for supplying drinking water and
sewerage facilities to the urban areas of the state. It executes major/mega water supply and
sewerage projects, and, after completion, hands them over to the PHEO for operation and
maintenance. Rapid and unplanned urbanization causes problems for both the state and the
ULBs in management of solid-liquid waste in cities.
23

3.4 Page 24

▲back to top


HUP in Odisha
Health of the Urban Poor (HUP) Program is supporting government
of India (GOI) and eight state governments and five cities in
improving the health outcomes in the urban areas. In Odisha, the
HUP Program is being implemented by Population Foundation of
India’s Odisha office with funding support from USAID India. One of
its important objectives is to ensure availability of safe and quality
drinking water in a sustainable manner in the urban areas of
Odisha. The Program has been taking up a range of activities to
mainstream WASH for urban poor in the state. Odisha WATSAN,
Need assessment report, Odisha State water and sanitation profile,
best practices documentation, urban WASH policy briefs of major
allied departments etc. are some key sectoral documents prepared
by the Program so far. The Program in Odisha has been working
closely with different departments of the Government of Odisha by
providing technical services and taking up various collaborative
activities with them. Each year HUP organizesd sensitization
programs on the occasion of World Water Day with Government
departments, development partners, civil society organisation,
academic institutions and other concerned to sensitize on various
issues related to fresh water. Capacity building of various
stakeholders like Govt. officials of allied departments,
representatives from ULBs, NGOs, CBOs etc. on urban WASH has
been done through several orientations, sensitization workshops
and training programs at various cities and towns of the State.
Indicators on WASH have been incorporated in the monthly
reporting format of Urban Slum Health Project (USHP), under NRHM,
Odisha with the support of HUP in developing a management
information system for USHP. HUP-PFI also focuses on Point of Use
water purification that helps to improve water quality at household
level. IEC materials on WASH in Odiya have been developed for city
demonstration program in Bhubaneswar city and replicating the
same in other urban areas of the State.
For more information please contact:
Health of the Urban Poor (HUP) Program
Population Foundation of India
B-28, Qutab Institutional Area, New Delhi - 110 016, Tel: 91-11-43894166, Fax: 91-11-43894199
E-mail: info_hup@populationfoundation.in, www.populationfoundation.in
Local HUP Office:
Population Foundation of India
M-76, Madhusudan Nagar, Unit 4, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751001
E-mail: info_hup@populationfoundation.in, www.hupindia.org
This document is made possible by the support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The
contents are the responsibility of the Population Foundation of India and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government.