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HIV Fact Sheet Manipur |
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People Need HIV/AIDS Information
For people to take steps to avoid HIV/
AIDS, they must first hear of it. In Manipur,
95 percent of adults have heard of the
disease. Information about HIV/AIDS is
nearly universal among men and women in
both rural and urban areas. For those who
have heard of the disease, radio accounted
for most of that knowledge, followed by
friends or relatives. Only 6.1 percent of
ever-married women had heard of the
disease from a health worker.
Where Do Women Hear about HIV/AIDS?
Sources of Knowledge in Manipur
(percent)
Radio
73.2
Friend/relative
57.4
Television
34.5
Print media
23.1
Other
17.9
Hoarding
12.5
Health worker
6.1
Cinema 4.1
Teacher 0.8
Adult education 0.1
The BSS 2001 revealed that awareness of
the use of the condom as a means to
prevent HIV/AIDS was far from universal.
In the rural areas, 43.2 percent of women
and 19.0 percent of men were not aware of
its value.
Percent Knowing that Consistent Condom
Use Can Prevent HIV/AIDS, Manipur, 2001
91.4
69.0
95.0
87.8
81.0
56.8
Personal experience with the disease is
widespread. Overall, 37.5 percent of BSS
respondents knew of someone who had
died of AIDS, 65.2 percent in urban areas
and 27.1 percent in rural areas.
Both sexes
Male
Female
Urban
Rural
Accurate knowledge, testing and
counseling are three main weapons in
the struggle against HIV/AIDS…
Percent Knowing a Place Where They Could Be
Tested for HIV/AIDS, Manipur, 2001
Both
14.5
sexes
5.4
A majority felt it was possible to be tested
confidentially for the disease (50.9
percent), but most had no idea where to go
to be tested. Testing for HIV is not only in
the individual’s own self-interest, but would
act as a strong deterrent to its spread.
Male
Female
18.2
5.3
10.8
Urban
5.6
Rural
Manipur HIV/AIDS in India The Hard-hit States
What must be done?
G The stigma associated with people living with HIV/AIDS must be ended. Women
and orphans are cast from families, children from their school and workers from
their workplace. Ignorance breeds needless fear.
G Confidential testing centres must be made operational in every district. HIV/AIDS
must be fought at the grass-roots level.
G Women are a vital target for information and testing, lest they be left defenceless.
It is also important to reach drug users and their partners.
G HIV/AIDS information — and counseling — must be universal. Everyone should
know the truth about HIV/AIDS.
G People must learn that a single, uninfected partner is the best defence.
G Those who do engage in risky behaviour must learn the value of a high quality
condom and how to obtain one.
G Treatment for people living with HIV/AIDS, including antiretroviral drugs, should be
provided free of charge, given that the expense is beyond the reach of many.
G The importance of quickly educating youth is a key element in the campaign.
All the danger signs are there. Knowledge of the disease itself is low, the knowledge
of preventive measures is far short of what is necessary and counseling is
unavailable to many. HIV/AIDS has come to Manipur and is now a genuine
epidemic.
This series of factsheets on the six hard-hit HIV/AID states (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka,
Maharashtra, Manipur, Nagaland and Tamil Nadu) are available in English and the
respective state language and are free of charge to individuals and organisations. For
additional copies, please contact the Population Foundation of India at the address below.
Factsheet prepared by:
Population Foundation of India
B-28, Qutab Institutional Area, Tara Crescent, New Delhi 110 016
Telephone: 91-11-2686 7080 Fax: 91-11-2685 2766 e-mail: popfound@sify.com
www.popfound.org
and
Population Reference Bureau
1875 Connecticut Ave., NW, Suite 520, Washington, DC 20009
Telephone: (202) 483-1100 Fax: (202) 328-3937 e-mail: popref@prb.org
www.prb.org
Funding was provided through the generosity of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Printed in India at Ajanta Offset & Packagings Ltd., Delhi. November 2003.
Manipur
HIV/AIDS in India
The Hard-hit States
Senapati
Imphal
East
Tamenglong
Imphal
West
Imphal
East
Senapati
Thoubal
Bishnupur
Ukhrul
Churachandpur
Chandel
S - Senapati
High prevalence districts
Map not to scale
Manipur was one of the first states to be
affected by HIV/AIDS in India and was one of
the first to be considered high prevalence.
The first AIDS case in the state was detected
in February 1989. Manipur now has over two
percent of the country’s reported cases of
AIDS despite having but 0.2 percent of the
national population. The epidemic began
among groups with a high risk of infection,
particularly injecting drug users. The
infection level of drug users is among the
highest in India. HIV/AIDS has now spread to
the general population. Accurate information
on how to avoid the always-fatal disease —
and the elimination of the stigma against its
victims — can help the state stem the tide of
the epidemic.
Reported Cases of AIDS, Manipur
1,095
1,238
790
through
March 2001
through
March 2002
through
Aug. 2003
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How Far Has AIDS Spread?
Officially reported AIDS cases from
hospitals and clinics across the state are
only a small fraction of the total. However,
their number has risen from 790 in March
2001 to 1,238 through August 2003.
Among adults, males are infected 3:1
compared to females, but the number of
infected females is rising. About 90 percent
of the total reported AIDS cases are in the
age group 15-44.
Percent Testing Positive for HIV at Sentinel
Sites, Manipur, 2002
39.1
Intravenous
drug users
Over one percent of
pregnant women now test
positive. HIV is no longer
limited to high-risk groups.
It now affects everyone.
9.6
Sexually
transmitted
disease
patients
1.1
Women in
antenatal
clinics
Measuring the Spread
In order to measure the extent of HIV
infection, testing is conducted at “sentinel
sites” among high and low-risk groups.
High-risk groups are patients at
intravenous drug user (IDU) clinics and
sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics.
Pregnant women treated in antenatal
clinics (ANCs) are the low-risk group.
The National AIDS Control Organisation
(NACO) now classifies the HIV/AIDS
epidemic in Manipur as high prevalence,
with five percent or more of high-risk
groups testing positive and one percent or
more of women in antenatal clinics testing
positive.
The risk of HIV through sex with a drug user
is closely related to the frequency of needle
sharing, particularly given the very high
infection rates among IDUs – more than 50
percent in Imphal and Churachandpur.
Of the 49 high prevalence HIV/AIDS
districts in India, four are in Manipur...
Percent of STD and IDU Patients Testing
Positive for HIV, Manipur, 2002
STD Clinics
JN Hospital,
6.0
Imphal
District Hospital,
Churachandpur
13.2
IDU Clinics
District Hospital,
Bishnupur
14.8
NGO Centre,
Churachandpur
District Hospital,
Imphal
50.8
51.6
The sentinel site data show that the
epidemic has now spread to the general
population. In Manipur, the HIV/AIDS
outbreak is a genuine epidemic.
A true AIDS epidemic is not a future
possibility for Manipur. It is a
present reality...
Manipur HIV/AIDS in India The Hard-hit States
Bridge Groups
The high rate of HIV infection among
women in antenatal clinics indicates that
the disease is being carried to the general
population by a “bridge” group. It is unlikely
that these women contracted the disease
through their own behaviour, but through
that of their husbands.
“Bridge” groups, such as husbands
who use the services of sex workers,
infect their wives with HIV who then
pass the disease to their babies. The
epidemic is complete …
Tragically, pregnant women can pass the
infection to their unborn child or, after birth,
by breastfeeding, an otherwise
recommended practice.
The proportion of pregnant women who
test positive for HIV/AIDS is alarming in
Manipur, with rates as high as 8.8 percent
having been recorded in 2002. These are
very high rates for women who are not
believed to engage in risky sexual or drug
using behaviour and should be at a low
risk of contracting the disease.
Percent of Pregnant Women Testing Positive for
HIV at Various Testing Sites, Manipur, 2002
District Hospital,
Churachandpur
8.8
CHC Hospital,
Chandel
8.0
District Hospital,
Ukhrul
District Hospital,
Tamenglong
3.3
1.3
RIMS,
Imphal
1.0
The Problem of Drug Use in Manipur
Manipur recorded one of the highest HIV
prevalence rates among IDUs in the
country. Drug users who share needles
pose a particular problem in the state.
Among IDUs, those in the age group 20-44
in the rural areas had slightly higher rates of
infection than those in urban areas. This
raises a serious public health issue as rural
populations have less access to medical
diagnosis and treatment.
The high rate in rural areas requires
greatly increased efforts for HIV education
outside cities and towns. Reaching down to
village panchayat leaders to convince them
of the need to overcome the stigma
associated with AIDS and the discussion of
it has become a critical need. People fear
the stigma from even being tested,
knowing they are likely to be ejected from
their household, village or school.
Percent of IDUs Testing Positive for HIV in
Urban and Rural Areas by Age Group,
Manipur, 2001
60.2
52.6
64.2
60.8
Urban
Rural
40.0
33.3
16.7
Less than 20 20-29
30-44
0.0
45 and above
Stigma: An Ally of AIDS
The fight against AIDS will fail if its
stigma cannot be overcome. The fear
of being stigmatized for simply being
tested for the infection allows AIDS to
spread undetected from person to
person...
HIV Moves through Society
The occupation of IDUs who tested
positive for HIV illustrates that the disease
can affect everyone. Without awareness of
AIDS as a threat, intravenous drug users
are likely to share needles and spread the
infection.
The high prevalence among drug users
indicates that drug prevention activities
need to be intensified. Users also need to
know about the importance of not sharing
needles.
Percent Testing Positive for HIV at IDU Sites
by Occupation, Manipur, 2001
Service class
Agriculture/unskilled
Business
Unemployed
Hotel staff
Driver
Housewife
Student
Factory worker
82.8
62.8
61.9
61.3
57.1
50.8
33.3
32.9
22.5
New infections pass rapidly from drug user
to drug user and then to their sexual
partners. IDUs in the service class had the
highest prevalence of the groups tested in
Manipur. Agricultural/unskilled workers
form the second largest group with 62.8
percent prevalence, followed by those in
business and the unemployed.
An important defence against HIV/
AIDS is a single, uninfected partner…
Condom Use Short of Goal
One of the best defences against HIV is a
single, uninfected partner. The Behavioural
Surveillance Survey (BSS) 2001,
conducted by NACO, revealed the extent
of condom use in the state. When one’s
behaviour is risky, the primary defence is a
high quality condom. Although condom use
has become more widespread in urban
areas, about one-half of BSS respondents
did not use a condom consistently with
non-regular sex partners in the previous
year. In rural areas, consistent condom use
was relatively rare. This is a critical issue
because HIV will spread steadily with
anything short of 100 percent use.
Consistent Condom Use with Non-regular
Sex Partners, Manipur, 2001
(percent)
During the
last 12
months
7.7
47.6
Urban
Rural
During last
sexual
intercourse
52.4
25.6
Only 100 percent use of the condom
with non-regular partners or
commercial sex workers can prevent
the spread of HIV/AIDS. Manipur is far
short of this goal…