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Repositioning Family Planning A review of evidence of effective interventions_ Hindi |
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1 Pages 1-10 |
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1.1 Page 1 |
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ifjokj fu;kstu dk
iqu% fLFkfr&fu/kkZj.k
çHkkoh mik;ksa ij lk{; dh leh{kk
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1.2 Page 2 |
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1.3 Page 3 |
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ifjokj fu;kstu dk iqu%
fLFkfr&fu/kkZj.k
çHkkoh mik;ksa ij
lk{; dh leh{kk
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1.4 Page 4 |
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fo”k;oLrq
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1.5 Page 5 |
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06 çLrkouk
08 dk;Zdkjh lkjka’k
20 v/;k; 1- ifjp;
26 v/;k; 2- fookg ds le; vk;q esa
40 v/;k; 3- igyh xHkkZoLFkk ds le; vk;q esa nsjh
52 v/;k; 4- tUeksa ds chp varj dks c<+kok nsuk
66 v/;k; 5- ifjokj fu;kstu lsokvksa dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj
86 v/;k; 6- fu”d”kZ vkSj uhfrxr fufgrkFkZ
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1.6 Page 6 |
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çLrkouk
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1.7 Page 7 |
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vuqHko us gesa fl[kk;k gS fd tc iSjoh ds ihNs l’kDr
‘kks/k vkSj çek.k lcwr gksrs gSa] rc blds dgha vf/kd
csgrj ifj.kke gksrs gSa vkSj ;g uhfr fodkl] dq’ky
lsok çko/kkuhdj.k vkSj dk;ZØeksa ,oa gLr{ksiksa ds çHkkoh
dk;kZUo;u ds fy, lkFkZd ;ksxnku nsrh gSA blfy,]
l’kDr ‘kks/k vkSj nLrkost+hdj.k ih-,Q-vkbZ- dh iSjoh
dh uhao gSaA
gekjh j.kuhfr ds fgLls ds :i e]as ^^efgyk l’kfädj.k vkjS
ekuo vf/kdkjkas ds <kp¡ s ds Hkhrj ifjokj fu;kts u dk iuq %
fLFkfr&fu/kkjZ .k** djus ds fy, ih-,Q-vkb-Z us ifjokj fu;kts u
eas jk”Vhª ; vkjS vra jjk”Vhª ; vuHq kokas dh ,d O;ofLFkr leh{kk
dh gAS ;g leh{kk] Mfs oM vkjS Y;fw lys QkmMa ’s ku }kjk foÙk
ikfs ”kr rhu lky ds vunq ku ds rgr ^^ifjoruZ ds fy, ijS oh%
ifjokj fu;kts u dk iuq % fLFkfr&fu/kkjZ .k & tUe ds chp
dh njw h dks c<k+ ok nus k** fo”k; ij dh xbZ g]S ftleas cky
fookg jkds uk(] igys xHkZ ds le; vk;q eas njs h] tUekas ds chp
vra j vkjS ifjokj fu;kts u los kvkas dh x.q koÙkk eas l/q kkj ij
dk;ØZ ek]as uokpkjkas vkjS uhfr;kas dks tkp¡ k x;k gAS ;g leh{kk
vk’kktud dk;ØZ ekas dk fo’y”s k.k vkjS nLrkots h+ dj.k djrh
gS rkfd ge blh {k=s eas nlw jkas dh çfØ;kvkas vkjS ifj.kkekas ls
lh[k ldAas leh{kk çHkko’khy ikbZ tkus okyh e[q ; j.kuhfr;kas
;k j.kuhfr;kas ds feJ.k dks fpfUgr djus ds fy, nf{k.k iow Z
,f’k;k] vÝhdk vkjS fcVz us vkjS vejhdk ls gLr{kis ksa dh tkp¡
djrh gAS
;g nLrkost+ ifjokj fu;kstu ds egRo ij lkoZtfud
ckrphr c<+kus vkSj lQy ifjokj fu;kstu dh igyksa dks
cM+s iSekus ij ys tkus ds fy, l’kDr iSjoh ds leFkZu
esa çek.k miyC/k djkrk gSA ;g vyx vyx dkjxj
j.kuhfr;ksa dh ,d J`a[kyk dks fpfUgr djrk gS] tks
efgykvksa] iq#”kksa vkSj cPpksa ds LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkjksa dks
dk;e j[kus ds ,d lk/ku ds :i esa ifjokj fu;kstu ds
iqu% fLFkfr&fu/kkZj.k esa lgk;d gksxkA blds vfrfjDr]
;g vkxs ç;ksx vkSj cM+s iSekus ij ys tkus ds yk;d
j.kuhfr;ksa dh igpku djrk gS] vkSj jpukRed gLr{ksi
fMtkbu djus vkSj igys fd, tk pqds dk;ksZa dk dM+kbZ
ls ewY;kadu djus ds egRo ij çdk’k Mkyrk gSA
;g leh{kk Mfs oM vkjS Y;fw lys QkmMa ’s ku ds leFkuZ ds
fcuk lHa ko ugha gks ldrh FkhA ge] fo’k”s k :i l]s Jh
yLs Vj dfq VUgk]s dk;ØZ e vf/kdkjh vkjS QkmMa ’s ku ds ubZ
fnYyh dk;kyZ ; eas tul[a ;k vkjS çtuu dk;ØZ e ds dVa hª
,Mokbtj Jh oh-,l- pæa ’k[s kj dk /kU;okn djuk pkgxas As
ge fr:ouariqje ds vP;qr esuu lsaVj QkWj gSYFk lkbal
LVMht+ esa ekun çksQslj M‚- Vh-ds- lqanjh johaæu dk
leh{kk ifj.kkeksa dk fo’ys”k.k djus vkSj nLrkost dks
vafre :i nsus esa muds egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku ds fy, mudk
‘kqfØ;k vnk djuk pkgsaxsA rduhdh lykgdkj lewg ds
lnL;ksa & MkW- vjfoan ik.Ms; ¼vkbZ-lh-,e-vkj½] MkW- ,e-
bZ- [kku ¼ikWiqys’ku dkmafly½] çksQslj fjpMZ dS’k ¼ifCyd
gSYFk QkmaMs’ku vkWQ bafM;k½] M‚- vydukFk ‘kekZ vkSj
M‚- lqfer etwenkj ¼baLVhV~;wV QkWj áweu fMOksyiesaV½]
çksQslj yhyk folkfj;k ¼ xqtjkr baLVhV~;wV QkWj
MsoyiesaV fjlpZ½] lqJh js[kk elhykekuh vkSj MkW- jtuh
osn & }kjk çnRRk tkudkjh vewY; FkhaA var esa elkSnk
fjiksVZ esa mudh foospukRed leh{kk ds fy, ge M‚-
lquhrk feÙky vkSj M‚- fot;y{eh uank ds vkHkkjh gSaA
iuw e eFq kjts k
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1.8 Page 8 |
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dk;Zdkjh
la{ksi
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1.9 Page 9 |
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i`”BHkwfe
dbZ n’kdkas l]s ifjokj fu;kts u dks e[q ;r% fo’o dh
tul[a ;k fu;fa =r djus ds ,d lk/ku ds :i eas n[s kk
x;k gAS yfs du] ofS ’od Lrj ij fxjrh gbq Z tul[a ;k
njkas dks n[s krs g,q 1] ;g vko’;d gks x;k gS fd ifjokj
fu;kts u dks dos y tul[a ;k fu;=a .k i.z kkyh ds :i eas u
n[s krs g,q ] mlds vU; iHz kkokas dks ekU;rk nh tk,A *ifjokj
fu;kts u dk iuq % fLFkfr fu/kkjZ .k* ,d cgLq rjh; i;z kl g]S
ftls yxHkx ,d n’kd igys ‘k#q fd;k x;k] ftlls fd
mi&lgkjk vÝhdk eas ifjokj fu;kts u los k,a miyC/k djk,
tkus ds ifz r jktufS rd opuc)rk vkjS vkfFkdZ lg;kxs
dks c<k+ ;k tk lds ¼1½A yna u e]as o”kZ 2010 eas vk;kfs tr
ifjokj fu;kts u lxa k”s Bh eas *iuq % fLFkfr fu.kkjZ .k* nf` ”Vdk.s k
dks ofS ’od ekufp= ij LFkkfir fd;k x;k] ftleas n’s kkas dh
ljdkjk]as ukxfjd lLa Fkkvkas vkjS fo’o ds fofHkUu Hkkxkas ds
foÙkik”s kdkas dk lg;kxs ‘kkfey FkkA
^ifjokj fu;kstu dk iqu% fLFkfr fu/kkZj.k* n`f”Vdks.k ds
varxZr] fodkl’khy ns’kksa esa] lHkh efgykvksa vkSj iq#”kksa
dks] mudh iztuu’khyrk fu;a=.k dh vko’;drk,a iwjh
djus ds fy,] mPp xq.koÙkkiw.kZ ifjokj fu;kstu tkudkjh
vkSj lsok,a miyC/k djk, tkus ij t+ksj fn;k x;k gSA
LosPNk ls ifjokj fu;kstu viukus ls ekr` ,oa cky e`R;q
la[;k Hkh de dh tk ldrh gS ¼2½A gkyk¡fd bls izR;{k
:i ls dgk ugha x;k gS] LokLF; ,oa LoSfPNd ifjokj
fu;kstu ij t+ksj nsuk] iztuu vf/kdkjksa ds varxZr tUe
fu;a=.k dh vo/kkj.kk ds vuq:i gSA
Hkkjr esa] jk”Vªh; tula[;k uhfr] 2000 ds varxZr]
ljdkj us] ifjokj fu;kstu ,oa iztuu LokLF;
dk;ZØeksa ds miHkksDrkvksa ds :i esa] LoSfPNd vkSj
lwfpr pquko rFkk ukxfjdksa dh lgefr lqfuf’pr djus
ds izfr viuh opuc)rk dh iqf”V dh gSA jk”Vªh;
tula[;k uhfr 2000 ds mís’;ksa esa ls ,d gS] fookg ds
le; vk;q dks c<+kdj] de ls de 18 o”kZ djuk vkSj
tUeksa ds chp le;kof/k c<+kus o tUeksa dh la[;k de
djus dh viwfjr vko’;drkvksa dks lacksf/kr djuk ¼3½A
nl o”kZ i’pkr] LokLF; ,oa ifjokj dY;k.k ea=ky;
us] ifjokj fu;kstu dh iqu% fLFkfr fu/kkZj.k ds fo”k;
ij ,d jk”Vª Lrjh; ppkZ vk;ksftr dhA bl ppkZ esa
ljdkj }kjk ifjokj fu;kstu dk ekr` ,oa cky LokLF;
esa lq/kkj ykus ds ,d t+fj, ds :i esa iqu% fLFkfr
fu/kkZj.kdjus dh ?kks”k.kk dh xbZA blh lanHkZ esa]
ikWiqys’ku QkmUMs’ku vkWQ bafM;k dh j.kuhfr ;kstuk
¼2011&16½] Hkkjr ds fodkl vkSj ekr` ,oa cky LokLF;
uhfr;ksa rFkk dk;ZØeksa esa] ifjokj fu;kstu dks efgyk
l’kfDrdj.k vkSj ekuo vf/kdkj <k¡ps ds varxZr
iqu% fLFkfr fu/kkZj.k djus dk iz;kl dj jgh gSA ;g
iz.kkyhc) leh{kk] ih-,Q-vkbZ- ds bl *ifjokj fu;kstu
ds iqu% fLFkfr fu/kkZj.k* iz;kl dk gh ,d va’k gSA
Hkkjr esa ifjokj fu;kstu ds iqu% fLFkfr
fu/kkZj.k dh vko’;drk D;ksa gS\\
dbZ dkj.k gaS fd Hkkjrh; lna HkZ eas ifjokj fu;kts u dk iuq %
fLFkfr fu/kkjZ .k fd;k tkuk fo’k”s k :i ls vko’;d gAS
loZizFke] Hkkjr ds ukS jkT;ksa us igys gh izfrLFkkiu Lrj
iztuu nj izkIr dj yh gSA ysfdu] de iztuu nj ds
dkj.k ekr` LokLF; esa lq/kkj izkIr ugha fd;k tk ldk]
D;ksafd fookg dh vk;q de gS vkSj ifj.kkeLo:i] cPps
dk tUe Hkh de vk;q esa gh gks tkrk gS] rFkk nks tUeksa
ds chp dk varj Hkh dkQh de gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,]
vka/kz izns’k esa] tgk¡ 2005&06 esa iztuu nj izfr efgyk
1-79 cPps Fkh] ogha 20&24 o”kZ vk;q dh 55 izfr’kr ;qok
efgykvksa dh ‘kknh 18 o”kZ ls igys gh gks xbZ Fkh] 15&19
o”kZ vk;q dh 18 izfr’kr efgykvksa esa xHkZ/kkj.k ‘kq# gks
1 oSf’od tula[;k o`f) dh vkSlr okf”kZd nj yxkrkj de gksrh tk jgh gS] 1950 ds n’kd vkSj 1980 ds n’kd
ds chp 1-88 izfr’kr ls fxjdj] 1980 ls 2011 ds chp 1-45 izfr’kr gks xbZ gS (World Population Prospects
– The 2010 Revision. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, NY, 2011. Vol I,
comprehensive tables)
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1.10 Page 10 |
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x;k Fkk vkSj 60 izfr’kr dks nwljk cPpk] igys cPps ds
tUe ds 36 ekg ds vanj gh gks x;k Fkk ¼4½A ftu jkT;ksa
esa iztuu njsa izfrLFkkiu Lrj rd igq¡p pqdh gSa] ;k
mlls de gSa] ogk¡ ifjokj fu;kstu dk ,d LokLF; ,oa
fodkl eqís ds :i esa iqu% fLFkfr fu/kkZj.k djus ls ,sls
dk;ZØe rS;kj djus esa enn feysxh] tks efgykvksa dh]
iztuu’khyrk fu;a=.k ds vfrfjDr] vU; iztuu LokLF;
vko’;drkvksa dks Hkh iwjk dj ldsaA
nwljk] Hkkjr dh tula[;k o`f) esa tula[;k xfr’khyrk
dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA okf”kZd tula[;k o`f) vkSlr
yxkrkj de gksus ds ckotwn] Hkkjr esa izfr o”kZ yxHkx
1-8 djksM+ dh tula[;k o`f) gks jgh gS] D;ksafd dqy
tula[;k ds yxHkx 50 izfr’kr O;fDr iztuu’khy vk;q
ds gSaA tula[;k xfr’khyrk dks jksdus dk ,d rjhdk gks
ldrk gS fd igys tUe esa nsjh ykbZ tk, vkSj mlds ckn
gksus okys tUeksa esa 2&4 o”kZ dk varj gksA ;w-,u-,Q-ih-,-
ds vuqlkj] igys tUe ds le; ek¡ dh vk;q 18 ls 23
o”kZ rd c<+k nsus ls] tula[;k xfr’khyrk esa 40 izfr’kr
rd dh deh izkIr dh tk ldrh gS ¼5½A ifjokj fu;kstu
ds Hkkjrh; laLdj.k] tks dsoy ,d **flQZ ulcanh**
vk/kkfjr dk;ZØe cu dj jg x;k gS] dks f>>ksM+ dj
mlesa ubZ izkFkfedrk,a tksM+uk vko’;d gSA pqukSfr dsoy
;g ugha gS fd jkLrk cnyk tk,] ij gesa ljdkj ds dke
djus ds rjhdksa dks Hkh cnyuk gksxk & eryc] LosPNk ls
Lohdkj djus vkSj lwfpr pquko ds ewY;ksa dks viukukA
orZeku leh{kk % lanHkZ] mís’; rFkk
dk;Ziz.kkyh
;g leh{kk fcgkj vkSj jk”Vªh; Lrj dh ekr` ,oa cky
LokLF; uhfr;ksa rFkk fodkl dk;ZØeksa esa] ih-,Q-vkbZ- }kjk
ifjokj fu;kstu dk iqu% fLFkfr fu/kkZj.k djus ds iz;kl
dk ,d va’k gSA Hkkjrh; lanHkZ dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, pkj
dk;Z{ks=ksa dh igpku dh xbZA ;g gSa ¼1½ igys cky fookg
jksduk( ¼2½ igys tUe ds le; vk;q esa nsjh ¼3½ nks tUeksa
ds chp varj c<+kus dks c<+kok nsuk ¼4½ ifjokj fu;kstu
lsokvksa dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj djukA
lanHkZ
igys fookg ds le; vk;q c<k+ uk
Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dh vHkh Hkh dkQh de mez esa ‘kknh gks
tkrh gSA o”kZ 2005&06 esa] 21&29 o”khZ; vk/ks ls T+;knk
xzkeh.k efgykvkas ¼53-4 izfr’kr½ vkSj ,d pkSFkkbZ ls
vf/kd ¼29-7 izfr’kr½ ‘kgjh efgykvksa dh ‘kknh 18 o”kZ
rd gks xbZ Fkh ¼4½A lcls vf/kd vuqikr fcgkj esa Fkk
¼63-7 izfr’kr½] fQj >kj[kaM ¼60-2 izfr’kr½] jktLFkku
¼58-4 izfr’kr½ vkSj vka/kz izns’k ¼56-2 izfr’kr½ ¼4½A 18 o”kZ
dh vk;q ls igys ‘kknh djus okyh efgykvksa ds vuqikr
esa 1992&93 ¼54 izfr’kr½ ds eqdkcys] 2005&06 esa deh
vkbZ ¼47 izfr’kr½ vkSj ;g blh nkSjku] fookg dh vkSlr
vk;q esa 0-4 o”kZ dh c<+ksrjh ds vuq:i gS] ,u-,Q-,p-
,l-&1 esa 16-7 o”kZ ls ,u-,Q-,p-,l-&3 esa 17-1 o”kZ ¼6½A
ifjokj fu;kstu ds iqu% fLFkfr fu/kkZj.k djus ds
ihNs rhljk dkj.k Hkkjrh; ifjokj fu;kstu dk;ZØe
ds tula[;k fu;a=.k ds yacs bfrgkl ls tqM+k gSA
tulkaf[;dh; y{; vkSj ifjokj fu;kstu dks Lohdkj
djus ds y{; gh bl dk;ZØe dks ‘kq# ls pykrs vk jgs
gSaA o”kZ 1997 esa] *y{; eqDr n`f”Vdks.k* ykxw fd, tkus
ds ckn ls rks tSls dk;ZØe dk vk/kkj gh [kks x;kA vc
bl dk;ZØe esa ,d ubZ tku Qwadus dh vko’;drk gS &
ftlesa efgykvksa ds LokLF; vkSj dY;k.k esa lq/kkj ‘kkfey
gks vkSj efgykvksa vkSj iq#”kksa dks viuh iztuu’khyrk
fu;a=.k djus ds vf/kdkj dks ekU;rk nh tk,A
igys tUe ds le; vk;q esa nsjh
cgqr vko’;d gS fd ifjokj fu;kstu dk;ZØeksa dks ubZ
fn’kk nh tk,] ftlls fd ;qok fookfgr efgyk,a vkSj
iq#”k vius iztuu iz;kstu izkIr dj ldsaA Hkkjr esa
de mez esa fookg ds ckn tYn gh cPps dks tUe nsuk
,d vke ckr gSA o”kZ 2005&06 esa] iwjs ns’k esa fd’kksj
mez esa tUe nsus okyksa dh la[;k 90 izfr 1000 efgyk
Fkh] tks fd 1990&92 esa 116 izfr 1000 vkSj 1995&96
esa 107 izfr 1000 efgykvksa ls de gSA fd’kksj mez esa
tUe nsus okyh efgykvksa dh la[;k o”kZ 2005&06 esa]
‘kgjh {ks=ksa ¼57 izfr 1000 15&19 o”khZ; efgyk,a½ ds
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2 Pages 11-20 |
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2.1 Page 11 |
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eqdkcys] xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa rhu xq.kk T+;knk ¼105 izfr
1000 efgyk,a½ Fkh ¼4½A
2005&06 esa] 15&19 o”khZ; izfr 6 efgykvksa esa ls yxHkx
1 efgyk] ;k 16 izfr’kr esa xHkZ/kkj.k ‘kq# gks pqdk FkkA
15 o”khZ; efgykvksa esa ls 3 izfr’kr esa xHkZ/kkj.k ‘kq# gqvk
Fkk] tks 19 o”khZ; efgykvksa esa 36 izfr’kr] ;k izfr 3
efgykvksa esa ls 1 rd FkkA ;g la[;k >kj[kaM esa lcls
vf/kd ¼27-5 izfr’kr½] fQj if’pe caxky ¼25-3 izfr’kr½
vkSj fQj fcgkj ¼25 izfr’kr½ esa Fkh & ;g lHkh jkT;
iwohZ Hkkjr esa fLFkr gSaA blds eqdkcys] xksok] fgekpy
izns’k vkSj tEew d’ehj esa 5 izfr’kr ls de 15&19
o”khZ; efgykvksa esa xHkZ/kkj.k dh ‘kq#vkr gqbZ ¼4½A vk¡dM+s
fn[kkrs gSa fd bu esa ls lHkh xHkZ okafNr ugha FksA o”kZ
2005&06 esa] 25-1 izfr’kr 15 & 19 o”khZ; efgykvksa dh
vko’;drk,a viwfjr Fkha] vkSj bl vk;q dh dsoy 32-4
izfr’kr efgykvksa dh vko’;drk,a iwjh dh tk ldhaA
Hkkjr esa] 15 & 19 o”kZ dh dsoy 13 izfr’kr fookfgr
efgyk,a xHkZfujks/kdksa dk mi;ksx djrh gSa ¼2005 & 06½]
vkSj muesa ls dsoy vk/kh ¼6-9 izfr’kr½ vk/kqfud xHkZ
fujks/kdksa dk iz;ksx dj jgh gSa ¼4½A
nks tUeksa ds chp varj dks c<+kok nsuk
nks tUekas ds chp vra j dks c<k+ ok nus k vkjS blds fy,
iHz kkodkjh xHkfZ ujk/s kdkas dk mi;kxs djuk] vkt ds fnu
Hkkjrh; ifjokj fu;kts u ds fy, lcls cMh+ puq krS h gAS
jk”Vhª ; Lrj ij] o”kZ 2005 & 06 e]as nks tUekas ds chp
vklS r vra j 31-1 ekg Fkk ¼4½] tks fd 36 ekg ds Lohdk;Z
tUe vra jky ls de gS ¼7½A 60 ifz r’kr ls vf/kd tUe]
fiNys tUe ds 3 o”kkaZs ds vna j gh g,q vkjS dos y 28
ifz r’kr eas 36 & 59 ekg dk Lohdk;Z tUe vra jky FkkA
blds vfrfjDr] fiNyk cPpk thfor gkus s ds edq kcys ¼31-8
ekg½] ;fn fiNyk cPpk thfor u jg ik,] rks vklS r tUe
vra jky vkjS Hkh de gks tkrk gS ¼25-8 ekg½A Hkkjr ds pkj
jkT;kas & djs y] f=ijq k] xkos k vkjS vle dks NkMs d+ j] vU;
lHkh jkT;kas eas 36 ekg ds Lohdr` tUe vra jky ls de tUe
vra jky jgrk gAS Li”V :i l]s Hkkjr eas nks tUekas ds chp
vra j c<k+ us dh fn’kk eas dkQh lQj djuk ckdh gS ¼4½A
ikjaifjd ;k vk/kqfud fdlh Hkh izdkj ds vLFkkbZ
xHkZfujks/kdksa dk mi;ksx u fd;k tkuk] ns’k esa cPpksa ds
chp mfpr varj u gksus dk dkj.k gks ldrk gSA Hkkjr
esa ifjokj fu;kstu dk;ZØe ds varxZr] fu%’kqYd :i ls
miyC/k rhu vLFkkbZ xHkZfujks/kdksa esa ls] vkbZ-;w-Mh- dk
mi;ksx lcls de fd;k tkrk gS ¼iztuu’khy vk;q dh
1-7 izfr’kr efgyk,a½] tcfd xksyh ¼3-1 izfr’kr½ vkSj
daMkse ¼5-2 izfr’kr½ dk mi;ksx mlls FkksM+k gh csgrj
gSA okLro esa] vkbZ-;w-Mh- ds mi;ksx esa] jk”Vªh; ikfjokfjd
LokLF; losZ{k.k & 1 ls 3 ds chp fxjkoV vkbZ gS ¼4½A
ifjokj fu;kstu lsokvksa dh xq.koÙkk esa
lq/kkj djuk
Hkkjrh; ifjokj fu;kstu dk;ZØe] tks fo’kkykdkj vkSj
csgn egRokdka{kh gS] dbZ jkT;ksa esa iztuu nj de djus
esa lQy jgk gSA ysfdu] blds ‘kq#vkrh pj.k esa ftruh
Hkh lQyrk izkIr gqbZ] mlds ihNs miHkksDrk dks
xq.koÙkkiw.kZ lsokvksa dh dher pqdkuh iM+hA
dhfux u]s Hkkjr ds ifjokj fu;kts u dk;ØZ e eas miyC/k
djkbZ tkus okyh los kvkas dh x.q koÙkk ij fd, x, v/;;ukas
ds ,d lda yu dh iLz rkouk eas crk;k gS fd fdl idz kj
;g dk;ØZ e **l[a ;kvkas ij vR;f/kd tk+ js nrs k g*S * &
xHkfZ ujk/s kdkas dks viukus okys ykxs kas ds :i eas vkjS fo’k”s kdj]
ulcna h dAs ;g ijw k dk;ØZ e y{; vk/kkfjr g]S ,ls s y{;
tks los k inz krkvkas dks nMa ds Mj ls ijw s djus iMr+ s gAaS
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2.2 Page 12 |
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bll]s los k inz krk dos y y{;kas ij tk+ js nrs s g,q ] los kvkas dh
x.q koÙkk ij cgrq de /;ku nrs s gAaS bl lda yu eas ‘kkfey
v/;;u los kvkas ds eyw Hkrw <k¡ps vkjS midj.kkas dh [kjkc
x.q koÙkk] ifz Ø;kvkas eas fodYi miyC/k u gkus ]s fpfdRlh;
vkpkj lfa grk dh xjS gkftj+ h] lØa e.k jkds us ds dkbs Z i;z kl
u fd, tku]s vkjS efgyk dks dc vkjS dlS s xHkZ
fujk/s kdkas dk mi;kxs djuk pkfg,] mlds fo”k; eas los k
inz krk fufn”Z V fu.k;Z ifz Ø;k ds lcrw gaS ¼8½A
iztuu ,oa cky LokLF; dk;ZØe] ftldh ?kks”k.kk 1997
esa dh xbZ] ds varxZr ifjokj dh foLr`r iztuu LokLF;
vko’;drkvksa dks lacksf/kr djus ds i{k esa n`f”Vdks.k
cnyko dk opu fn;k x;kA xq.koÙkkiw.kZ lsokvksa ij
t+ksj fn;k x;k] vkSj xHkZfujks/kdksa dks viukus okys yksxksa
dh la[;k ds y{; dks cnydj **lkeqnf;d vko’;drk
vkdyu** n`f”Vdks.k ykxw fd;k x;kA miHkksDrkvksa dh
vko’ldrkvksa ds vkdyu ds vk/kkj ij LFkkuh; Lrj
ij dk;ZØe ds y{; r; fd, tkus FksA bl n`f”Vdks.k
esa cnyko ij fd, x, ‘kq#vkrh v/;;uksa ds ifj.kke
izksRlkgd ugha fudysA ,d fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj] ljdkj ls
lkFk feydj dke djus okyh laLFkkvksa dks lkeqnkf;d
vko’;drk vkdyu ds vk/kkj ij dke ugha djus fn;k
x;k vkSj mUgsa y{; iwjk djus ds fy, ns fn, x, ¼9½A
gky ds le; esa dqN v/;;uksa esa ifjokj fu;kstu lsokvksa
dh xq.koÙkk dk vkdyu fd;k x;k gSA jk”Vªh; ikfjokfjd
LokLF; losZ{k.k&3 esa ns[kjs[k lsokvksa ds dqN fof’k”V
igyqvksa] tSls fd lwfpr pquko] ls tqM+s ladsr izkIr gq,
gSaA orZeku xHkZfujks/kd miHkksDrkvksa esa ls ,d&frgkbZ ls
Hkh de ¼32-2 izfr’kr½ dks muds }kjk pqus x, xHkZfujks/kd
ls tqM+h LokLF; leL;kvksa ds fo”k; esa irk FkkA mlls
ls Hkh de miHkksDrkvksa ¼26 izfr’kr½ dks ;g tkudkjh nh
xbZ fd LokLF; leL;k gksus ij mUgsa D;k djuk pkfg,A
tgk¡ rd xHkZfujks/kdksa ds fodYiksa dk loky gS] dsoy
28 izfr’kr miHkksdrkvksa dks fdlh LokLF; ;k ifjokj
fu;kstu dk;ZdrkZ us vU; miyC/k xHkZfujks/kdksa ds fo”k;
esa tkudkjh nh ¼4½A ifjokj fu;kstu dk;ZØe ds pfj=
esa] miHkksDrkvksa ds vf/kdkj lqfuf’pr djus ds fy,
‘kk;n ,d vkSj n`f”Vdks.k cnyko dh vko’;drk gSA
mís’;
bl leh{kk dk mís’; gS fd fuEufyf[kr lokyksa ds
tokc fn, tk,a %
1½ D;k fodkl’khy ns’kksa esa ykxw fd, tkus okys]
(i) fookg ds le; vk;q c<+kus okys
(ii) igys xHkZ ds le; vk;q c<+kus okys(
(iii) nks tUeksa ds chp varjky c<+kus okys vkSj
(iv) ifjokj fu;kstu dk;ZØeksa esa lsokvksa dh xq.koÙkk
csgrj cukus okys dk;ZØe izHkkodkjh gSa\\
2½ dkSu lh j.kuhfr;ka izHkkodkjh jgh gSa\\
dk;Ziz.kkyh
iz.kkyhc) rjhds ls lHkh vk¡dM+ksa ds ladyuksa esa]
fodkl’khy ns’kksa esa pkj izeq[k dk;Z{ks=ksa esa ykxw fd,
x, dk;ZØeksa dh tk¡p dh xbZ] ftuesa ‘kkfey gSa] fookg
ds le; vk;q c<+kus okys dk;ZØe( igys xHkZ ds le;
vk;q c<+kus okys dk;ZØe( nks tUeksa ds chp varj c<+kus
okys dk;ZØe( vkSj ifjokj fu;kstu lsokvksa dh xq.koÙkk
csgrj cukus okys dk;ZØeA pqus x, vaxzst+h esa izdkf’kr
o vizdkf’kr ys[kksa dh xq.koÙkk o izkekf.kd et+cwrh
dh tk¡p dh xbZ] vkSj tks ys[k ‘kkfey fd, tkus vkSj
viotZu ds ekunaMksa ij [kjs mrjs] mUgsa leh{kk esa ‘kkfey
fd;k x;kA
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2.3 Page 13 |
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izR;sd dk;Z{ks= lacaf/kr izdk’kuksa esa v/;;u fd, x,
dk;ZØeksa esa mi;ksx dh xbZ j.kuhfr;ksa dh igpku dh
xbZA tks j.kuhfr;ka izHkkodkjh ikbZ xbZa] mudh lwph rS;kj
dh xbZA dk;ZØeksa ds izHkkoksa dk vkdyu bl
vk/kkj ij fd;k x;k fd os vius mís’; izkIr dj ik,
;k ughaA blds vfrfjDr] izek.kksa dh l’kDrrk dks ns[kk
x;k] ftlesa iz;ksxkRed v/;;uksa dks lcls l’kDr]
v/kZ iz;ksxkRed v/;;uksa dks nwljk vkSj mlds ckn
*igys&ckn** okysds v/;;u j[ks x,A
ifj.kke
pkjksa dk;Z{ks=ksa dk vkdyu djus okys v/;;uksa dh deh
FkhA leh{kk esa dqy 61 v/;;u ‘kkfey fd, x,A blesa
ls vf/kdrj v/;;u vÝhdk vkSj nf{k.k ,f’k;k esa fd,
x, Fks] vkSj dqN vU; fodkl’khy ns’kksa esaA
dyq feykdj] cgrq de l[a ;k eas miyC/k v/;;ukas vkjS bueas
ls dbZ eas ikz ekf.kd l’kDrrk Hkh de gkus s ds dkj.k] dk;ØZ ekas
ds iHz kkoksa ds fo”k; eas n<` + fu”d”kZ ugha fudkys tk ldrAs ,d
gh idz kj ds dk;ØZ ekas dks fofo/k fLFkfr;kas e]as dMh+ v/;;u
:ij[s kk dk mi;kxs djus ds ckn gh ;g fd;k tk ldrk gAS
yfs du fQj Hkh] tks ifj.kke ikz Ir g,q g]aS os geas dNq iHz kkodkjh
j.kuhfr;kas dh vkjs lda rs vo’; nrs s gAaS
fookg ds le; mez c<+kuk
leh{kk esa 23 v/;;u ‘kkfey Fks] ftuesa 16 ,sls dk;ZØeksa
dk vkdyu fd;k x;k] ftudk mís’; fookg ds le;
vk;q dks c<+kuk Fkk % lkr dk;ZØe vÝhdk ds] nks
caXykns’k ds] ,d usiky dk vkSj ikap dk;ZØe Hkkjr ds
FksA bu dk;ZØeksa esa uhps nh xbZ j.kuhfr;ksa esa ls ,d dk
mi;ksx fd;k x;k Fkk %
1½ foÙkh; izksRlkgu vkSj@;k fd’kksj vk;q dh yM+fd;ksa
dks Ldwy esa j[kus vkSj Ldwy NksM+us dh la[;k de
djus ds fy, lg;ksxA
2½ fd’kksfj;ksa vkSj ;qok efgykvksa ds fy, thou dkS’ky
f’k{kk vkSj l’kfDrdj.k dk;ZØe
3½ fd’kksfj;kas vkSj ;qok efgykvksa dks lw{e & _.k nsuk
4½ ;qokvksa ¼iq#”k o efgyk] nksuksa½ ds fy, thou dkS’ky
f’k{kk ,oa la?kVu dk;ZØe
5½ l keqnkf;d la?kVu & ;qokvksa ds vfHkHkkodksa vkSj
ifjokj ds lnL;ksa ds fy, yf{kr tkx#drk dk;ZØeksa
ls ysdj lkeqnkf;d lnL;ksa ds la?kVu ds fy,
dk;ZØeA
yM+fd;ksa ds fy, ‘kknh ds le; vk;q dks c<+kus dk y{;
dkQh pqukSrhiw.kZ jgkA yM+fd;ksa ds fy, ‘kknh dh mfpr
vk;q ds lkeqnkf;d ekunaM] dqN ekeyksa esa 18 o”kZ ls
dkQh de Fks] vkSj tgk¡ tYnh ‘kknh djus dh ekufldrk
dks cnyus esa lQyrk feyh] ogk¡ Hkh dsoy cgqr tYnh
dh tkus okyh ¼15 o”kZ vk;q vkSj ml ls de½ ‘kkfn;ka gh
jksdh tk ldhaA vf/kdrj ekeyksa esa] gkyk¡fd leqnk; esa
tYnh ‘kknh dj fn, tkus ds LokLF; izHkkoksa ds fo”k; esa
tkx#drk vk Fkh] os bl izFkk dks cny ugha ik,A bldk
dkj.k Fkk] ;qok efgykvksa ds ekrk&firk ij] leqnk; }kjk
mudh ‘kknh tYn ls tYn fd, tkus dk t+ksjnkj nckoA
vfookfgr yM+dh esa xHkZ Bgjus dk Mj jgrk gS] tks
mlds ifjokj ds fy, ‘keZ dk dkj.k cu tkrk gSA blds
vfrfjdr] fo’ks”kdj nf{k.k ,f’k;k esa] T+;knk mez dh
yM+dh ds fy, oj <wa<us esa dfBukbZ gksrh gS vkSj laHko
gS] mldh ‘kknh ds fy, T+;knk ngst Hkh nsuk iM+sA tYnh
‘kknh ds ihNs ,d vU; dkj.k gS ek/;fed fo|ky;
rd yM+fd;ksa dh lhfer igq¡pA tc ek/;fed fo|ky;
leqnk; ls nwj fLFkr gksrs gSa] rks ekrk&firk vDlj viuh
yM+fd;ksa dks Ldwy Hkstuk can dj nsrs gSa] vkSj blds
dkj.k mudh ‘kknh tYnh dj nh tkrh gSA
ftu dk;ZØeksa esa lfEefJr j.kuhfr;ksa dk mi;ksx fd;k
x;k & ;qok efgykvksa ;k ;qok iq#”kksa vkSj efgykvksa] nksuksa
ds fy, thou dkS’ky f’k{kk ds lkFk lkFk leqnk; dks
xgu :i ls ‘kkfey j[kuk & mUgsa ‘kknh dh mez esa nsjh
djus dh fn’kk esa izHkkodkjh ik;k x;kA thou dkS’ky
f’k{kk vf/kd O;kid Fkh] ftlesa *l’kfDrdj.k* f’k{kk ds
lkFk ;kSfudrk vkSj iztuu] vkSj dkS’ky fodkl ‘kkfey
FkkA blh ds cjkcj dk] ;k blls Hkh vf/kd egRoiw.kZ Fkk
fd j[kokyksa tSls] ekrk&firk] /kkfEkZd xq# vkSj leqnk;
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2.4 Page 14 |
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ds cM+s&cw<+ksa dks fof’k”V lans’kksa ds ek/;e ls tksM+s j[kk
tk,A vkSj mlh le; ehfM;k vfHk;kuksa ds t+fj, leqnk;
esa bl eqís dks Toyar j[kk tk,A buesa ls] Hkkjr esa ykxw
fd, x, izpkj dk;ZØe] ftlesa yM+dksa vkSj yM+fd;ksa ds
fy, thou dkS’ky f’k{kk ds lkFk lkFk xgu lkeqnkf;d
tqM+ko cuk;k x;k] dks lQyrkiwoZd fcgkj esa cM+s iSekus
ij ykxw fd;k x;k gSA
nks ewy;kaduksa esa ls] ,d j.kuhfr ftlls ‘kknh ds le;
vk;qc<+kus esa enn dh gS] og Fkh] yM+fd;ksa dks Ldwy
ls u fudkys tkus ij vkfFkZd izksRlkgu@lg;ksx nsukA
vkfFkZd izksRlkgu ds lkFk lkFk xgu lkeqnkf;d ppkZvksa
us] bfFk;ksfi;ks esa] tYnh ‘kknh fd, tkus ¼15 o”kZ vk;q ;k
mlls de½ ij Hkh jksd yxkus esa enn dh gS] ysfdu 16
& 18 o”kZ vk;q ds chp ‘kknh gksus ij ughaA
Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa bu ifj.kkeksa dk egRoiw.kZ izHkko gSA
izpkj izk:i dks igys gh ,d jkT; esa cM+s iSekus ij
pyk;k tk jgk gSA fd’kksjh ‘kfDr ;kstuk] ftlds varxZr
fd’kksfj;ksa dh f’k{kk vkSj l’kfDrdj.k ds dk;ZØe]
lesfdr cky fodkl ;kstuk ds ek/;e ls ykxw fd, tk
jgs gSa] }kjk izpkj n`f”Vdks.k dks vU; izkFkfedrk jkT;ksa
esa Hkh QSyk;k tk ldrk gSA yM+fd;ksa ds fy, thou
dkS’ky f’k{kk ds ikB~;Øe vkSj dk;ZØe dh :ijs[kk esa
;Fkksfpr cnyko djus ds lkFk lkFk] fd’kksjksa vkSj ;qokvksa
ds fy, lekukarj thou dkS’ky dk;ZØe Hkh rS;kj djus
gksaxs] mudk ewY;kadu dj mUgsa ‘kkfey djuk gksxkA bu
lc dks dkjxj cukus ds fy, t+:jh gS fd bUgsa O;kid
lkeqnkf;d la?kVu ds lkFk tksM+k tk, vkSj ekrk&firk
rFkk vU; lkekftd j[kokyksa ds ut+fj;s dks cnyus
ds fy, yf{kr iz;kl fd, tk,aA ;g ekufld /kkj.kk,a
cnyus vkSj Ldwy ls tYnh fudky fy, tkus rFkk NksVh
mez esa fookg dj fn, tkus dks lkekftd :i ls vekU;
cukus ds fy, vko’;d gSA
yM+fd;ksa }kjk Ldwy u NksM+us ds fy, vkfFkZd izksRlkgu
fn, tkus ds lanHkZ esa] Hkkjr esa dbZ l’krZ iSlk nsus dh
;kstuk,a gSa] ftUgsa dsUnzh; o dbZ jkT; ljdkjsa pykrh gSaA
bu ;kstukvksa dk mís’; gS yM+fd;ksa ds Lrj esa
lq/kkj ykukA buesa ls de ls de 10 ;kstukvksa esa] ‘kknh
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2.5 Page 15 |
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dks 18 o”kZ mez rd Vkyuk ,d ‘krZ gSA Hkkjr ljdkj
dh /kuy{eh vkSj ckfydk le`f) ;kstuk] rfey ukMq
vkSj vka/kz izns’k dh yM+fd;ksa dh lqj{kk laca/kh ;kstuk,a]
fnYyh vkSj gfj;k.kk dh ykMyh ;kstuk] e/; izns’k dh
ykMyh y{eh ;kstuk vkSj fgekpy izns’k dh csVh gS
vueksy ;kstuk & blds dqN mnkgj.k gSaA bu ;kstukvksa
esa yM+fd;ksa dks Ldwy ls u fudkys tkus] vkSj ifj.kker%
‘kknh esa nsjh djus ij gksus okys izHkkoksa dk ewY;kadu
djuk gksxkA ;g ewY;kadu laHkor% l’krZ iSlk nsus okyh
;kstukvksa dh :ijs[kk esa mfpr cnyko djus dh fn’kk
fn[kk,axs] ftlls fd yM+fd;ksa dh ‘kknh dh vk;q c<+kus
dk mís’; izkIr djus esa enn feysxhA
de vk;q esa xHkZ/kkj.k esa nsjh
iz.kkyhc) [kkst esa Hkkjr ds 3 v/;;u ¼nks dk;ZØeksa
ij½ feys] vkSj vejhdk rFkk ;w-ds- dh 23 iz.kkyhc)
leh{kk,a vkSj izek.k la’ys”k.k vkSj vÝhdk rFkk Hkkjr dks
NksM+dj ,f’k;k ds vU; ns’kksa ls 7 v/;;u izkIr gq,A
Hkkjrh v/;;uksa ds vfrfjDr] lHkh iz;kl fookg ds ckgj
fd’kksjkoLFkk esa xHkZ/kkj.k jksdus ls lacaf/kr FksA
fd’kksjkoLFkk esa vfookfgr xHkZ/kkj.k jksdus dh izHkkodkjh
dk;ZØe j.kuhfr;ksa dh leh{kk uhps nh xbZ gS & blesa
/;ku j[kk x;k gS fd Hkkjr ds ;qokvksa ds ;kSfud vkSj
iztuu thou esa igys ls gh cnyko vk jgs gSa vkSj
Hkkjrh; lanHkZ ds fy, vk’kkiw.kZ j.kuhfr;ksa dk pquko
fd;k tk ldsA
vejhdk vkSj ;w-ds- ls izkIr iz.kkyhc) leh{kk,a n’kkZrh
gSa fd ;kSu f’k{kk dk;ZØe vius vki esa fd’kksjkoLFkk esa
xHkZ/kkj.k jksdus ds fy, vi;kZIr gSaA O;kid ;qok fodkl
dk;ZØe] ftudh ‘kq#vkr cpiu ls gksrh gS vkSj ftuesa
fd’kksjkoLFkk ¼vfookfgr½ xHkZ/kkj.k dks lacksf/kr fd;k
tkrk gS & f’k{kk ds volj] vkthfodk ds fy, dkS’ky
fodkl ds lkFk lkFk ;kSfudrk vkSj fj’rksa ds fo”k; ij
f’k{kk nh tkrh gS & ogh lcls T+;knk izHkkodkjh gksrs gSaA
nf{k.k vÝhdk ds nks v/;;uksa esa] yM+fd;ksa }kjk Ldwy
u NksM+us ij vkfFkZd izksRlkgu@ lg;ksx dk;ZØeksa dks
‘kknh esa nsjh ds fy, izHkkodkjh ik;k x;k] vkSj buds
ifj.kkeLo:i] fd’kksjkoLFkk esa] fookg ds ckgj] xHkZ/kkj.k
jksdus esa Hkh izHkkodkjh ifj.kke izkIr gq,A
Hkkjr ds nks dk;ZØeksa ij fd, x, rhu v/;;uksa esa
fookfgr ;qok efgykvksa esa igyk cPpk nsj ls djus ls
lacaf/kr iz;klksa dk ewY;kadu fd;k x;k vkSj bu iz;klksa
dks izHkkodkjh ik;k x;kA nksuksa gh dk;ZØeksa esa] fofHkUu
j.kuhfr;ksa dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA buesa ls rhu izeq[k
j.kuhfr;ksa ij fopkj fd;k x;k % ¼1½ izeq[k lkekftd
j[kokyks vkSj leqnk; ds lkFk iz;klksa ds }kjk lkekftd
ifjos’k rS;kj djuk ¼2½ ;kSfud ,oa iztuu LokLF; f’k{kk
nsuk & ;qok naifÙk;ksa dks lkFk esa] vkSj efgykvksa o iq#”kksa
dks vyx vyx Hkh ¼3½ xHkZ fujks/kdksa rFkk vU; iztuu
LokLF; lsokvksa rd igqap c<+kukA
vr%] ekax vkSj vkiwfrZ] nksuksa vksj ds igyqvksa dks lkFk
gh lacksf/kr fd;k x;k] vkSj lkeqnkf;d la?kVu }kjk
lkekftd fu;eksa dks cnyus ds xaHkhj iz;kl fd, x,A
ewY;kafdr dk;ZØeksa esa ls ,d dk;ZØe vc pkyw ugha Fkk]
ysfdu mlds vk/kkj ij ,d nwljs dk;ZØe dks rS;kj
fd;k x;k FkkA ;g Fkk izpkj dk;ZØe] ftls fcgkj ds
rhu ft+yksa esa ykxw fd;k tk jgk gSA bl dk;ZØe ds
nk;js dks c<+kus vkSj vU; jkT;ksa dh vko’;drkvksa ds
vuq:i <kyus dh laHkkoukvksa dk v/;;u djuk gksxkA
vko’;drk gS fd] Hkkjr esa ;qok efgykvksa dks ‘kknh ds
rqjar ckn viuh iztuu’khyrk lkfcr djus] vkSj ekr`Ro
ls igys] LokLF; iz.kkyh dk mi;ksx djus ds fy, ftl
izdkj ds nckoksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS] mUgsa lacksf/kr
djus ds jpukRed mik; fudkys tk,a ¼10&11½A
nks tUeksa ds chp varj dks c<+kok nsuk
bl leh{kk esa ukS dk;ZØeksa ij fd, x, v/;;uksa dks
‘kkfey fd;k x;kA tSlk fd tYnh ‘kknh jksdus ds gj
dk;ZØe esa gksrk gS] dbZ lehf{kr dk;ZØeksa esa nh tk
jgh N% j.kuhfr;ksa esa ls nks ;k mlls vf/kd j.kuhfr;ksa
dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA ;g j.kuhfr;ka gSa % ¼1½ ;qok
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2.6 Page 16 |
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fookfgr efgyvksa dks yf{kr djrs gq, lans’k ¼2½ ;qok
fookfgr iq#”kksa dks yf{kr djrs gq, lans’k ¼3½ lkeqnkf;d
la?kVu & lkekftd j[kokyksa a ds lkFk yf{kr ppkZvksa ls
ysdj] lkeqnkf;d tkx#drk fodkl vkSj muds ut+fj,
dks cnyuk ¼4½ lkoZtfud ,oa futh dk;Z{ks= ds LokLF;
,oa vU; lgk;d lsok iznkrkvksa ds lkFk ckr djuk
¼5½ xHkZ/kkj.k@tUe nsus ds mfpr varjky laca/kh lans’kksa
dks ljdkjh LokLF; iz.kkyh esa eq[;/kkjk esa ykuk( vkSj
¼6½ xHkZ/kkj.k@tUe nsus ds mfpr varjky ds fo”k; dks
uhfr;ksa vkSj dk;ZØe mís’;ksa esa ‘kkfey fd, tkus ds fy,
uhfr fuekZrkvksa ds lkFk mPp Lrjh; tu iSjohA
efgykvksa vkSj muds ifr;ksa ds lkFk xgu :i ls dke
djrs gq,] vkSj lkFk lkFk lkeqnkf;d lg;ksx dk fuekZ.k
o LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa dh mfpr lsok,a miyC/k djkus
dh {kerkvksa esa fodkl djuk] ,d vk’kktud j.kuhfr gks
ldrh gSA pkj Hkjrh; dk;ZØe & n gSYnh VkbfeUx ,aM
Lisflax vkWQ izSxuSUlh] mÙkj izns’k dk dk;ZØe] fcgkj esa
izpkj vkSj pkj jkT;ksa esa vkj-,p-bZ-ok;-,- esa bu fefJr
j.kuhfr;ksa dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k vkSj bu lHkh dk;ZØeksa
dks izHkkoh ik;k x;k] ftuesa pkj esa ls rhu v/;;u v/kZ
iz;ksxkRed FksA bl n`f”Vdks.k us ekax ,oa vkiwfrZ lacaf/kr
igyqvksa ij Hkh vkØe.k fd;kA
Åij nh xbZ fefJr j.kuhfr;ksa esa] iq#”kksa ds lkFk dke
djus okyh j.kuhfr;ksa dh vkSj vf/kd [kkst djuh gksxhA
ftu dk;ZØeksa esa ifr;ksa dks y{; u cuk dj leqnk; ds
iq#”kksa ds lkFk dke fd;k x;k] muesa Hkh vPNs ifj.kke
izkIr gq,A
,d vkSj iz;ksx djus yk;d fefJr j.kuhfr gS] tUe iwoZ
efgykvksa vkSj muds ifr;ksa ds fy,] Dyhfud vk/kkfjr
l?ku ekufld ijke’kZA ;g j.kuhfr] de lalk/kuksa dk
mi;ksx djrs gq, izHkkoh ifj.kke nsrh gSA
Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa] uhfr;ksa vkSj dk;ZØeksa esa **xHkZ/kkj.k ds
chp ,d LoLFk varjky** dh vo/kkj.kk dks eq[;/kkjk esa
ykuk ,d egRoiw.kZ dne gksxkA gkyk¡fd bldk o.kZu
uhfr esa ,d izkFkfedrk ds :i esa fd;k x;k gS] nks tUeksa
ds chp varj ij ifjokj fu;kstu dk;ZØe esa i;kZIr :i
ls t+ksj ugha fn;k x;kA lsok iznkrkvksa dks nks tUeksa ds
chp varj djus ds fo”k; esa tkx#d djus vkSj
vk/kqfud rFkk ikjaifjd i)fr;ksa ds mi;ksx ls tUeksa esa
varj djus ds fo”k; esa dkQh dke djuk ckdh gSA mÙkj
izns’k ds ,p-Vh-,l-ih- dk;ZØe vkSj fcgkj@>kj[kaM
ds fn’kk dk;ZØe us Øe’k% ljdkjh LokLF; iz.kkyh ds
varxZr nks tUeksa ds chp varjky dks eq[;/kkjk esa ykus
dk iz;kl fd;k gS] ftlesa lsok iznkrk izf’k{k.k vkSj
lkeqnkf;d la?kVu dks Hkh ‘kkfey fd;k x;k gSA bu
dk;ZØeksa ds izk:iksa esa fujarjrk rFkk lLrs :i ls c<+k,
tkus dh {kerk gS] ftldh [kkst djuh gksxhA
varjky c<+kus okyh i)fr;ksa dks laHkkfor miHkksDrkvksa
ds fy, Lohdk;Z cukuk ,d vkSj pqukSfr gSA orZeku
le; esa] xHkZfujks/kdksa dk mi;ksx T+;knkrj ulcanh
rd lhfer gSA Hkkjr ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa varjky c<+kus
dh i)fr;ksa dks Lohdkj djus esa vkus okyh ck/kkvksa
dh igpku djus ds fy, v/;;u dh vko’;drk gS]
vkSj buds vk/kkj ij lanHkZ fof’k”V lapkj ,oa O;ogkj
cnyko j.kuhfr;ka cukuh gksaxhA xHkZorh efgykvksa
vkSj muds ifr;ksa ds lkFk Dyhfud vk/kkfjr dk;ZØe]
ut+fj, vkSj O;ogkj dks cnyus ds fy, ,d egRoiw.kZ
volj iznku djrs gSaA
ifjokj fu;kstu lsokvksa esa ns[kHkky
lsokvksa dh xq.koÙkk c<k+ uk
bl leh{kk esa 27 dk;ZØeksa dk v/;;u fd;k x;k]
ftudk mís’; ifjokj fu;kstu lsokvksa dh xq.koÙkk c<+kuk
FkkA bu dk;ZØeksa esa Hkh] ,d gh le; esa dbZ izdkj
dh j.kuhfr;ksa dslfeJ.k dk mi;ksx fd;k x;kA ftu
dk;ZØeksa dh leh{kk dh xbZ] muesa nh xbZ 10 j.kuhfr;ksa
esa ls de ls de ,d ;k vf/kd dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k]
ftlls fd ifjokj fu;kstu lsokvksa rd igq¡p vkSj lsokvksa
dh xq.koÙkk csgrj cukbZ tk lds % ¼1 o 2½ efgyk@
iq#”k LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa }kjk leqnk; vk/kkfjr lsok
nsuk( ¼3 o 4½ efgykvksa @ iq#”kksa ds fy, LokLF; lsok
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vk/kkfjr yf{kr ekufld ijke’kZ vkSj f’k{kk( ¼5½ xHkZ
fujks/kdksa ds fodYi c<+kuk ¼6½ lsokvksa dh xq.koÙkk c<+kus
ds fy, iznkrk izf’k{k.k ¼7½ laLFkkRed]
midj.kksa vkSj vkiwfrZ esa lq/kkj ds ek/;e ls lsokvksa dks
vkSj l’kDr djuk ¼8½ xHkZikr&i’pkr lsokvksa ds lkFk
ifjokj fu;kstu lsokvksa dks tksM+uk ¼9½ ekr` LokLF;
,oa izlwfr ns[kHkky lsokvksa ds lkFk ifjokj fu;kstu dks
tksM+uk] vkSj ¼10½ lkeqnkf;d la?kVuA
xHkZfujks/kd mi;ksx c<+kus vkSj miHksDrk larqf”V ds fy,
nks izdkj dh fefJr j.kuhfr;ka lcls T+;knk izHkkodkjh
fl) gqbZaA buesa ls igyh gS] ifjokj fu;kstu dks
xHkZikr&i’pkr ns[kHkky lsokvksa rFkk ekr` LokLF; ,oa
izlwfr ns[kHkky lsokvksa ds lkFk tksM+uk] c’krsZ fd ;g
dsoy Åijh :i ls ,d vU; lsok ds :i esa u tksM+k
tk,] cfYd fefJr fd;k tk,A izHkkodkjh dk;ZØeksa
dh leh{kk esa lsokvksa dh miyC/krk dh miHkksDrkvksa dh
vko’;drk vuqlkj iquO;ZoLFkk djuk] iznkrk izf’k{k.k
ds ek/;e ls lsokvksa dks miHkksDrk dsfUnzr cukuk vkSj
efgykvksa vkSj muds ifr;ksa ds fy, yf{kr ifjokj
fu;kstu ekufld ijke’kZ nsus okys dk;ZØeksa dh Hkh tk¡p
dh xbZA
Hkkjr esa izloksÙkj ,oa xHkZikr&i’pkr ifjokj fu;kstu
dkQh izpfyr gSA ysfdu bu dk;ZØeksa esa vf/kdrj
izloksÙkj vkSj xHkZikr&i’pkr ulcanh ij t+ksj fn;k
x;k gSA 1990 ds dk;ZØeksa ds v/;;uksa ls lkeus vk;k
fd lqjf{kr xHkZikr&i’pkr lsokvksa dks izkIr djus dh
,d ‘krZ ds :i esa] ulcanh ;k vkbZ-;w-Mh- yxk, tkus
dk ncko Hkh cuk;k tkrk FkkA bl leh{kk ds vk/kkj ij
uhfr fuekZ.k ds fy, gekjk lq>ko gksxk fd] izloksÙkj vkSj
xHkZikr&i’pkr ifjokj fu;kstu lsokvksa esa ,slh lsok,a
miyC/k djkbZ tk,a] tks ekufld ijke’kZ ds ckn lwfpr
pquko ij vk/kkfjr gksa( efgyk@ mlds lkFkh dks lHkh
xHkZfujks/kdksa esa ls pquko djus dk ekSdk nsa] vkSj ftuesa
xq.koÙkk lq/kkjus dk iz;kl fd;k tk,] ftlesa miHkksDrk
ds lkFk ekuoh; :i ls is’k vk;k tk,] tSlk fd Åij
mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA
,d vkSj lQy j.kuhfr gS] efgyk vkSj iq#”k LokLF;
dk;ZdrkZvksa dk leqnk; vk/kkfjr f’k{kk vkSj ekufld
ijke’kZ rFkk xHkZ fujks/kd forj.k esa mi;ksx djukA
gekjs ikl iq#”k LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ ugha gSa] tks leqnk;
vk/kkfjr ifjokj fu;kstu tkudkjh o lsok,a iznku dj
ldsa & vly esa] gekjs ikl ,slh dksbZ izfØ;k ugha gS
ftlls fd ge iz.kkyhc) rjhds ls] ifjokj fu;kstu
tkudkjh ds lkFk] iq#”kksa rd igq¡p ldsaA efgyk
lkeqnkf;d LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa dks lsok,a nsus ds fy,
mi;ksx djuk ,d ,slh j.kuhfr gS] ftldk Hkkjrh;
ifjokj fu;kstu dk;ZØeksa esa mi;ksx fd;k x;k] vkSj
vc vk’kkvksa dks ;g ft+Eesnkjh lkSai nh xbZ gSA eq[;
varj ;g gS fd] lkeqnkf;d LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ dks dbZ
ekeyksa esa] y{; iwjs djus ds fy, fn, tkrs gSa] pkgsa
vkSipkfjd uhfr dqN Hkh dgrh gksA blls tkudkjh
vkSj lsokvksa dks efgyk ds ut+nhd ys tkus ds dkj.k]
ifjokj fu;kstu lsokvksa esa laHkor% lq/kkj fd, tkus
ds ctk,] ,d cyiwoZd ifjokj fu;kstu djokus dh
/kkj.kk vk tkrh gSA gesa efgyk LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ dh
Hkwfedk dks vuqdwy cukuk gksxk vkSj iq#”k lkeqnkf;d
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa dks Hkh ‘kkfey djuk gksxkA
mudh Hkwfedk gksxh fd os tkudkjh miyC/k djk,a
vkSj fofHkUu izdkj dh iz.kkfy;ksa ds ykHk vkSj gkfu;ksa
ds fo”k; esa ppkZ djds] miHkksdrkvksa dks lwfpr pquko
ds vk/kkj ij] ,d ,slk fodYi pquus esa enn djsa] tks
mUgsa Lohdk;Z gksA
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fu”d’kZ
bl leh{kk esa dbZ vk’kktud j.kuhfr;ksa dh igpku dh
xbZ gS] tks ifjokj fu;kstu dks efgykvksa] iq#”kksa vkSj
cPpksa ds vf/kdkjksa dks dk;e djus dh j.kuhfr ds :i
esa iquLFkkZfir dj ldrh gSaA bl leh{kk ds ifj.kkeksa
dh O;k[;k djrs le; /;ku j[kuk gksxk fd ;g lhfer
izek.kksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA dbZ dk;ZØeksa dks nLrkosth—r
ugha fd;k x;k gS] vkSj ftUgsa fd;k x;k gS mudh l[+r
leh{kk djuk t+:jh gSA vkxs ds fy, ,d izeq[k dk;Z
gksxk fd lHkh orZeku dk;ZØeksa dks iz.kkyhc) rjhds ls
nLrkosth—r fd;k tk, vkSj mudk ewY;kadu fd;k tk,A
;g leh{kk vkt rd ykxw fd, x, dk;ZØeksa esa ls]
,slh j.kuhfr;ksa dh igpku djrh gS] ftudk vU;
txgksa ij iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS] ;k muds nk;js dks
c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA ysfdu blls ,slh ubZ
vo/kkj.kkvksa ds ijh{k.k esa ck/kk ugha vkuh pkfg,] ftUgsa
vHkh rd mi;ksx ugha fd;k x;k gSA vU; dbZ ,sls
iz;kl gSa] ftUgsa vHkh rd mi;ksx ugha fd;k x;k gS %
mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,sls dk;ZØe tks iztuu ,oa ;kSfud
vf/kdkjksa dks ekU;rk nsa( ,sls dk;ZØe tks iztuu
LokLF; lsokvksa dks O;kid :i ls miyC/k djkrs gksa]
ftlesa ifjokj fu;kstu ,d vfHkUu va’k gksA yhd ls
gVdj dk;ZØeksa dh :ijs[k rS;kj djuk vkSj mUgsa ykxw
djuk mruk gh vko’;d gS] ftruk fd igys ls pys
vk jgs dk;ZØeksa dk ewY;kadu djukA
ftu j.kuhfr;ksa dh leh{kk dh xbZ] muesa lqjf{kr xHkZikr
lsok,a ifjokj fu;kstu vkSj xHkZikr&i’pkr ns[kHkky
lsokvksa dh fefJr j.kuhfr;ka dsoy ,d va’k ds :i
esa ekStwn FkhaA ysfdu] ifjokj fu;kstu dk;ZØeksa dk
iqu% fLFkfr fu/kkZj.k djus ds fdlh Hkh iz;kl esa lqjf{kr
xHkZikrlsokvksa dks] efgyk LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkjksa dks
lqfuf’pr djus ds ,d egRoiw.kZ igyw ds :i esa ‘kkfey
djuk gksxkA ge vk’kk djrs gSa fd Hkfo”; esa dh tkus
okyh leh{kkvksa esa *izHkkodkjh* lqjf{kr xHkZikr lsokvksa]
ftuesa efgykvksa dh lqj{kk vkSj lykerh ifj.kkeksa ds
lwpds ds :i esa ‘kkfey gks] dh Hkh leh{kk dh tk,xhA
varr%] Åij nh xbZ *ifjokj fu;kstu ds iqu% fLFkfr
fu/kkZj.k* dh lHkh j.kuhfr;ka] ifjHkkf”kr :i ls ekuo
vf/kdkj n`f”Vdks.k ij vk/kkfjr gSaA ;fn mUgsa bl
ifjizs{; o n`f”Vdks.k ls ckgj fudky fn;k x;k] vkSj bUgsa
vfuok;Z *tula[;k fu;a=.k* ds lkFk ykxw fd;k x;k] rks
laHkor% gesa iztuu’khyrk esa deh rks izkIr gks tk,xh]
ysfdu tula[;k ds LokLF; vkSj lykerh ds fcukA
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2.9 Page 19 |
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References
1. Health Policy Project. Repositioning
Family Planning. Available from: http://
www.healthpolicyproject.com/index.
cfm?ID=topics-RepositionFP, accessed
2 February 2013.
2. B ill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
Family Planning: Strategy Overview.
Global Health program, April 2012.
3. U nited Nations Population Fund.
National Population Policy India 2000.
New Delhi, UNFPA, 2000.Chapter 1,
Introduction.
4. International Institute for Population
Sciences (IIPS) and Macro
International. National Family
Health Survey (NFHS-3), 2005–06:
India: Volume I. Mumbai: IIPS,
2007. Available from: <http://www.
measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FRIND3/
FRIND3-Vol1[Oct-17-2008].pdf>.
Accessed January 15, 2013.
5. U nited Nations Population Fund.
The New Generations, the Family
and Society. Population Issues
1999. Available from: <http://www.
unfpa.org/6billion/populationissues/
generation.htm>, Accessed January
15, 2013.
6. G upta S, Mukherjee S, Singh S,
Pande R, Basu S. Knot Ready. Lessons
from India on delaying marriage for
girls [Internet].Delhi, International
Center for Research on Women; 2008.
Available from: <http://www.icrw.org/
files/publications/Knot-Ready-Lessons-
from-India-on-Delaying-Marriage-for-
Girls.pdf>. Accessed January 16, 2013.
7. World Health Organization. Report of
a WHO Technical Consultation on Birth
Spacing. Geneva, WHO, 2006.
8. Koenig MA and Khan ME. Improving
the quality of care in India’s family
planning program. New Delhi,
Population Council, 1999. Chapter 1.
9. Sudharshan H. Role of NGOs in
operationalising primary health
care services: Modalities for
replication of Karnataka’s experience.
Presentation given at the Training
Program on Health, Rights and
Women’s Empowerment, organized
by the MacArthur Foundation, 22-28
September, 2002, Bangalore.
10. Santhya KG and Jejeebhoy SJ. Young
people’s sexual and reproductive
health in India: Policies, programs
and realities. South and East Asia
Regional Working Paper, New Delhi,
Population Council, 2007, No. 19.
11. Santhya KG, Jejeebhoy SJ and
Ghosh S. Addressing the Sexual and
Reproductive Health Needs of Young
People: Perspectives and Experiences
of Stakeholders from the Health
and Non-health Sectors, New Delhi,
Population Council, 2007.
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v/;k; 1
ifjp;
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3 Pages 21-30 |
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3.1 Page 21 |
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i`”BHkwfe
n’kdksa ls] ifjokj fu;kstu dks eq[;r% nqfu;k dh vkcknh
ds vkdkj dks fu;af=r djus ds ,d lk/ku ds :i esa
ns[kk x;k gSA gkyk¡fd] fxjrh oSf’od tula[;k o`f) nj
ds lkFk] ifjokj fu;kstu dks tula[;k fu;a=.k ds ,d
lk/ku ls vf/kd ds :i esa ns[ks tkus dh t:jr dkQh
Li”V gks x;h gSA ^^ifjokj fu;kstu dk iqu% fLFkfr&
fu/kkZj.k** ,d cgqi{kh; igy Fkh tks mi lgkjk vÝhdk
esa] ifjokj fu;kstu lsokvksa dks etcwr cukus ds fy,
jktuhfrd çfrc)rk vkSj /ku esa o`f) djus ds fy,
yxHkx ,d n’kd igys ‘kq: dh x;h Fkh ø1ÀA ifjokj
fu;kstu ij 2012 yanu f’k[kj lEesyu us] jk”Vªh;
ljdkjksa] uxj lekt vkSj nqfu;k ds vU; {ks=ksa ls
nkunkrkvksa dk leFkZu thrdj ^^ifjokj fu;kstu dk iqu%
fLFkfr&fu/kkZj.k** –f”Vdks.k dks etcwrh ls nqfu;k ds uD’ks
ij j[kkA
^^ifjokj fu;kstu dk iqu% fLFkfr&fu/kkZj.k** –f”Vdks.k esa]
/;ku fodkl’khy ns’kksa esa lHkh efgykvksa vkSj iq#”kksa rd
xq.koÙkkiw.kZ ifjokj fu;kstu tkudkjh vkSj lsokvksa dh
;kstuk ds lkFk igqapus ij dsafnzr gS] rkfd çtuu {kerk
ij fu;a=.k ds fy, mudh t:jr dks iwjk fd;k tk
ldsA LosPNk ls ifjokj fu;kstu viukuk ekr` ,oa f’k’kq
e`R;q dks de djus dk ,d rjhdk gksxk ø2ÀA gkyk¡fd
Li”V :i ls ugha dgk x;k gS] ysfdu LokLF; vkSj
[kq’kgkyh ij vkSj LoSfPNd ifjokj fu;kstu ij t+ksj nsuk
tUe fu;a=.k dh /kkj.kk dks ,d çtuu vf/kdkj ds :i
esa ns[kus ds vuq:i gSA
Hkkjr e]as jk”Vhª ; tul[a ;k uhfr] 2000 ¼,u-ih-ih- 2000½
LofS PNd vkjS lfw pr puq ko vkjS ifjokj fu;kts u vkjS
çtuu LokLF; dk;ØZ ekas ds mi;kxs drkvZ kas ds :i eas
ukxfjdkas dh lgefr ds fy, ljdkj dh çfrc)rk dh
ifq ”V djrh gAS ,u-ih-ih- 2000 ds mí’s ;kas eas ls ,d fookg
ds le; vk;q dks de ls de 18 lky djuk vkjS tUekas
dks lhfer ,oa vra j j[kus dh vifw jr t:jrkas dks
lca kfs /kr djuk Fkk ø3ÀA nl lky ckn] ebZ 2010 e]as
LokLF; vkjS ifjokj dY;k.k e=a ky; us ^^ifjokj fu;kts u
dk iuq % fLFkfr&fu/kkjZ .k** ij ,d jk”Vªh; ijke’kZ dk
vk;kts u fd;kA bl ijke’kZ us ljdkj ds ekr` ,oa f’k’kq
LokLF; dks cgs rj cukus ds fy, ifjokj fu;kts u dh ,d
lk/ku ds :i eas iuq % fLFkfr&fu/kkfZ jr djus ds QlS ys dh
?kk”s k.kk dhA ;g blh lna HkZ eas gS fd ikiW yq ’s ku QkmMa ’s ku
vkQW bfa M;k ¼ih-,Q-vkb-Z ½ dh vxys ikpa o”kkZas ¼2011&2016½
dh lkefjd ;kts uk] ifjokj fu;kts u dh fLFkfr dks Hkkjr
ds fodkl vkjS ekr` ,oa f’k’kq LokLF; (MCH) dh uhfr;kas
vkjS dk;ØZ ekas eas efgykvkas ds l’kfädj.k vkjS ekuo vf/
kdkjkas ds <kpa s ds vna j cnyus dk ç;kl dj jgh gAS ;g
O;ofLFkr leh{kk ih-,Q-vkb-Z ds ^^ifjokj fu;kts u dk iuq %
fLFkfr&fu/kkjZ .k** igy dk ,d fgLlk gAS
Hkkjr esa ifjokj fu;kstu dk iqu%
fLFkfr&fu/kkZj.k D;ksa\\
Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa fo’ks”k :i ls ^^ifjokj fu;kstu ds iqu%
fLFkfr&fu/kkZj.k** ds dbZ egRoiw.kZ dkj.k gSaA
Lkcls igyk] ukS Hkkjrh; jkT;ksa us igys ls gh çfrLFkkiu
Lrj çtuu {kerk çkIr dj yh gSA gkyk¡fd] tYnh ‘kknh
vkSj çlo] vkSj tUeksa ds chp de varj ds dkj.k de
çtuu {kerk dk ifj.kke csgrj ekr` LokLF; ugha gqvk
gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] vk¡/kz çns’k esa] tgk¡ 2005&06 esa
çfr efgyk 1-79 cPps dh fuEu çfrLFkkiu Lrj çtuu
{kerk Fkh] 20&24 lky dh 55% ;qok efgykvksa dh
‘kknh 18 lky ls igys dh tk jgh Fkh] 15 19 lky dh
mez dh 18% efgykvksa us igys gh xHkZ/kkj.k ‘kq: dj
fn;k Fkk vkSj 60% efgyk,a fiNys çlo ds 36 eghus
ds Hkhrj ,d cPps dks tUe ns jgh FkhaA ø4ÀA çfrLFkkiu
;k fuEu çfrLFkkiu Lrj çtuu {kerk okys jkT;ksa esa]
LokLF; vkSj fodkl ds eqís ds :i esa ifjokj fu;kstu dk
iqu% fLFkfr&fu/kkZj.k efgykvksa dh vU; çtuu LokLF;
t:jrksa dks lacksf/kr djus ds fy, cuk, tkus okys
dk;ZØeksa esa ;ksxnku ns ldrk gSA
nwljk] tula[;k xfr Hkkjr dh tula[;k o`f) ds fy,
,d egRoiw.kZ dkjd gSA vkSlr okf”kZd fodkl nj esa
fxjkoV ds lkFk Hkh] D;ksafd çtuu vk;q oxZ ds yksxksa dk
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3.2 Page 22 |
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vuqikr yxHkx 50% gS] Hkkjr viuh tula[;k esa lkykuk
18 yk[k yksxksa dks tksM+ jgk gSA igys tUe ds le; vk;q
esa nsjh ls vkSj mlds ckn ds tUeksa esa 2&4 lky dk varj
j[k dj ,d rjhds ls tula[;k xfr ij jksd yxkbZ tk
ldrh gSA ;w,u,Qih, ds vuqlkj] igys tUe ds le;
,d ek¡ dh vk;q 18 ls 23 rd c<+kus ls tula[;k dh
xfr dks 40 çfr’kr ls T;knk de fd;k tk ldrk gS
ø5ÀA Hkkjrh; ifjokj fu;kstu dk;ZØe] tks fd ,d rjg
ls ^^dsoy ulcanh** ds :i esa fuf’pr gks x;k gS] mls
viuh tM+rk ls ckgj fudyus vkSj bu ubZ çkFkfedrkvksa
ij /;ku dsafær djus dh t:jr gSA pqukSrh dsoy
iVfj;ksa dks cnyus dh ugha gS cfYd phtksa dks djus dk
rjhdk cnyus & vFkkZr LoSfPNd Loh—fr vkSj lwfpr
pquko dks dk;e j[kus & dh Hkh gSA
^^ifjokj fu;kstu dk iqu% fLFkfr&fu/kkZj.k** D;ksa egRoiw.kZ
gS] bldk rhljk dkj.k Hkkjrh; ifjokj fu;kstu dk;ZØe
dh tula[;k fu;a=.k rdZ ij pyus okyh yach fojklr
ls lacaf/kr gSA tulkaf[;dh; y{;ksa ds lkFk lkFk ifjokj
fu;kstu Loh—fr ds y{;] ‘kq:vkr ls gh dk;ZØe ds
çsjd cy jgs gSaA 1997 esa ^^y{; eqä –f”Vdks.k** ds vkjaHk
ds lkFk yx jgk Fkk fd dk;ZØe us viuk vk/kkj [kks
fn;k gSA ,d u, fe’ku & vFkkZr LokLF; vkSj [kq’kgkyh
esa lq/kkj vkSj efgykvksa rFkk iq#”kksa dh çtuu {kerk dks
fu;af=r djus ds vf/kdkj dks dk;e j[kus ds lkFk &
dk;ZØe dks c<+kok nsus dh t:jr gSA
dh leh{kk vkSj fo’ys”k.k ds }kjk lwfpr iSjoh ds ek/;e
ls lkekftd ekunaMksa dks cnyus ds fy, vkSj LokLF;
esa csgrj ifj.kkeksa ds fy, ftyk Lrj ij ,d vfHklj.k
–f”Vdks.k dk mi;ksx djds çkIr fd, tkus dh is’kd’k
gSA et+cwr fjlpZ vkSj nLrkost+hdj.k ih-,Q-vkbZ- ds iSjoh
dk;Z dk vk/kkj cusxsa vkSj fofHkUu igyksa dh çHkkodkfjrk
lqfuf’pr djsxsaA
orZeku leh{kk% mís’; vkSj dk;Zç.kkyh
fcgkj esa vkSj jk”Vªh; Lrj ij ekr` ,oa f’k’kq LokLF;
uhfr;ksa vkSj fodkl dk;ZØeksa esa ifjokj fu;kstu dk iqu%
fLFkfr&fu/kkZj.k djus ds fy, orZeku leh{kk ih-,Q-vkbZ-
dh igy esa ,d ewyHkwr vax gSA igy dk nh?kZdkyhu
y{; çtuu LokLF; vkSj ekuo vf/kdkjksa ds <kaps ds
Hkhrj ifjokj fu;kstu dk iqu% fLFkfr&fu/kkZj.k djuk gS
rkfd gj ifjokj ,d fu;ksftr ifjokj gks vkSj gj cPpk
okafNr ,oa LoLFk cPpk gksA bl y{; dks jk”Vªh; Lrj ij
ifjokj fu;kstu ds fy, ljdkjh dk;ZØeksa dks et+cwrh
nsdj vkSj fcgkj esa dk;ZØe laca/kh uokpkjksa vkSj uhfr;ksa
lk{; vk/kkfjr iSjoh j.kuhfr;ka fodflr djus ds fy,]
igy dk y{; lkefjd ;kstuk ds 4 çeq[k {ks=ksa ij /;ku
dasfnzr djrs gq, jk”Vªh; vkSj varjkZ”Vªh; vuqHkoksa ij
vk/kkfjr v/;;uksa dh O;ofLFkr <ax ls leh{kk djuk
gSA bu {ks=ksa esa ‘kkfey gSa% ¼1½ cky fookg jksduk( ¼2½
igyh xHkkZoLFkk ds le; vk;q esa nsjh( ¼3½ tUeksa ds chp
varj dks c<+kok nsuk( vkSj ¼4½ ifjokj fu;kstu lsokvksa
dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkjA ;g fjiksVZ leh{kk ds ifj.kkeksa dks
çLrqr djrh gS vkSj bldk mn~ns’; uhfrxr iSjoh rFkk
dk;ZØe dk;kZUo;u dks lwfpr djus vkSj ekxZn’kZu nsus
ds fy, lk{; dks etcwr djuk gSA
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3.3 Page 23 |
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Π,slh efgykvksa ds vuqikr esa o`f) ftuds lcls gky
esa gq, çlo esa mfpr varj Fkk
Œ Ikfjokj fu;kts u los kvkas ds lkFk xkz gd lra fq ”V eas of` )
Πx HkZfujks/kd lsokvksa ds mi;ksx esa o`f) vkSj
QyLo:i xHkZfujks/kd njksa esa o`f)
Û dkuS lh j.kuhfr ;k j.kuhfr;kas dk l;a kts u çHkkoh jgk g\\S
dk;Zç.kkyh
;g lqfuf’pr djus ds fy, fd bl O;ofLFkr leh{kk ds
ifj.kke çklafxd vkSj mPp xq.koÙkk ds gksa] ,d rduhdh
lykgdkj lewg ¼TAG½ LFkkfir fd;k x;k Fkk ftlesa &
fo”k; vkSj dk;Zç.kkyh ,oa fu.kZ; ysus ds laca/k & nksuksa esa
vyx vyx vuqHkoksa okys lnL;ksa dks ‘kkfey fd;k x;k
Fkk ¼ifjf’k”V 1 rkfydk 1½A
mís’;
leh{kk dk mís’; fuEu ç’uksa dk mRRkj nsuk Fkk %
Û D;k ¼1½ igyh xHkkZoLFkk ds le; vk;q esa nsjh] ¼2½
tUeksa ds chp varj dks c<+kok nsuk( ¼3½ ifjokj fu;kstu
vkSj çtuu LokLF; dk;ZØeksa dh ns[kHkky dh xq.koÙkk
esa lq/kkj ls tqM+h igysa fodkl’khy ns’k esa fuEufyf[kr
ifj.kkeksa esa ls ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd çkIr djus esa
çHkkoh gSa%
Œ 20&24 o”kZ @20&29 o”kZ dh efgykvksa ds vuqikr
esa deh] ftudk fookg 18 o”kZ dh vk;q ls igys gks
pqdk Fkk
Πfookg dh vkSlr vk;q esa o`f)
Πigyh xHkkZoLFkk esa nsjh djus ds fy, vLFkkbZ
xHkZfujks/kd rjhdksa ds mi;ksx esa o`f)
Œ ek¡ ds 18 lky dk gksus ls igys gksus okys çFke
tUeksa ds vuqikr esa deh
ΠtUeksa ds chp varj ds fy, xHkZfujks/kd dk mi;ksx
djus okyh efgykvksa vkSj iq#”kksa ds vuqikr esa o`f)
Ikfjokj fu;kstu ij dke dj jgh f}i{kh; vkSj
cgqi{kh; ,tsafl;ksa vkSj xSj ljdkjh laLFkkvksa dh
osclkbVksa ds lHkh çeq[k MsVkcsl esa pkjkas Qksdl
{ks=ksa esa ls çR;sd ds fy, lacaf/kr [kkst ‘kCnksa
dk mi;ksx djds ,d O;ofLFkr [kkst dh xbZA
çdkf’kr vkSj vçdkf’kr fjiksVZ vkSj if=dk ys[k
fpfUgr fd, x, vkSj fo”k;oLrq ds fy, tYnh ls
tkaps x,A leh{kk fd, tkus fy, bLrseky dh tkus
okyh fjiksVZ @ ys[k dks fpfUgr djus ds fy,
fuEufyf[kr ekinaM viuk, x,%
Û vaxzsth ds ys[k
Û HkkSxksfyd Qksdl% Hkkjr] nf{k.k ,f’k;k] vÝhdkA vU;
{ks=ksa ls v/;;u Hkh ‘kkfey fd;k x;k gS tgk¡ os
lkfgR; esa lcls çHkkoh Fks
Û Pkkj eq[; {ks=ksa & cky fookg jksduk(] igyh xHkkZoLFkk
ds le; vk;q esa nsjh] tUeksa ds chp varj dks c<+kok
nsuk] vkSj ifjokj fu;kstu lsokvksa dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj
& ij /;ku dsafnzr djuk
Û v/;;u dh i)fr esa & ç;ksxkRed] v/kZ ç;ksxkRed]
^igys ckn esa*] ,d rqyuk lewg ds lkFk ØkWl&lsD’kuy
,aM ykbu & ‘kkfey Fks A gkyk¡fd] lhfer çek.kksa ds
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3.4 Page 24 |
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Rkkfydk 1% leh{kk esa ‘kkfey v/;;uksa dh la[;k
Øe- l-a fo”k;
1
cky fookg jksduk(
2
igyh xHkkZoLFkk ds le; vk;q esa nsjh
3
tUe ds chp varj dks c<+kok nsuk
4
ifjokj fu;kstu vkSj çtuu LokLF; ¼vkj,p½ dk;ZØeksa dh
ns[kHkky dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj
dqy
‘kkfey fd, x, y[s kkas dh l[a ;k
23
3
9
27
62
rkfydk 2% çek.k dh et+cwrh ds vuqlkj oxhZ—r v/;;u dh i)fr
Øe- l-a
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
v/;;u dh i)fr
ç;ksxkRed
v/kZ ç;ksxkRed
igys&ckn okys v/;;u
,d leku rqyuk lewg ds lkFk ØkWl&lsD’kuy ,.M ykbu v/;;u
,d cstksM+ rqyuk lewg ds lkFk ØkWl&lsD’kuy ,.M ykbu v/;;u
fcuk rqyuk lewg ds xq.kkRed ØkWl&lsD’kuy ,.M ykbu v/;;u
v/;;u ugha ysfdu cM+s iSekus ij losZ{k.k ds vk¡dM+ksa ds vk/kkj ij ,d vuqeku
A & lcls etcwr D & lcls detksj
etc+ rw h
A
B
C1
C2
C3
C4
D
ekeyksa esa xq.kkRed v/;;u vkSj o.kZukRed v/;;u
Hkh ‘kkfey fd, x, tks vf/kd dBksj v/;;u ds }kjk
miyC/k djkbZ xbZ tkudkjh ds iwjd FksA
v/;;u fuEu xq.koÙkk ekunaMksa dks larq”V djrs gSa% 1½
vius mís’;] i`”BHkwfe vkSj lanHkZ dk i;kZIr o.kZu] 2½
fu;qfDr] uewuk vkSj vk¡dM+ksa ds laxzg ij Li”V foLrkj]
3½ vkSj vk¡dM+ksa dk mi;qä fo’ys”k.k vkSj O;k[;k
¼blesa i;kZIr ewy vk¡dM+ksa dh çLrqfr lfgr vk¡dM+ksa dk
,dhdj.k] O;k[;k vkSj fu”d”kZ ‘kkfey gS½A ;g v=S;h
vkSj feYVu ø1À] gkMZu ,V vy ø2À vkSj eSdMjekWV vkSj
xzkge }kjk fodflr xq.koÙkk ewY;kadu ekunaM ds vk/kkj
ij fd;k x;k gS ø3ÀA
Ikfjf’”V 1 rkfydk 2 [kkstksa ds ek/;e ls fpfUgr fd,
x, vkSj leh{kk esa ‘kkfey fd;k x, ys[kksa dh NkaVh xbZ
NksVh la[;k dk lkj gSA
blds vykok gLr{ksiksa dks çHkkodkfjrk ds vk/kkj ij
ns[kk x;kA çek.k dh et+cwrh dk ewY;kadu v/;;u dh
i)fr ds vk/kkj ij A ¼lcls etcwr½ ls ysdj D ¼lcls
detksj½ ls fd;k x;k] tgk¡ ç;ksxkRed vkSj
v/kZ ç;ksxkRed v/;;u lcls etcwr j[kk x;kA rkfydk
4 ml ekunaM dk lkjka’k gS ftls geus dbZ O;ofLFkr
leh{kkvksa dh ,d tk¡p ds vk/kkj ij viuk;k gSA
nLrkostksa dks pquus vkSj leh{kk djds fo’oluh;
fu”d”kZ ij igq¡pus esa pqukSfr;ksa jgh gSaA ,d pqukSrh Fkh
fd gLr{ksi ewY;kadu v/;;u cgqr lhfer la[;k esa
miyC/k FksA tgk¡ gLr{ksi ,d cM+h la[;k esa gSa] ogha
dbZ ekeyksa esa dsoy laf{kIr ifj;kstuk o.kZu gh miyC/k
gSaA ,sls cgqr de gLr{ksi gSa ftUgksaus vius ifj.kke ;k
çHkko ij lwpuk nh gSA dqN gLr{ksi gh lgh fjlpZ
<k¡ps ds vanj fMtkbu fd, x, gS rkfd muds çHkkoksa
dks ekik tk ldsA blds vykok] fofHkUu v/;;uksa esa
çHkko vkSj >qdko dk fo’ys”k.k vyx vyx le;kof/k
ij fd;k x;k gS ftlls tk¡p ifj.kkeksa dk leUo;
vkSj laca/k ns[kuk eqf’dy FkkA v/;;uksa dh fofo/krk
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3.5 Page 25 |
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ds vykok] çek.k dh et+cwrh esa varj ls la’ys”k.k ij
igq¡puk eqf’dy cu x;kA
fLFkfr;ksa ds fy, bu j.kuhfr;ksa ds laHkkfor çHkko ds ckjs
esa fuf’pr fu”d”kZ fudkyuk eqf’dy gks tkrk gSA
nwljh pqukSrh gS fd gLr{ksi v/;;u fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa
esa vyx vyx le; ij fd, x, gaS] vkSj lc esa
çHkkodkfjrk ds leku ladsrdksa dh tk¡p ugha dh x;h
gSA tc ç;ksxkRed fMtkbu ds fcuk v/;;u esa j.kuhfr
çHkkoh utj vkrh gS] ;k tc ,d ;k nks v/;;u gksrs
gSa tgk¡ ,d fo’ks”k j.kuhfr çHkkoh ikbZ tkrh gS] rks vU;
bl leh{kk }kjk ikbZ xbZ çHkkoh j.kuhfr;ksa vkSj
j.kuhfr;ksa ds feJ.k dks bu lhekvksa ds Hkhrj gh le>uk
gksxkA ;g çHkkoh gks ldus okyh j.kuhfr;ksa dk ladsr gSa]
ysfdu bUgsa fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa vkSj vyx vyx le; ij
lapkfyr vkSj ç;ksx djus dh vko’;drk gS] mlds ckn
gh fuf’pr fu”d”kZ fudkyk tk ldrk gSA
References
1. P amela A, Milton B. Critically
appraising qualitative research for
systematic reviews: defusing the
methodological cluster bombs.
Evidence & Policy: A Journal of
Research Debate and Practice
2006;2(1):109–26.
2. H arden A, Garcia J, Oliver S, Rees R,
Shepherd J, Brunton G, et al. Applying
systematic review methods to studies of
people’s views: An example from public
health. Journal of Epidemiology and
Community Health 2004;58:794–800.
3. Graham H and McDermott E.
Qualitative Research and the Evidence
Base of Policy: Insights from Studies of
Teenage Mothers in the UK. Journal of
Social Policy 2006; 35:21-37.
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3.6 Page 26 |
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v/;k; 2
fookg ds le;
vk;q esa nsjh
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3.7 Page 27 |
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i`”BHkwfe
jk”Vªh; vkSj varjjk”Vªh; leqnk; tYnh ‘kknh & 18 lky
dh mez ls igys & dks yxkrkj yM+fd;ksa ds ekuo
vf/kdkjksa ds mYya?ku vkSj udkjkRed lkekftd] LokLF;
vkSj tula[;k o`f) ds ifj.kkeksa ds lkFk eq[; fodkl ds
ifj.kkeksa ds fy, ,d ck/kk ds :i esa Lohdkj dj jgk gSA
tYnh ‘kknh yM+fd;ksa ds fy, de f’k{kk dh çkfIr] muds
lhfer jkstxkj ds voljksa vkSj vkfFkZd lqj{kk ds lkFk
tqM+h gqbZ gSA ;g dkjd lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd lalk/kuksa
ij lhfer igq¡p] ifjokj esa fuEu Lrj ds fu.kZ; vkSj fgalk
ds tksf[ke esa c<+ksrjh esa ;ksxnku nsrs gSa ø1&3ÀA
tYnh ‘kknh ;qok efgykvksa ij tYnh cPps iSnk djus dk
ncko Mkyrh gSA ftu efgykvksa dh ‘kknh tYnh gks tkrh
gS vkSlru muds fy, xHkkZoLFkk ds tksf[ke dh vof/k
yach gksrh gS vkSj thoudky esa tUeksa dh mPp la[;k dh
laHkkouk vf/kd gksrh gS ø4ÀA 50 ns’kksa ds ,d cgqfHkUu:ih
fo’ys”k.k us iqf”V dh gS fd ftu efgykvksa ds cPps ugha gSa
mudh rqyuk esa dkQh vf/kd laHkkouk gS fd rhu ;k
vf/kd cPpksa okyh efgykvksa dh ‘kknh 18 lky dh mez
ls igys dj nh xbZ gksxh ø5ÀA gky gh dk ykUlsV
v/;;u Hkkjr esa cky fookg ds çtuu LokLF; ifj.kkeksa
dks nLrkosth—r djrk gS ø4ÀA cky fookg igys cPps ds
tUe ls igys dksbZ xHkZfujks/kd dk mi;ksx u djus] mPp
¼rhu ;k vf/kd tUe½ çtuu] 24 eghukas ls de le;
esa nksckjk çlo] dbZ vupkgs xHkZ/kkj.k] xHkZ lekiu vkSj
efgyk ulcanh ds lkFk mYys[kuh; :i ls tqM+k gqvk FkkA
;g ckr tc cpiu esa fookfgr efgykvksa vkSj o;Ld ds
:i esa fookfgr efgykvksa ds chp vU; tulkaf[;dh;
vkSj lkekftd & vkfFkZd fo’ks”krk,a leku Fkha] rc Hkh
lp Fkk] vkSj ‘kknh dh vof/k dks fu;af=r djus ds ckn
Hkh lp Fkk ø4ÀA
v/;;uksa ls ;g Hkh irk pyrk gS fd de mez esa
fookfgr yM+fd;ksa dks ;kSu vuqHko vkSj tkudkjh u ds
cjkcj gksrh gS] Lok;Ùkrk ugha gksrh] vkSj ;kSu
laca/kksa esa ckrphr djus dh cgqr de lRrk gksrh gSA
muds lkFkh vDlj mez esa cM+s vkSj vf/kd ;kSu lfØ;
gksrs gSa] tks ;qok efgykvksa dks ,p-vkbZ-oh- lfgr] çtuu
vkSj ;kSu lapfjr laØe.kksa ds vf/kd tksf[ke esa Mky
nsrk gS ø3ÀA ftu ;qok efgykvksa dh ‘kknh 18 lky ls
igys gqbZ gS mudh rqyuk esa 18 lky dh ;k mlls
cM+h mez esa fookfgr ;qok efgykvksa ds ‘kknh dh ;kstuk
esa ‘kkfey gksus ¼varj vuqikr] 1-4½] iRuh dh fiVkbZ
dks vLohdkj djus ¼1-2½] igyh xHkkZoLFkk esa nsjh ds
fy, xHkZfujks/kdksa dk bLrseky djus ¼1-4½] vkSj igyk
çlo LokLF; lqfo/kk esa djkus ¼1-4½ dh laHkkouk vf/kd
FkhA de mez esa fookfgr efgykvksa dh rqyuk esa mUgsa
viuh ‘kknh esa ‘kkjhfjd fgalk ¼0-6½ ;k ;kSu fgalk ¼0-7½
;k xHkZikr ;k e`r tUe ¼0-6½ dk de vuqHko gksus dh
laHkkouk Fkh ø3ÀA tk¡p ifj.kke ;qok vkSj muds ifjokjksa
esa nsj ls ‘kknh ds fy, leFkZu dk fuekZ.k djus] fookg
dh U;wure mez ij ekStwnk dkuwuksa dks ykxw djus vkSj
nsj ls ‘kknh ds fy, vius ekrk firk ds lkFk ckrphr
djus esa ;qok efgykvksa dks Ldwy] LokLF; vkSj vU; vf/
kdkfj;ksa }kjk leFkZu nsus dh vko’;drk dks js[kkafdr
djrs gSa ø6ÀA
nf{k.k ,f’k;k esa tYnh ‘kknh
nfq u;k Hkj e]as 20&24 lky dh 60 yk[k ls vf/kd efgykvkas
dh ‘kknh 18 lky dh gkus s ls igys gh gks tkrh gS ø7ÀA
gkyk¡fd] tYnh ‘kknh dh gn eas n’s kkas ds chp dkQh fHkUurk
g]S çHkkfor yMf+ d;kas eas ls vk/kh nf{k.k ,f’k;k eas jgrh
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3.8 Page 28 |
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fp= 1- tYnh ‘kknh ds dkj.k vkSj ifj.kke
vukSipkfjd dkjd
Lkekftd&lkLa —frd
/kkfeZd vkSj ikjaifjd çFkk,a] ekU;rk,a
fir`lÙkkRed lekt] ekunaM
lkeqnkf;d ncko
fuf’pr tsaMj Hkwfedk,a vkSj tsaMj HksnHkko
fu.kZ; ysus dh ‘kfä dh deh] efgykvksa dk fuEu ntkZ
vf’k{kk] dkuwu dh vKkurk vkSj tkx:drk dh deh
fxjrk fyax vuqikr
lkekftd vLoh—fr@,l-vkj-,p- ls tqM+k dyad
foÙkh;
xjhch vkSj fuj{kjrk
jkstxkj dk vHkko
‘kknh ,d lqj{kk ds :i esa
vkfFkZd ykHk ds fy, ,d ysunsu ds :i esa Ckky fookg
tYnh ‘kknh ^^fdQk;rh** gS
dkuuw h vkjS jktuhfrd
cky fookg ij jktuhfrd bPNk’kfä dk vHkko vkSj
dkuwu dk [kjkc çorZu
tYnh ‘kknh ds ifj.kkeksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh dk vHkko
tYnh fookg ls tqM+s tksf[ke
Lkekftd&lkLa —frd
dyad vkSj nqoZ~;ogkj
vf’k{kk vkSj f’k{kk ds vi;kZIr volj
jkstxkj ds voljksa dk ykHk mBkus esa vleFkZrk
vkRe lEeku dh deh
fir`lÙkkRed lkekftd laca/kksa dk lq–<hdj.k vkSj tsaMj
HksnHkko
LokLF; tkfs [ke
Kku dh deh & ,l-vkj-,p-@ lsokvksa ij dSls] dc]
dgka
tYnh çlo
vupkgk xHkZ
vlqjf{kr xHkZikr
xHkkZoLFkk laca/kh tfVyrk,a &
iwoZ ,SDysfEif’k;k]
ckf/kr çlo fQLpqyk] vifjiDo ;k tUe ds le;
de otu ds f’k’kq]
;kSu lapkfjr jksx
f’k’kq@ekr` e`R;q
gAaS fiNyh vk/ks ls vf/kd lnh eas dbZ nf{k.k ,f’k;kbZ
n’s kkas eas ‘kknh dh vklS r mez eas of` ) ds ckotnw ] yMf+ d;kas
dk cky fookg vHkh Hkh ,d O;kid çFkk gAS lcls
gky ds tulkfa [;dh; vkjS LokLF; lo{Zs k.k ds vulq kj]
nf{k.k ,f’k;k eas yMf+ d;kas ds fy, ‘kknh dh vklS r mez
ckXa ykn’s k eas lcls de ¼15 o”k½Z Fkh] mlds ckn Hkkjr ¼16-8
lky½ vkjS vQxkfuLrku ¼17-7 lky½( ekynho ¼19 o”k½Z ]
ikfdLrku ¼19-1 lky½ vkjS uis ky ¼21-6 lky½ esa vi{s kk—r
cgs rj FkhA o”kZ 2006&07 eas Jhyda k eas ‘kknh dh mPpre
vklS r mez 23-3 lky FkhA lHkh n’s kkas e]as ‘kknh ds le;
vklS r mez de /ku okys ipa ed eas de Fkh vkjS /ku c<u+ s
ds lkFk vklS r mez eas Hkh of` ) gbq Z ø14ÀA
Hkkjr
o”kZ 2005&06 ds jk”Vªh; ifjokj LokLF; losZ{k.k ¼,u-,Q-
,p-,l-½ ds vkadMsa+ bafxr djrs gS fd 18&29 mez dh
vk/ks ls vf/kd xzkeh.k Hkkjrh; efgykvksa ¼53-4%½ vkSj
,d pkSFkkbZ ls vf/kd ‘kgjh Hkkjrh; efgykvksa ¼29-7%½
dh ‘kknh 18 lky rd gks tkrh gSA e/; Hkkjr ds lHkh
jkT;ksa esa] mM+hlk dks NksM+ dj Hkkjr ds lHkh iwohZ jkT;ksa
esa vkSj nf{k.k Hkkjr esa vk¡/kz çns’k esa 21&29 lky dh
vk/ks ls vf/kd efgykvksa dh ‘kknh dkuwuh U;wure vk;q
rd igq¡pus ls igys gks tkrh gSA mPpre vuqikr
fcgkj dk ¼63-7%½ Fkk mlds ckn Fks >kj[kaM ¼60-2%½]
jktLFkku ¼58-4%½ vkSj vk¡/kz çns’k ¼56-2%½ dk FkkA
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3.9 Page 29 |
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rkfydk 1- jkT; okj igyh ‘kknh ds le; vk;q% jkT; vkSj fuokl }kjk] 18&29 mez dh
efgykvksa dk çfr’kr ftudh ‘kknh Bhd 18 lky dh mez gqbZ] Hkkjr] 2005&06
‘kgjh
xkz eh.k
dyq
Hkkjr
29-7
53-4
45-6
mÙkj
fnYyh
22-6
34-7
23-4
gfj;k.kk
32-9
45-2
41-4
fgekpy çns’k
13-7
14-4
14-4
tEew vkSj d’ehj
9-2
18-6
16-1
iatkc
19-4
22-9
21-6
jktLFkku
36-3
67-4
58-4
mÙkjkapy
16-7
29-5
26-0
dæas h;
NÙkhlx<+
26-4
57-6
50-5
e/; çns’k
33-7
60-4
52-6
mÙkj çns’k
31-8
59-4
52-2
iow Z
fcgkj
37-8
68-6
63-7
>kj[kaM
32-7
70-1
60-2
mM+hlk
27-8
39-5
37-5
if’pe caxky
31-3
62-3
53-3
mÙkjiow Z
v#.kkpy çns’k
38-7
43-0
41-7
vle
25-7
40-9
38-2
ef.kiqj
10-9
15-5
14-0
es?kky;
13-3
28-2
24-1
fetksje
15-6
24-4
19-4
ukxkySaM
19-4
23-7
22-4
flfDde
17-1
31-9
28-7
f=iqjk
37-0
42-1
41-2
if’pe
xksok
14-7
7-3
11-4
xqtjkr
28-2
40-9
35-4
egkjk”Vª
29-2
51-8
40-2
nf{k.k
vka/kz çns’k
43-4
62-9
56-2
dukZVd
29-7
48-8
41-0
dsjy
12-1
20-1
17-2
rfeyukMq
20-7
29-5
25-2
lzksr% jk”Vªh; ifjokj LokLF; losZ{k.k &3 ø9À
;g vHkh Hkh cky fookg ds mPp Lrj dk ladsr nsrk
gS gkyk¡fd fiNys ,d n’kd esa egRoiw.kZ fxjkoV gqbZ gS
¼rkfydk 1½ ø9ÀA
rhu ,u-,Q-,p-,l- ds vk¡dM+s fn[kkrs gSa fd efgykvksa
ds fy, ‘kknh ds le; vkSlr vk;q & 1992&93 esa 16-4
lky ls 1997&98 esa 16-7 lky vkSj 2005&06 esa 17-2
lky & c<+ jgh gS ø15&16] 9ÀA rhuksa
losZ{k.kksa esa] xzkeh.k dh rqyuk esa ‘kgjh {ks=ksa esa yM+fd;ksa
ds fy, ‘kknh ds le; vkSlr vk;q dkQh vf/kd gS]
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3.10 Page 30 |
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vkSj ‘kgjh&xzkeh.k gkyk¡fd ,d gh fcanq ij vk jgs gSa]
ysfdu vHkh Hkh dkQh varj gSA ‘kgjh {ks=ksa esa yM+fd;ksa
ds fy, ‘kknh ds le; vkSlr vk;q 1992&93 esa 18-4
lky ls 1997&98 esa 18-8 lky vkSj 2005&06 esa 18-7
lky rd c<+h gSA xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa] yM+fd;ksa ds fy,
‘kknh ds le; vkSlr vk;q 1992&93 esa 15-7 lky Fkh]
1997&98 esa 16-0 lky vkSj vkxs 2005&06 esa 16-4
lky rd c<+h ø15&16] 9À gSA
v/;;ukas ls tYnh ‘kknh ds vkfFkdZ vkjS lkekftd gkfu ds
lkFk tMq k+ o ij feyh tkudkjh] Hkkjr ds fy, ,u-,Q-,p-
,l- ds vk¡dMk+ as eas Hkh n[s kh xbZ gAS yMf+ d;kas ds fy, ‘kknh
eas vklS r vk;q lcls de /ku ipa ed vkjS fcuk fdlh Hkh
Ldyw h f’k{kk dh yMf+ d;kas ¼nkus kas ekeykas eas 15-5 lky½ eas
cgrq de FkhA vulq fw pr tkfr;kas vkjS vulq fw pr tutkfr;kas
ls yMf+ d;ksa dh ‘kknh ds le; vk;q Hkh Øe’k% 16-3 lky
vkjS 16-5 lky ds lkFk e/; vklS r vk;q ls de Fkh ø9ÀA
fookg esa nsjh ds fy, ewY;kafdr gLr{ksi
[kkst j.kuhfr vkSj ‘kkfey fd, tkus ds fy, igys of.kZr
ekunaMksa ds vuqlkj dh xbZ ,d O;ofLFkr [kkst esa] ,sls
23 çdkf’kr ewY;kadu v/;;uksa dks fpfUgr fd;k x;k
ftuesa ‘kknh esa nsj djus ds mís’; ls gLr{ksi fd, x,
Fks % vÝhdk ls nl] nf{k.k ,f’k;k ¼,d ckaXykns’k ls dks
NksM+dj lHkh½ ls vkB vkSj Hkkjr ls ik¡p ø17&40ÀA ;g
16 gLr{ksiksa ls esy [kkrs FksA buesa lkr gLr{ksi vÝhdk
ls] nks ckaXykns’k ls] ,d usiky ls vkSj Hkkjr ls ikap
dk;ZØe ‘kkfey FksA gkyk¡fd muesa ls dqN ç;ksxkRed
;k v/kZ ç;ksxkRed v/;;u ugha Fks] ysfdu lhfer la[;k
esa miyC/k v/;;uksa ds dkj.k geus mUgsa ‘kkfey fd;kA
uewus dk vkdkj vkSj bu v/;;uksa ds fu”d”kksaZ dk C;kSjk
ifjf’”V 3 esa çLrqr fd;k x;k gSA
16 esa ls 12 gLr{ksiksa esa] fookg esa yM+dksa ds fy, 21
lky vkSj yM+fd;ksa ds fy, 18 lky rd nsjh djuk
vDlj yM+fd;ksa ds l’kfädj.k vkSj ;qok yksxksa vkSj
çtuu {kerk de djus ls lacaf/kr vU; mís’;ksa ds chp
,d lh/kk mís’; FkkA felz esa nks gLr{ksiksa esa eq[; mís’;
yM+fd;ksa dks Ldwyksa esa yach vof/k rd j[kuk Fkk] ftlds
ifj.kkeLo:i tYnh ‘kknh dks de djus esa ;ksxnku
feysxkA dsU;k esa Ldwy vk/kkfjr ,p-vkbZ-oh- gLr{ksi
,p-vkbZ-oh- dh jksdFkke vkSj tYnh ;kSu xfrfof/k dks
jksdus ij dsafær FkkA nsj ls fookg bl fn’kk esa ‘kq: dh
xbZ xfrfof/k;ksa dk ,d vkdfLed ifj.kke FkkA
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4 Pages 31-40 |
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4.1 Page 31 |
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Ykf{kr lewg
16 gLr{ksiksa esa ls dsoy X;kjg esa fd’kksj yM+fd;kas vkSj
;qok efgykvksa dks fy;k x;k Fkk] pkj esa ;qok efgykvksa
vkSj iq#”kksa nksuksa ds fy, gLr{ksi fd;k x;k FkkA dsoy
pkj gLr{ksiksa esa fo’ks”k :i ls ;qok yksxksa ds ekrk&firk
ds lkFk dke djus dk mYys[k gS] tcfd nl gLr{ksi
leqnk; ds eq[; j[kokyksa vkSj jk; fuekZrkvksa ij dsafnzr
FksA ,d gLr{ksi fo/kk;h ifjorZu dks çHkkfor djus ds
fy, uhfr fuekZrkvksa ij dsafnzr Fkk( vkSj ,d esa leqnk;
esa egRoiw.kZ jk; ds fuekZrkvksa ds :i esa f’k{kdksa ds lkFk]
o;Ld efgykvksa dh tkx:drk vkSj leFkZu dk fuekZ.k
djus ds fy, leqnk; d efgykvksa lewgksa ds lkFk] vkSj
fpfdRlk vf/kdkfj;ksa ds lkFk mUgsa fd’kksj&vuqdwy
LokLF; lsok çnkuxh ds fy, çf’kf{kr djus ds fy, dke
fd;k x;k FkkA
16 esa ls X;kjg gLr{ksiksa esa cgq yf{kr n’kZdksa dks fy;k
fd;k x;k Fkk] tcfd ‘ks”k ik¡p dsoy fd’kksj yM+fd;ksa ds
lewgksa ds lkFk dke djrs FksA gLr{ksi vf/kdrj leqnk;
ds Hkhrj ls xSj ljdkjh laxBu ds dk;ZdrkZvksa }kjk fd,
x, çrhr gksrs gSa] ysfdu dqN gLr{ksi cnyko ykus okyksa
ds :i esa lgdehZ usrkvksa] f’k{kdksa vkSj leqnkf;d LokLF;
dk;ZdrkZ dks ‘kkfey djrs gSaA
viuk;h xbZ j.kuhfr;ka
ftu 16 gLr{ksiksa dh leh{kk dh xbZ] muesa cky fookg
jksduk( dks lacksf/kr ;k çHkkfor djus ds fy, uhps
fuEufyf[kr j.kuhfr;ksa esa ls ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd dks
viuk;k x;k gS%
1½ fd’kkfs j;kas dks Ldyw eas j[kus vkjS muds M‚ª i vkmV dks
de djus ds fy, foÙkh; çkRs lkgu vkjS @;k leFkuZ
2½ fd’kksj yM+fd;ksa vkSj ;qok efgykvksa ds fy, thou
dkS’ky f’k{kk vkSj l’kfädj.k
3½ fd’kksj yM+fd;ksa vkSj ;qok efgykvksa ds fy, lw{e _.k
forj.k
4½ ; qok yksxksa ¼nksuksa fyaxksa½ ds fy, thou dkS’ky f’k{kk
vkSj mUgsa la?kfVr djus ds fy, dk;ZØe
5½ l eqnk; dks la?kfVr djuk & ;qok yksxksa ds ekrk&firk
vkSj ifjokj ds lnL;ksa ds chp yf{kr tkx:drk iSnk
djus ls ysdj cM+s iSekus ij leqnk; ds lnL;ksa dh
O;kid lkekftd ,dtqVrk ds fy, dk;ZØe
T;knkrj ekeyksa ¼rkfydk 2½ esa dbZ j.kuhfr;ka ,d lkFk
bLrseky dh xbZaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] lkr dk;ZØeksa esa de
vk;q ds fookg esa nsjh ykus gsrq ,d lgk;d lkekftd
okrkoj.k cukus ds fy, ;qok yksxksa dh thou dkS’ky
f’k{kk dks lkeqnkf;d Hkkxhnkjh ds lkFk tksM+k x;kA
1½ fd’kksfj;ksa dks Ldwy esa j[kus vkSj muds Mª‚i
vkmV dks de djus ds fy, foÙkh; çksRlkgu
vkSj ;k leFkZu
Pkkj dk;ZØeksa & eykoh ds tksEck dfUM’kuy dS’k
VªkalQj çksxzke] dsU;k ds Ldwy&csLM ,p-vkbZ-oh-
çksxzke] bfFk;ksfi;k esa cgsZu fgoku] vkSj ckaXykns’k esa
Qhesy&lsdsaMjh Ldwy vfLkLVsal çkstsDV & us bl
j.kuhfr dks viuk;kA
eykoh esa] gkbZ Ldwy dh yM+fd;ksa dks nl M‚yj dh
nl ekfld fd’rksa esa 100 ;w,l Mkyj dk Hkqxrku
fd;k x;k ftlesa ls yxHkx 30% Hkqxrku lh/ks yM+dh
dks fd;k x;k] vkSj ‘ks”k Hkqxrku mlds ekrk&firk ;k
vfHkHkkodksa dks fd;k x;kA Hkqxrku bl ‘krZ ij Fkk fd
yM+fd;ka Ldwy tk,axh vkSj ;fn ugha xbZ rks Hkqxrku
can dj fn;k x;kA blds vykok] ek/;fed Ldwy Qhl
dk Hkqxrku lh/ks Ldwy dks fd;k x;kA ckaXykns’k ds
Qhesy&lsdsaMjh Ldwy vfLkLVsal dk;ZØe esa Hkh blh
rjg d{kk 6&10 esa Hkkx ysus okyh yM+fd;ksa dks ,d
o`fÙk dk Hkqxrku fd;kA ;g fuEu ‘krksZa ij Fkk ¼d½
yM+fd;ksa dh lkykuk mifLFkfr U;wure 75% gks ¼[k½ os
45% dh vkSlr ls ;k vafre ijh{kk esa mlls
vf/kd vad çkIr djsa ¼x½ 10oha d{kk iwjh gksus rd os
vfookfgr cuh jgasA
dsU;k vkSj bfFk;ksfi;k esa dksbZ udn çksRlkgu ugha
FksA blds ctk;] Ldwy dh onhZ ¼dsU;k½ vkSj Ldwy
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4.2 Page 32 |
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dh fdrkcsa vkSj dye vkSj vU; vkiwfrZ ftudk ewY;
4 vesfjdh M‚yj çfr o”kZ Fkk ¼bfFk;ksfi;k½ og çnku
fd;k x;kA
2½ fd’kksj yM+fd;ksa vkSj ;qok efgykvksa ds fy,
thou dkS’ky f’k{kk vkSj l’kfädj.k
lkr dk;ZØeksa esa & bfFk;ksfi;k esa cgsZu fgoku] felz
esa b’kjd vkSj U;w gkWjkbt+ul~] ckaXykns’k esa Ckzkd
¼BRAC½ dk ,MksYlsaV fMosyiesaV çksxzke] Hkkjr esa csVj
ykbZQ vkWI’ku çkstsDV] vkbZ-,p-,e-ih- ipkSM+ foLrkj
dk;ZØe & thou dkS’ky f’k{kk vkSj fd’kksj yM+fd;ksa
vkSj ;qok efgykvksa ds fy, l’kfädj.k dk;ZØe ‘kkfey
FksA bu dk;ZØeksa dh fo”k;oLrq] rhozrk vkSj vof/k esa
O;kid :i ls fHkUurk fn[kkbZ nsrh gSaA mnkgj.k ds
fy,] dqN dk;ZØeksa esa eq[kjrk vkSj çtuu LokLF; ij
/;ku dsafær fd;k x;k tcfd nwljksa esa lk{kjrk] x.kuk
vkSj O;kolkf;d çf’k{k.k Hkh fn;k x;kA dbZ dk;ZØeksa
esa fodflr ikBîØe ds lkFk ,d lIrkg esa ,d ;k
vf/kd ckj d{kk,a vk;ksftr dh xbZaA tcfd dqN
esa] tSls fd Hkkjr ds foLrkj esa] ljdkjh LokLF;
dk;ZdrkZvksa dks eghus esa ,d ckj leqnk;ksa esa xzke
LokLF; vkSj iks”k.k fnol ds fgLls ds :i esa fd’kksj
yM+fd;ksa ls LokLF;&lacaf/kr fof’k”V fo”k;ksa ij ckr
djuk t:jh gksus ds lkFk lajpuk dkQh <hyh FkhA
3½ fd’kksj yMf+ d;ksa vkSj ;qok efgykvksa ds fy,
lw{e _.k forj.k
ckaXykns’k :jy ,MokalesaV desVh ¼BRAC½ ds
,MksYlsaV fMosyiesaV çksxzke ds fofHkUu laLdj.kksa esa
lw{e _.k çko/kku ds lkFk fd’kksj yM+fd;ksa vkSj ;qok
efgykvksa ds fy, thou dkS’ky f’k{kk dk;ZØe dks
tksM+k x;kA mnkgj.k ds fy, blesa bEIkyk;esaV ,.M
ykboyhgqM çksxzke QkWj ,MksYlsaV ¼ELA½ vkSj APON
¼,MksYlsaV ihvj&ysM ,M~;wds’ku çksxzke½@JVO
¼twfu;j foist vkWjxsukbts’ku½ Hkh ‘kkfey gSaA fd’kksj
yM+fd;ksa vkSj ;qok efgykvksa us vius lewgkas dk xBu
fd;k vkSj vk; lao/kZu xfrfof/k;ksa dks ‘kq: djus ds
fy, mUgsa lw{e _.k fn, x,A
4½ ;qok ykxs ksa ¼nksuksa fyxa ksa½ ds fy, thou dkS’ky
f’k{kk vkjS mUgas la?kfVr djus ds fy, dk;ØZ e
rhu dk;ZØeksa & usiky ds ikfVZflisVªh ;wFk fjçksMD’kfVo
gSYFk çkstsDV vkSj Hkkjr ds fn’kk vkSj çpkj dk;ZØe & esa
nksuksa fyaxksa ds fy, thou dkS’ky f’k{kk dk;ZØe gSA
usiky esa] ,d gLr{ksi esa led{k f’k{kd ¼ihvj
,M~;wdsVlZ½ ds fefJr lewgksa dks çtuu LokLF; ij
çf’k{k.k nsuk ‘kkfey Fkk] ftudk dke vkxs vius lkfFk;ksa
dks f’kf{kr djuk FkkA vkfFkZd voljksa dks c<+kus ds fy,
,d iwjd gLr{ksi us O;kolkf;d dkS’ky esa çf’k{k.k çnku
fd;kA Hkkjr esa ;qokvksa ds fy, fn’kk dk;ZØe us vkfFkZd
voljksa ds foLrkj ds fy, ;kSu vkSj çtuu LokLF; vkSj
dkS’ky fodkl esa ihvj ,M~;wdsVlZ dh blh rjg dh
j.kuhfr viukbZA
,d fu/kkZfjr ikBîØe vkSj çf’k{k.k eSuqvy ds vk/kkj ij
rhu ls ikap ?kaVs ds l= ds lkFk çpkj dk;ZØe dk ,d
dkQh lhfer gLr{ksi FkkA yM+dksa vkSj yM+fd;ksa nksuksa dks
çf’kf{kr fd;k x;k] ysfdu vyx vyx lewgksa esaA nksuksa
fyaxksa ds VªsulZ us nksuksa lewgksa esa lapkyu fd;kA
5½ leqnk; dks la?kfVr djuk
16 dk;ZØeksa esa ls X;kjg eas leqnk; dks la?kfVr djuk
mudh j.kuhfr;ksa esa ls ,d FkhA blesa felz dk ^bafVxzsVsM
,D’ku vkWu ikSojVh ,.M vyhZ eSfjt* ¼IAPEM½ çksxzke]
bfFk;ksfi;k dk cgsZu fgoku vkSj ;w,l,M dk ikFkQkbaMj
baVjosU’ku] felz dk b’kjd] lsusxy dk VksLVku~] usiky
dk ikfVZflisVjh ;wFk fjçksMD’kfVo gSYFk çkstsDV] vkSj
Hkkjr ls csVj ykbZQ vkWI’ku çkstsDV] fn’kk] vkbZ-,p-,e-
ih- ipkSM+] foLrkj vkSj çpkj dk;ZØe ‘kkfey FksA
leqnk; dks la?kfVr djus ds vanj] nks fof’k”V mi
j.kuhfr;ka ns[kh xbZa% ,d Fkh ;qok yksxksa ds ekrk&firk
vkSj ifjokj ds lnL;ksa vkSj Lo;a ;qok yksxksa ds chp
yf{kr tkx:drk iSnk djuk] tcfd nwljh Fkh ,d
vfHk;ku ds :i esa cM+s iSekus ij leqnk; ds lnL;ksa dk
O;kid lkekftd la?kVu djukA
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4.3 Page 33 |
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yf{kr tkx:drk iSnk djus ds gLr{ksiksa esa vDlj yf{kr
lewgksa & ekrk&firk vkSj nknk&nknh@ukuk&ukuh] ;qok
yksx] leqnk; ds cqtqxZ] vkSj dHkh dHkh /kkfeZd usrkvksa &
ds lkFk fu;fer cSBdsa ‘kkfey FkhaA bfFk;ksfi;k esa cgsZu
fgoku dk;ZØe us ^^dE;wfufV dUojls’ku ;kfu lkeqnkf;d
ckrphr** uked ,d fo’ks”k rduhd dk bLrseky fd;kA
bfFk;ksfi;k esa fodflr bl rduhd esa] leL;k dks gy
djus ds fy, lgHkkfxrkiw.kZ lkeqnkf;d ckrphr gksrh gSA
gj nks g¶rs esa ,d ckj leqnk; ds lnL;ksa ls eqykdkr
dh vkSj pkj çf’kf{kr çsjdksa us bu okrkZykiksa dks lqyHk
cuk;kA lsusxy ds VksLVku dk;ZØe us lkeqnkf;d
lgefr cukus dh fn’kk esa dke fd;k ftldk ifj.kke
muds leqnk;ksa ds Hkhrj de vk;q esa fookg dks jksdus ds
fy, ,d lkoZtfud ?kks”k.kk esa gqvkA
O;kid lkeqnkf;d la?kVu vf/kd yphyk Fkk] vkSj bldk
mís’; egRoiw.kZ ljdkjh vf/kdkfj;ksa ds lkFk cSBdksa lfgr
iksLVj] ekl ehfM;k vfHk;ku vkSj xkao ds lekjksgksa ds
ek/;e ls tkx:drk c<+kuk FkkA
bu nksuksa mi j.kuhfr;ksa dks nl esa ls Ng dk;ZØeksa esa
lkeqnkf;d la?kVu bLrseky djrs gq, ,d j.kuhfr ds
:i esa viuk;k x;k] vkSj nks esa bu mi j.kuhfr;ksa esa ls
dsoy ,d dks viuk;k x;kA
j.kuhfr;ksa dh çHkko’khyrk
dk;ZØeksa ds çHkko dks ekius ds fy, v/;;u ds }kjk
fuEufyf[kr ladsrdksa esa ls ,d ;k nksuksa dks bLrseky
fd;k x;k gS%
Û y M+fd;ksa esa fookg dh vkSlr vk;q esa egRoiw.kZ
lkaf[;dh; o`f) ;k
Û 18 lky ls igys yM+fd;ksa dh ‘kknh ds vuqikr esa
fxjkoVA
dqN v/;;uksa us ‘kknh dh lgh dkuwuh mez ds ckjs esa
tkx:drk ;k yM+fd;ksa ds fy, ‘kknh dh vkn’kZ mez
ij jk; ds ladsrdksa dk bLrseky fd;k gSA pwafd dbZ
dk;ZØeksa esa ,d lkFk dbZ j.kuhfr;ksa dks viuk;k x;k
gS] lQy ifj.kke ds dkj.k ds :i esa fdlh ,d fo’ks”k
j.kuhfr ij maxyh j[kuk ges’kk laHko ugha gSA
,d vkSj tfVyrk v/;;u ds fMtkbu vkSj uewus ds
vk/kkj ij çek.k ds vyx çdkj vkSj xq.kksa ls iSnk gksrh
gSA ,d j.kuhfr ;k fefJr j.kuhfr;ksa ds çHkko ds ckjs esa
fu”d”kZ fudkyrs le; geus v/;;u ds tk¡p ifj.kke vkSj
çek.k dh xq.koÙkk nksuksa ij fopkj fd;k ¼rkfydk 2½A
igys ge lkr dk;ZØeksa }kjk viukbZ xbZ ,d eq[;
j.kuhfr ds ifj.kkeksa ij fopkj djrs gSaA eykoh ds
tksEck dfUM’kuy dS’k VªkalQj çksxzke] dsU;k ds
Ldwy&csLM ,p-vkbZ-oh- çksxzke us yM+fd;ksa dks Ldwy
esa jgus ds fy, foÙkh; çksRlkgu ;k leFkZu dh ,d gh
j.kuhfr mi;ksx dh gSA ;g nksuksa dk;ZØe yM+fd;ksa
ds fy, ‘kknh dh vk;q c<+kus esa dqN gn rd çHkkoh
jgs gSaA eykoh dk;ZØe mudk Mª‚i vkmV vuqikr de
djus esa lQy jgk ftudh ‘kknh 18 lky dh mez ls
igys gqbZ FkhA fu;a=.k lewg esa csl ykbu Mª‚i vkmV
ds 27-4% dh rqyuk esa gLr{ksi lewg esa csl ykbu
Mª‚i vkmV ds 16-4% gLr{ksi ds var esa ‘kknh dj jgs
FksA gkyk¡fd] gLr{ksi us vk/kkjHkwr Lrj ij Ldwy esa
tks yM+fd;ksa Fkha muesa bl rjg dk çHkko çkIr ugha
fd;k gSA dsU;k esa] fu;a=.k lewg dh rqyuk esa gLr{ksi
lewg ls yM+fd;ksa ds gLr{ksi ds var esa ‘kknh djus dh
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4.4 Page 34 |
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rkfydk 2- ewY;kafdr gLr{ksi% LFkku] ç;qDr j.kuhfr;ka] çHkko’khyrk dk Lrj vkSj çek.k
dh et+cwrh
Øe gLr{kis dk uke
LFkku
j.kuhfr;ka çHkko’khyrk
l-a
1- ^bafVxzsVsM ,D’ku vkWu ikSojVh ;eu
5
ugha
,.M vyhZ eSfjt* ¼IAPEM½
çksxzke
2- cgsZu fgoku
,egkjk] bfFk;ksfi;k 1] 2] 5
gk¡] 10&14 vk;q oxZ esa
3- ;w,l,M&ikFkQkbaMj baVjosU’ku Ekksts+cks] bfFk;ksfi;k 5
vfu.kkZ;d
4- b’kjd çksxzke
xzkeh.k Åijh felz 2] 5
tYnh ‘kknh dks
çkFkfedrk( lkFk gh
vkaf’kd [kqjkd
çfrfØ;k
5- U;w gkWjkbt+ul~
vysDtsafMª;k] csuh lq,Q 2
ugha
vkSj Dosuk] felz
6- VkWLVku
dksYMk] fFk,l vkSj 5
ugha
QkfVd {ks=ksa] lsusxy
7- tksEck dfUM’kuy dS’k VªkalQj tksEck] eykoh
1
gk¡
çksxzke
8- Ldwy&csLM ,p-vkbZ-oh- çksxzke if’peh dsU;k
1
gk¡
9- ,MksYlsaV fMosyiesaV çksxzke Ckzkd ¼BRAC½] ckaXykns’k 2] 3
vfu.kkZ;d
10- Qhesy&lsdsaMjh Ldwy vfLkLVsal jk”Vªh;] ckaXykns’k 1
vfu.kkZ;d
çkstsDV
11- ikfVZflisVjh ;wFk fjçksMD’kfVo usiky
4] 5
gk¡
gSYFk çkstsDV
12- csVj ykbZQ
isjh ‘kgjh efyu cfLr;ka] 2] 5
ugha
vkWI’ku çkstsDV
fnYyh] xzkeh.k e/; çns’k
vkSj xzkeh.k xqtjkr] Hkkjr
13- vkbZ-,p-,e-ih- ipkSM+
xzkeh.k egkjk”Vª] Hkkjr 2] 5
gk¡
14- fn’kk çksxzke
fcgkj vkSj >kj[kaM] Hkkjr 4] 5
vfu.kkZ;d
15- foLrkj
>kj[kaM] Hkkjr
2] 5
gk¡
16- çpkj
fcgkj] Hkkjr
4] 5
gk¡
lcrw dh
etc+ rw h
C4
B, C4,
C3
B
C4
C3, C4
A
A
B, B, B, B, C1
D
B
C2
A
B
C1*
B
j.kuhfr;ka% 1 ¾ yM+fd;ksa dks Ldwy esa j[kus ds fy, foÙkh; çksRlkgu@leFkZu 2 ¾ fd’kksj yM+fd;ksa vkSj ;qok efgykvksa
ds fy, thou dkS’ky f’k{kk 3 ¾ fd’kksj yM+fd;ksa vkSj ;qok efgykvksa ds fy, lw{e _.k 4 ¾ ;qok yksxksa dks thou
dkS’ky f’k{kk vkSj mUgsa çsfjr djuk 5 ¾ lkeqnkf;d la?kVu
*,d gh gLr{ksi ds ewY;kadu ds fofHkUu v/;;uksa esa ,d ls vf/kd çfrfØ;k,a çek.k dh xq.koÙkk ls esy [kkrh gSaA
A ¾ çk;ksfxd fMtkbu B ¾ v/kZ ç;ksxkRed fMtkbu C1 ¾ v/;;u ls igys&ckn esa C2 ¾ ,d leku rqyuk lewg ds
lkFk ØkWl&lsD’kuy ,aM ykbu v/;;u C3 ¾ ,d cstksM+ rqyuk lewg ds lkFk ØkWl&lsD’kuy ,aM ykbu v/;;u
C4 ¾ fcuk rqyuk lewg ds xq.kkRed ØkWl&lsD’kuy ,aM ykbu v/;;u
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4.5 Page 35 |
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laHkkouk 12% de FkhA bu nksuksa v/;;uksa esa ç;ksxkRed
fMtkbu viuk;k FkkA
felz esa U;w gkWjkbt+ul çkstsDV us thou dkS’ky f’k{kk
vkSj yM+fd;ksa ds fy, l’kfädj.k dh ,d gh j.kuhfr
viukbZA ewY;kadu v/;;u esa gLr{ksi dh yM+fd;ksa vkSj
fu;a=.k lewg dh yM+fd;ksa ds chp fookg ds le; vk;q
dh çkFkfedrk ds fy, dksbZ varj ugha ik;k x;kA rhu
dk;ZØe ftuesa dsoy lkeqnkf;d la?kVu dks gh gLr{ksi
j.kuhfr ds :i esa bLrseky fd;k x;k Fkk os Hkh vçHkkoh
ik, x,A
nksuksa v/;;uksa ds ifj.kkeksa vkSj çek.k dh et+cwrh dks
ns[krs gq,] Ldwy esa cuk, j[kus ds fy, foÙkh; çksRlkgu]
yM+fd;ksa dh thou dkS’ky f’k{kk ,oa l’kfädj.k vkSj
lkeqnkf;d la?kVu dh la;qä j.kuhfr Hkh cgsZu fgoku esa
dkjxj lkfcr gqbZA viukbZ xbZ j.kuhfr;ksa esa xq.kkRed
,.M ykbu v/;;u us lkeqnkf;d ckrphr dks lcls
vf/kd çHkkoh gksus dk] vkSj mlds cgqr djhc thou
dkS’ky f’k{kk vkSj fQj yM+fd;ksa ds Dyc ds ek/;e ls
l’kfädj.k dks izHkkoh gksus dk ntkZ fn;k gSA
blh rjg] usiky esa ikfVZflisVjh ;wFk fjçksMD’kfVo gSYFk
çkstsDV us Hkh 18 lky dh mez ls igys fookfgr yM+fd;ksa
ds vuqikr dks de djus esa viuh thou dkS’ky f’k{kk
vkSj lkeqnkf;d Hkkxhnkjh ds lkFk ;qokvksa dks la?kfVr
djus dh feyhtqyh j.kuhfr dks fu;a=.k lewgksa dh rqyuk
esa gLr{ksi esa dkQh çHkkoh ik;kA
/;ku nsus dh ckr ;g gS fd dbZ çksxzkeksa dks fookg ds
le; vk;q c<+kus dk y{; çkIr djuk eqf’dy yxkA
tgk¡ dbZ v/;;uksa }kjk tkx:drk vkSj utfj, esa
cnyko ds ekeys esa ldkjkRed ifj.kke ntZ fd, x,
gSa] ogha bUgsa okLrfod O;ogkj esa ifjofrZr djuk vklku
ugha jgk gSA ewY;kadu us dbZ lkjh lkekftd ck/kkvksa dks
fpfUgr fd;k gSA dqN ifjos’kksa esa tSls fd ;eu esa] xjhch
vkSj yM+fd;ksa ds fy, ikl esa mPp fo|ky;ksa dh deh us
tYnh ‘kknh dj nsus dks çksRlkfgr fd;kA yM+fd;kas us Hkh
tYnh Ldwy NksM+ fn;k D;ksafd efgyk f’k{kd cgqr de
Fkha vkSj ‘kkSpky; dh lqfo/kk dh deh ,d vkSj dkj.k
FkkA vU; ifjos’kksa esa tSls fd lsusxy vkSj ckaXykns’k esa]
ekrk&firk viuh csfV;ksa ds ‘kknh ls igys xHkZorh gksus
dh fparh Fkh vkSj bls jksdus ds fy, os ‘kknh tYnh djuk
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4.6 Page 36 |
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ilan djrs gSaA ckaXykns’k esa cM+h mez dh yM+fd;ksa dks
vDlj Hkkjh ngst nsuk iM+rk Fkk] vkSj blfy, ;g Hkh
,d dkj.k Fkk fd tYnh ‘kknh ds uqdlku dks tkurs gq,
Hkh ekrk&firk mls utjvankt ugha dj ikrs FksA
dqy feykdj ewY;kadu v/;;u dh cgqr NksVh la[;k vkSj
ç;ksxkRed ;k v/kZ ç;ksxkRed fMtkbu dks viukus okys
vkSj Hkh de ewY;kadu v/;;uksa dks ns[krs gq,] miyC/k
lk{; ls fuf’pr fu”d”kZ fudkyuk laHko ugha gSA gkyk¡fd]
;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd cky fookg jksduk( dks çkIr
djus ds fy, nwljksa dh rqyuk esa & fd’kksfj;ksa dks Ldwy
esa j[kus ds fy, foÙkh; çksRlkgu ;k leFkZu] dsoy
yM+fd;ksa ds fy, thou dkS’ky f’k{kk ;k yM+fd;ksa vkSj
yM+dksa ds fy, thou dkS’ky f’k{kk ds lkFk lkeqnkf;d
la?kVu & ;g rhu j.kuhfr;ka vis{kk—r vf/kd lQy
jgh gSaA dqy feykdj] ,dy j.kuhfr;ksa dh rqyuk esa
cgq vk;keh –f”Vdks.k] yM+fd;ksa dh tYnh ‘kknh ds fy,
lkekftd ncko ds fofHkUu lzksrksa dks çHkkfor djus ds
fy, [kqn dks vkxs yk jgk gSA
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4.10 Page 40 |
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v/;k; 3
igyh xHkkZoLFkk ds
le; vk;q esa nsjh
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5 Pages 41-50 |
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|
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5.1 Page 41 |
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i`”BHkwfe
igyk tUe nsus ds le; ,d efgyk dh vk;q] xHkZ/kkj.k
dh xfr dh lh/kk fu/kkZjd gksrh gS vkSj ;g bl ckr dks
Hkh çHkkfor djrh gS fd mlds dqy fdrus cPps gks ldrs
gSaA çkjafHkd çlo u dsoy çtuu {kerk dks çHkkfor
djrs gSa cfYd blls efgykvksa ds thou] muds ifjokjksa]
muds cPpksa ds LokLF; vkSj [kq’kgkyh ij Hkh çfrdwy
ifj.kke gks ldrs gSaA
Hkkjr eas vkjS vU; LFkkukas ij v/;;ukas eas ik;k x;k gS fd
tYnh vkjS @;k ckj ckj xHk/Z kkj.k [kjkc ekr` ,oa f’k’kq
LokLF; ds ifj.kkekas ds fy, tkfs [ke dk dkj.k ø1&7À gAS
cMh+ mez dh efgykvkas dh ryq uk eas 15&19 vk;q oxZ dh
;oq k efgykvkas ds fy, ekr` eR` ;q nks xuq k vf/kd gaS vkjS
fjlpZ bfa xr djrh gS fd 20&24 vk;q oxZ dh efgykvkas dh
ryq uk eas 10&14 vk;q oxZ dh yMf+ d;kas ds çlo
lca fa /kr dkj.kkas ls eR` ;q dh lHa kkouk ikpa xuq k vf/kd
gS ø8ÀA [kkldj xjhc n’s kkas e]as cgrq lh fd’kkjs ekrk,]a
‘kkjhfjd :i ls vifjiDo gkrs h g]aS ftlls muds fy,
çlfw r ls lca fa /kr tfVyrkvkas dk [krjk c<+ tkrk gAS blds
vykok] 20 o”kZ ls de vk;q oxZ dh ekrkvkas ds f’k’kvq kas eas
eR` ;q nj vklS ru 20 ls 29 vk;q oxZ dh ekrkvkas ds f’k’kvq kas
dh ryq uk eas 50% vf/kd gkrs h gS ø9ÀA fd’kkjs h ekrk ls
tUe yus s ds dkj.k uotkr f’k’kq eas [kjkc LokLF; ds vra j
ih<h+ xr çHkko vkjS o;Ld gkus s ds le; jkxs kas ds fy,
nh?kdZ kfyd ifj.kke gks ldrs gaS ø10ÀA
fd’kksj xHkkZoLFkk nqfu;k Hkj esa ,d fpark dk fo”k; gSA
nqfu;k Hkj esa gq, lHkh tUeksa esa ¼2008½ 11% 15&19 o”kZ
vk;q oxZ dh yM+fd;ksa esa gq, FksA 2000&2005 ds fy,
nqfu;k Hkj esa fd’kksj çtuu nj 55-3 çfr gtkj gksus dk
vuqeku Fkk] ftldk eryc gS fd 5-5% fd’kksfj;ka çfr
o”kZ tUe nsrh gSa ø10ÀA 2000&2009 esa vkS|ksfxd ns’kksa ds
chp vesfjdk esa & çfr 1000] 41 tUe 15&19 vk;q oxZ
dh efgykvksa & ds lkFk mPpre fd’kksj çtuu nj FkhA
U;wthySaM çfr 1000] 32 tUe ds lkFk nwljs LFkku ij
Fkk vkSj mlds ckn fczVsu ¼15&19 vk;q oxZ dh efgykvksa
esa çfr 1000] 26 tUe ½ FkkA 2000&2009 ds nkSjku]
fodkl’khy ns’kksa esa fd’kksj tUe nj ¼55 çfr 1000½
vkS|ksxh—r ns’kksa ¼23 çfr 100½ ls yxHkx nks xquk
vf/kd Fkh ø10&11ÀA de vk;q esa çlo mi&lgkjk
vÝhdk esa fo’ks”k :i ls vke gS] tgk¡ 20&24 vk;q oxZ
dh 28% efgyk,a 18 o”kZ dh gksus rd tUe ns pqdh
gksrh gSaA ukbftfj;k esa] ;g 51% çfr’kr rd Åij pyk
x;k FkkA 18 lky dh mez esa cPpk gks tkuk nqfu;k ds
vU; Hkkxksa esa vke ckr gS] tSls fd ckaXykns’k ¼46%½ vkSj
fudkjkxqvk ¼28%½ esa gS ø11ÀA
ftl lna HkZ eas fd’kkjs h xHkoZ rh gkrs h gS og fofHkUu fLFkfr;kas
eas cgrq vyx gkrs k gAS if’peh ,f’k;k@mÙkjh vÝhdk]
e/; ,f’k;k vkjS nf{k.k&e/; vkjS nf{k.k&iow hZ ,f’k;k eas
yxHkx 100% fd’kkfs j;kas ds çlo ‘kknh ds vna j gkrs s gAaS
Hkkjr eas Hkh ;gh fLFkfr gAS nf{k.k vefs jdk vkjS mi lgkjk
vÝhdk e]as fd’kkjs koLFkk eas xHk/Z kkj.k vkjS ‘kknh ds vna j
tUekas dk vuiq kr 70&80% ds chp gS ø10ÀA vfookfgr
fd’kkjs ekrkvkas eas tUe vf/kdrj vutkus eas gkrs s gAaS fcuk
lgefr ds ;kuS lca /a k fd’kkjs koLFkk eas xHk/Z kkj.k dk ,d
NkVs k yfs du egRoi.w kZ vuiq kr gAS vf/kd fodflr n’s kkas
tlS s fd l;a äq jkT; vefs jdk vkjS fcVz us e]as fd’kkjs koLFkk
eas xHk/Z kkj.k e[q ; :i ‘kknh ds ckgj vkjS lkekftd vkjS
vkfFkdZ :i ls ofa prkas eas gkrs k gAS ø10ÀA
Hkkjr esa] ,u-,Q-,p-,l- & 3 ¼2005&06½ ls irk pyrk
gS fd iwjs ns’k ds fy,] fd’kksj tUe nj 90 çfr 1000 Fkh]
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5.2 Page 42 |
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rkfydk 1% jkT;okj fd’kkjs xHkkoZ LFkk vkjS ekrR` o% 15&19 vk;q legw dh efgykvkas dk vuiq kr
tks thfor
tks igys cPps
ftueas xHk/Z kkj.k
tUe ns pdq h Fkha
ds lkFk xHkoZ rh gaS
‘k:q gks pdq k gS
Hkkjr
12-1
3-9
16-0
mÙkj
fnYyh
3-8
1-2
5-0
gfj;k.kk
7-5
4-6
12-1
fgekpy çns’k
2-1
0-9
3-1
tEew ,oa d’ehj
3.4
0-8
4-2
iatkc
3.6
1-9
5-5
jktLFkku
12-6
3-4
16-0
mÙkjkapy
3-6
2-6
6-2
dæas h;
NÙkhlx<+
11-2
3-4
14-6
e/; çns’k
10-6
3-0
13-6
mÙkj çns’k
11-2
3-1
14-3
iow Z
fcgkj
19-3
5-7
25-0
>kj[kaM
20-8
6-8
27-5
mM+hlk
10-4
4-1
14-4
if’pe caxky
19-3
6-0
25-3
u‚FkZ bZLV
v#.kkpy çns’k
12-4
3-0
15-4
vle
13-1
3-2
16-4
ef.kiqj
5-2
2-1
7-3
es?kky;
6-7
1-5
8-3
fetksje
7-7
2-5
10-1
ukxkySaM
5-5
1-9
7-5
flfDde
8-7
3-2
12-0
f=iqjk
14-0
4-5
18-5
if’pe
xksok
2-6
1-1
3-6
xqtjkr
8-9
3-7
12-7
egkjk”Vª
11-0
2-9
13-8
nf{k.k
vka/kz çns’k
12-7
5-4
18-1
dukZVd
12-8
4-3
17-0
dsjy
2-9
2-9
5-8
rfeyukMq
4-8
2-9
7-7
lzksr% ,u-,Q-,p-,l- & 3 ø12À
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5.3 Page 43 |
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ftlesa 1990&1992 esa 116 çfr 1000 vkSj 1995&96 esa
107 çfr 1000 ls fxjkoV vkbZ gSA 2005&06 esa fd’kksj
tUe nj ‘kgjh {ks=ksa ¼57 çfr 1000½ dh rqyuk esa xzkeh.k
{ks=ksa esa djhc nks xquk ¼105 çfr 1000½ 15&19 vk;q oxZ
dh efgyk,a½ vf/kd Fkh ø12ÀA
15&19 vk;q oxZ dh 6 eas ls 1 efgyk ;k 16% us
2005&06 us xHk/Z kkj.k ‘k:q dj fn;k FkkA ftu efgykvkas
dks xHk/Z kkj.k ‘k:q gks pdq k Fkk] 15 lky dh mez ds fy,
mudk vuiq kr 3% Fkk vkjS bleas 19 o”kZ rd dh efgykvkas
ds fy, 36% ;k 3 eas 1 rd ig¡pq us dh rts h ls of` ) gbq Z
gAS rkfydk 1 Hkkjrh; jkT;kas ds fy, 2005&06 eas ftudk
xHk/Z kkj.k ‘k:q gks x;k Fkk mu efgykvkas ds vuiq kr ij
vk¡dMs+ çLrrq djrk gAS lcls mPp vuiq kr >kj[kMa
¼27-5%½ eas g]S fQj if’pe cxa ky ¼25-3%½ vkjS fcgkj
¼25%½] fQj iow hZ Hkkjr eas fLFkr lHkh eas gAS blds foijhr]
xkos k] fgekpy çn’s k vkjS tEew ,oa d’ehj dh 15&19 o”kZ
dh efgykvkas eas 5% ls de eas xHk/Z kkj.k ‘k:q gvq k Fkk ø12ÀA
lkFk gh xHkZ/kkj.k ‘kq: gksus ls igys xHkZ fujks/kd lwpuk
vkSj lsokvksa ds lkFk ;qok fookfgr tksM+ksa rd igq¡pus esa
foQyrk tSlh dk;ZØe laca/kh ck/kkvksa ds dkj.k os viuh
bPNkvksa dks okLrfodrk cukus esa vlQy jgrs gSaA ø14ÀA
nHq kkXZ ; l]s oreZ ku ifjokj fu;kts u dk;ØZ e ;oq k fookfgr
ykxs kas dh t:jrkas dks ijw k ugha djrAs ,u-,Q-,p-,l- &3 ds
vulq kj] Hkkjr eas 15&19 vk;q legw dh fookfgr efgykvkas eas
ls oreZ ku eas dos y 13% fdlh Hkh xHkfZ ujk/s kd dk mi;kxs
dj jgh gaS ¼2005&06½] vkjS mueas ls dos y vk/kh ¼6-9%½ us
xHkfZ ujk/s kd dk vk/kfq ud rjhdk bLres ky fd;k gAS bl vk;q
oxZ ds tUe ds chp vra j j[kus ds fy, vifw jr vko’;drk
25-1% Fkh] vkjS bl vk;q oxZ eas xHkfZ ujk/s k dh dos y 32-4%
ekx¡ dks ijw k fd;k x;k ø12ÀA
Åij fp= 1 esa fn;k x;k <+k¡pk xHkZ fu;kstu esa eq[;
ck/kkvksa vkSj ifj.kkeLo:i ek¡ vkSj cPps ds LokLF; ij
çHkkoksa dk dk lkj crkrk gSA
fo’o cSad dk ,d v/;;u bafxr djrk gS fd 1990 vkSj
2030 ds chp Hkkjr dh tula[;k o`f) esa 80% o`f)
j¶rkj ds dkj.k gksxh ø13À A bldk vFkZ gS fd Hkys gh
ns’k 2010 esa çfrLFkkiu Lrj çtuu {kerk ¼çfr efgyk
2-2 tUeksa½ dks çkIr dj ys] fQj Hkh o”kZ 2050 esa ns’k
dh dqy tula[;k esa vk/ks vjc yksxksa dh o`f) gksxhA
gkyk¡fd] igys cPpksa ds tUe esa nsjh vkSj igys vkSj nwljs
cPpksa ds tUe ds chp varj] c<+rh gqbZ tula[;k xfr ds
çHkko dks de dj ldrs gSaA
,slk rHkh laHko gS vxj ;qok tksM+ksa }kjk xHkZfujks/kd dk
mi;ksx ifjokj vkSj lekt ds fy, cM+s iSekus ij Lohdk;Z
gks tkrk gSA Hkkjr esa xq.kkRed v/;;u esa feys lk{;
dbZ egRoiw.kZ lkekftd rkuksackuksa vkSj etcwfj;ksa ij
çdk’k Mkyrs gSa tks ;qok ;qxyksa ds tYnh çtuu thou
vkjaHk djus dks çHkkfor djrs gSaA tk¡p ifj.kke crkrs
gSa fd cgqr ls ;qok tksMs+ nsj ls cPps iSnk djuk pkgrs
gSa] ysfdu tYnh ls tYnh cPPkk iSnk djus ds lkekftd
ncko lfgr dbZ vU; lkekftd dkj.kksa dh otg ls vkSj
tYnh çlo dks jksdus ds fy, ewY;kafdr
gLr{ksi
[kkts eas Hkkjr ls 3 v/;;u] l;a äq jkT; vefs jdk vkjS fcVz us
ls 23 O;ofLFkr leh{kk vkjS çek.kkas ds l;a kxs ¼21vejhdk ls
vkjS 2 fcVz us l½s ] vkjS Hkkjr dks NkMs d+ j vÝhdk vkjS ,f’k;k
ls lkr v/;;u feyAs bu leh{kkvkas vkjS v/;;ukas eas ls
vf/kdk’¡ k ‘kknh ds ckgj vkjS fd’kkjs koLFkk eas xHk/Z kkj.k dks
jkds us ds fy, gLr{kis ds gaS vkjS Hkkjrh; lna HkZ eas budh
çklfa xdrk lhfer g]S tgk¡ vf/kdk’¡ k fd’kkjs xHk/Z kkj.k ‘kknh ds
vna j gkrs s gAaS fQj Hkh] ge bl [kMa dh ‘k:q vkr l;a äq jkT;
vefs jdk vkjS fcVz us dh lcls gky gh eas O;ofLFkr leh{kkvkas
vkjS v/;;ukas ls çHkkoh gLr{kis j.kuhfr;kas ij tkp¡ ifj.kkekas
ds lfa {kIr lkjk’a k ds lkFk djrs gAaS Hkkjrh; v/;;ukas ls feys
tkp¡ ifj.kkekas dks i’s k djus ls igy]s ge vÝhdk vkjS ,f’k;k
ls Hkh e[q ; j.kuhfr;kas ij ppkZ djxas As ;g dk;Z Hkkjr eas ;oq k
ykxs kas ds ;kuS vkjS çtuu thou eas tks ifjoruZ igys ls gh
gks jgs gaS mudks /;ku eas j[krs g,q vkjS lkFk gh Hkkjrh; lna HkZ
ds fy, çklfa xd dkjxj j.kuhfr;kas ij fopkj djus dh –f”V
ls fd;k x;k gAS
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5.4 Page 44 |
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la;qä jkT; vesfjdk vkSj fczVsu esa
vfookfgr fd’kksfj;ksa ds chp xHkZ/kkj.k dks
jksdus ds fy, ewY;kafdr gLr{ksi
l;a äq jkT; vefs jdk vkjS fcVz us eas Ldyw vk/kkfjr fd’kkjs
xHkkoZ LFkk jkds Fkke ds dk;ØZ e lcls vke gLr{kis gAaS
O;ofLFkr leh{kk vkjS çek.k l;a kts u budh çHkko’khyrk ij
fefJr çek.k çnku djrs g]aS D;kfas d ‘kk;n dk;ØZ e ds v’a kk]as
fo”k;oLr]q vkof` Ùk vkjS rhorz k eas O;kid vra j gAaS gLr{kis
,dy foe’kZ ls yds j 2 ?kVa s ls 30 ?kVa kas dh dyq vof/k ds
dbZ l=kas rd vyx vyx gAaS vefs jdk ds lna HkZ e]as ;g
l;a e ij dfas ær vkjS xHkfZ ujk/s kd ij fdlh Hkh tkudkjh dks
ckgj j[kus okys ;k xHkfZ ujk/s kd ij /;ku dfas ær djus okys
gks ldrs g(Sa vkjS ;g cg&q ?kVd ;oq k fodkl dk;ØZ e gkus s ds
fy, ;kuS f’k{kk ls ijs Hkh tk ldrs gAaS
fd’kkfs j;kas ds fy, ;kuS f’k{kk gLr{kis kas ij vefs jdk fLFkr
38 vfu;fer fu;fa =r ijh{k.kkas ij fjikfs VxZa djus okys 31
v/;;ukas dh 2006 eas dh xbZ ,d O;ofLFkr leh{kk] eas dkbs Z
,d tlS s çek.k ugha feys fd ;kuS f’k{kk dk;ØZ ekas us bu
lHa kkoukvkas & fd ;oq k ykxs ;kuS lca /a k vkjHa k djxas ]s xHk/Z kkj.k
dk tkfs [ke mBk,xa s ;k xHkoZ rh gks tk,xa h ¼;k fdlh xHkoZ rh
dj nxas ½s & ij xgjk çHkko Mkyk gAS çHkko ds vueq kukas
dk vkdkj] fn’kk vkjS lkfa [;dh; egRo lkjs dk;ØZ ekas eas
cgrq gh fHké FkkA gkykf¡ d] dbZ O;fäxr v/;;ukas eas fo’k”s k
:i ls xHkfZ ujk/s kdkas ds bLres ky eas of` ) ij ldkjkRed
çHkko ik, x,A gLr{kis j.kuhfr;kas dh leh{kk e]as cg&q ?kVd
;oq k fodkl dk;ØZ e lcls dkjxj Fks ø15ÀA ;oq k fodkl
dk;ØZ ekas eas vkerkjS ij ^^lDs l vkjS lEcU/k f’k{kk** ,l-vkj-
b-Z dks vkRe lEeku dk fuek.Z k] LofS PNd dk;]Z ‘kfS {kd
lgk;rk] O;kolkf;d r;S kjh] LokLF; n[s kHkky] [kys vkjS dyk
xfrfof/k;kas ds lkFk gh tkMs k+ tkrk gAS
vesfjdk ls fd’kksj xHkkZoLFkk esa] ,p-vkbZ-oh- vkSj ;kSu
lapkfjr laØe.kksa dks jksdus ds mís’; ls ;kSu f’k{kk
vkSj vU; dk;ZØeksa ij 2012 esa çek.k ds la;ksx bu
dbZ fopkjksa dh iqf”V djrs gSa ø16ÀA NÙkhl dk;ZØeksa
dh leh{kk dh xbZ tks ç;ksxkRed ;k v/kZ ç;ksxkRed
v/;;u fMtkbu gksus ds ekunaM ij [kjs mrjrs gSaA
pkSng dk;ZØeksa us fd’kksj tUenjksa esa egRoiw.kZ lkaf[;dh;
fxjkoV ntZ dhA buesa ls nks Ldwy vk/kkfjr ;kSu f’k{kk
dk;ZØe Fks] rhljk Ldwy vk/kkfjr lsok forj.k dk;ZØe
Fkk] vkB ¼blesa og Hkh ‘kkfey gS tgk¡ Ldwy vkSj leqnk;
vk/kkfjr gLr{ksi dks feyk;k x;k Fkk½ leqnk; vk/kkfjr
gLr{ksi vkSj rhu fDyfud vk/kkfjr gLr{ksi FksA
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5.5 Page 45 |
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fczVsu ds LokLF; fodkl ,tsalh }kjk dh xbZ leh{kkvksa
dh leh{kk us fu”d”kZ fudkyk fd Ldwy vk/kkfjr ^^lsDl
vkSj lEcU/k f’k{kk** ,l-vkj-bZ- dk;ZØe çHkkoh gks ldrk
gSa] vkSj ;fn os xHkZfujks/kd lsokvksa ls tqM+s gks rks vkSj vf/
kd çHkkoh gks ldrs gSaA çHkko ;qok yksxksa ds Kku vkSj
O;ogkj] ;kSu xfrfof/k nsj ls ‘kq: djus vkSj xHkkZoLFkk
njksa esa deh ds :i esa FksA leh{kk esa ik;k x;k fd
,l-vkj-bZ- dk;ZØeksa ds fy, vius ne ij fd’kksjkoLFkk
xHkZ dh nj esa deh ykus dh laHkkouk ugha tc rd fd os
fdlh cgq&?kVd gLr{ksi dk fgLlk u gksa ø17ÀA
,d vkSj O;ofLFkr leh{kk us fo’ks”k :i ls tYnh
ekrk&firk cu tkus ds lkFk tqM+s lkekftd uqdlku
dks lacksf/kr djus okyh j.kuhfr;ksa ds çHkko dk
vkadyu fd;k gS ø18ÀA Ng fu;af=r ijh{k.kksa vkSj ikap
xq.kkRed v/;;uksa ls çek.k ds vk/kkj ij] leh{kk us
fu”d”kZ fudkyk fd ,sls vkajfHkd ckyiu gLr{ksi vkSj
;qok fodkl dk;ZØe ftUgksaus thou ds çkjafHkd o”kksaZ esa
lkekftd vlqfo/kkvksa ls fuiVus dh dksf’k’k dh vkSj
lkekftd lgk;rk] ‘kSf{kd lgk;rk vkSj dkS’ky çf’k{k.k
çnku fd;k] os fd’kksj xHkkZoLFkk ds tksf[ke dks de djus
esa çHkkoh jgsA
dqy feykdj] QSlyk cgqvk;keh ;qok fodkl dk;ZØe
ds i{k esa tkrk çrhr gksrk gS] ftUgksaus fd’kksj xHkkZoLFkk
ds lkekftd fu/kkZjdksa dks lacksf/kr fd;k gSA bl rjg
ds gLr{ksiksa esa lsDl vkSj laca/k f’k{kk dk;ZØe vfuok;Z
ysfdu ,dek= ?kVd ugha gksxsaA
fodkl’khy ns’k ds ifjos’k esa vfookfgr
fd’kksjksa ds chp xHkkZ/kku dks jksdus ds
fy, ewY;kafdr gLr{ksi
ge lkr çdkf’kr v/;;uksa dh igpku djus esa l{ke
jgsA blesa vU; O;ogkj esa ifjorZuksa ds lkFk] xHkZfujks/kdksa
ds bLrseky esa o`f) vkSj xHkkZoLFkk dh jksdFkke dks c<+kok
nsus ds mís’; ls gLr{ksi dh çHkko’khyrk ij ç;ksxkRed
vkSj@;k v/kZ ç;ksxkRed v/;;uksa ls çkIr çek.k ds rhu
la;ksx Hkh ‘kkfey gSaA
QSfeyh gsYFk baVjus’kuy }kjk O;kid leh{kk fuEu esa
ls & lqjf{kr lsDl ls lacaf/kr fo’oklksa] utfj, vkSj
O;ogkjkas dks cnyuk vkSj ;kSu lapkfjr laØe.k vkSj
xHkkZoLFkk dh jksdFkke & ,d ;k vf/kd djus ds mís’;
ls ;qok yksxksa ¼9&24 o”kZ½ ds fy, ;kSu f’k{kk dk;ZØe ds
83 v/;;uksa dh tkap dh xbZA buesa ls vBkjg v/;;u
ckjg fodkl’khy ns’kksa & vÝhdk esa Ng] e/; vkSj
nf{k.k vesfjdk esa ikap vkSj ,f’k;k esa ,d & esa fd,
x, gLr{ksiksa ds FksA vBkjg esa ckjg v/;;uksa esa daMkse
ds c<+s gq, bLrseky ij vk¡dM+s Fks vkSj dsoy nks esa vU;
xHkZ fujks/kdksa ds mi;ksx esa o`f) ij vk¡dM+s FksA daMkse
ds bLrseky ij fu.kkZ;d ldkjkRed çek.k dsoy lkr
v/;;uksa esa ik, x, tcfd vU; xHkZ fujks/kdksa ds mi;ksx
esa o`f) ds laca/k esa çHkko’khyrk ij dksbZ fu.kkZ;d çek.k
ugha ik, x, gSaA ftu dqN v/;;uksa us xHkkZoLFkk njksa dh
tkap dh gS muds Hkh dksbZ egRoiw.kZ ldkjkRed ifj.kke
ugha feys gSa ø19ÀA
QSfeyh gsYFk baVjus’kuy ¼2002½ }kj igys fd;k x;k
,d v/;;u ;qokvksa ds lqjf{kr ;kSu dks c<+kok nsus] mPp
tksf[ke okys ;kSu O;ogkjksa vkSj xHkkZoLFkk dh nj dks
jksdus ds vyx vyx gLr{ksiksa dk leUo; djrk gSA
lHkh ewY;kadu v/;;uksa esa ç;ksxkRed ;k v/kZ ç;ksxkRed
v/;;u fMtkbu viuk;k x;k FkkA gLr{ksiksa esa Ldwy
vk/kkfjr ;kSfurdrk vkSj ,p-vkbZ-oh-@,M~l dk;ZØe]
Ldwy vk/kkfjr çtuu LokLF; f’k{kk dk;ZØe] ekl
ehfM;k vfHk;ku] leqnk; vk/kkfjr gLr{ksi] O;ogkj
ifjorZu lkekftd foi.ku dk;ZØe vkSj fd’kksjksa ds
vuqdwy LokLF; lsok,a ‘kkfey gSaA tkaps x, gLr{ksiksa
esa] leqnk; vk/kkfjr dk;ZØeksa ds ,d cM+s vuqikr vkSj
cM+s iSekus ij ehfM;k vfHk;ku dk daMkse vkSj@;k
vU; xHkZfujks/kdksa ds bLrseky esa o`f) ij ,d fu.kkZ;d
ldkjkRed çHkko gqvk gSA dsoy vkB Ldwy vk/kkfjr
çtuu LokLF; f’k{kk dk;ZØeksa vkSj lkr eas ls rhu
Ldwy vk/kkfjr ,p-vkbZ-oh-@,M~l ;kSfudrk dk;ZØeksa us
egRoiw.kZ ldkjkRed ifj.kke fn[kk,a gSa ø20ÀA
lksgsy ¼2005½ us vÝhdk esa pkj lsDl f’k{kk dk;ZØe
dh tkap dh ftudk ewY;kadu v/kZ ç;ksxkRed v/;;u
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fp= 1- xHkZ fu;kstu djus esa çeq[k ck/kk,a vkSj fodkl’khy ns’k ds ifjos’k esa mlds
LokLF; ifj.kke
xHk/Z kkj.k dk le;
xHkZ fu;kts u eas ck/kk,a
gkfudkjd LokLF;
ifj.kke
Lkekftd&lkLa —frd
Û çtuu {kerk dks lkfcr djus ds
fy, ftruh tYnh gks lds cPpk
iSnk djus dk lkekftd ncko
Û x HkZfujks/kdksa ij tkudkjh dh deh
Û fu.kZ; ysus dh ‘kfDr dk vHkko
Û çtuu {kerk dks lkekftd fLFkfr
ds ladsr ds :i esa ns[kk tkuk
Û xHkZfujks/kdksa ds bLrseky ls Hkfo”; esa
çtuu {kerk çHkkfor gksus dk Mj
c<+rh gqbZ tula[;k xfr
ekr` ,oa f’k’kq e`R;q
xHkkZoLFkk esa tfVyrk,a
cPps ds fodkl ds ehy ds
iRFkj esa foyac
[kjkc iks”k.k
tYnh ‘kknh ds dkj.k
tYnh xHkZ/kkj.k djuk
dk;ØZ e lca /a kh
Û l sok forj.k dsanzksa ij tkx:drk
dh deh
Û x q.koÙkkiw.kZ ifjokj fu;kstu lsokvksa
ij vi;kZIr igq¡p
Û x HkZ fujks/kdksa ds fy, vf/kd fodYiksa
dh vuqiyC/krk
Û ifjokj fu;kstu lsokvksa dk /;ku
cPpksa ds tUe ds chp varj j[kus
ds ctk; eupkgs cPps iSnk djus
ds ckn tUeksa ij jksd yxkus ij
dsafnzr gksuk
Û lHkh lacaf/kr O;fDr;ksa & ;qok efgyk]
ifr vkSj lkl & ds fy, xHkZfujks/kd
dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, y{; fof’k”V
lapkj dh deh
Û LokLF; çnkrkvksa dk vlaosnu’khy
joS;k vkSj ;qok efgykvksa }kjk igys
cPps ds tUe esa nsjh djus ds fy,
xHkZ fujks/kdksa ds bLrseky dks ysdj
çnkrkvksa dk iwokZxzg
Û x ksiuh;rk dh deh
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5.7 Page 47 |
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fMtkbu }kjk fd;k x;k FkkA bu gLr{ksiksa dk
lh/kk mís’; xHkkZoLFkk dh jksdFkke ugha Fkk] ysfdu ;g
xHkZfujks/kdksa ds bLrseky esa o`f) vkSj fo’ks”k :i ls daMkse
ds bLrseky dh o`f) dk ,d vçR;{k ifj.kke gksxk]
tks fd dk;ZØe ds çR;{k mís’; FksA gLr{ksi 1990 ds
n’kd esa dSe:u] nf{k.k vÝhdk] cksRlokuk vkSj fxuh esa
fd, x, Fks] vkSj blesa dbZ j.kuhfr;ksa & ekl ehfM;k]
çk;ksftr lekjksg] ihvj ¼led{k½ f’k{kk vkSj ;qok vuqdwy
lsok,a & dks feyktqyk dj viuk;k x;kA dsoy dSe:u
esa ;qok efgykvksa ds lkFk lkFk ;qok iq#”kksa esa
xHkZfujks/kd ds ç;ksx esa o`f) ds :Ik egRoiw.kZ ldkjkRed
ifj.kke ik, x,A ;g lcls yach vof/k vkSj lcls cM+h
igq¡p okyk gLr{ksi Hkh Fkk ø21ÀA
‘ks”k pkj v/;;uksa esa Øe’k% eykoh vkSj dsU;k ls nks
vfu;fer fu;af=r ijh{k.k vkSj bfFk;ksfi;k vkSj phu ls
nks v/kZ ç;ksxkRed v/;;u ‘kkfey gSa ø22&25ÀA eykoh
esa] fd’kksfj;ksa dks Ldwy esa j[kus vkSj Mª‚ivkmVksa dks
nksckjk vkus ds fy, çksRlkfgr djus ds mís’; okys mlh
dafM’kuy dS’k VªkalQj çksxzke ¼tks tYnh ‘kknh dks jksdus
esa çHkkoh Fkk½] esa Hkh ns[kk x;k fd fiNys lky Hkj esa
cslykbu Mª‚ivkmVksa ds xHkZorh gksus dh laHkkouk 5-1%
de Fkh] tks 30% ls vf/kd dh deh Fkh vkSj lkaf[;dh;
rkSj ij 5% ds Lrj ij egRoiw.kZ FkhA gkyk¡fd] cslykbu
ij Ldwy esa igys ls ekStwn vkSj gLr{ksi ds nkSjku Ldwy
esa cuh jgus okyh yM+fd;ksa esa dksbZ cnyko ugha ns[kk
x;k ø22ÀA if’peh dsU;k eas] Ldwyh f’k{kk dh ykxr dks
de djus ds rjhds ds :i eq¶r onhZ miyC/k djkus okys
gLr{ksi us ik;k ¼cky fookg jksduk( ds vykok½ fd eq¶r
onhZ okys Ldwyksa esa gLr{ksi dh vof/k ds var esa yM+fd;ksa
ds çlo ‘kq: gksus dh laHkkouk 1-5 çfr’kr vad de]
fd’kksj xHkZkoLFkk esa yxHkx 10% dh deh Fkh ø23ÀA
rqyuk esa gLr{ksi okys xkaoksa ls yM+fd;ksa }kjk
xHkZfujks/kdksa ds bLrseky gksus dh vf/kd laHkkouk FkhA
v/;;u ls xHkkZoLFkk njsa miyC/k ugha Fkha ø24ÀA
cks oSax vkSj vU; ¼2005½ dh ‘ka?kkbZ] phu esa ,d O;kid
;kSu f’k{kk dk;ZØe ds ewY;kadu ij fjiksVZA
gLr{ksi us ‘kSf{kd ohfM;ks] ySDpj] ihvj ¼led{k½ f’k{kk]
xHkZfujks/kd vkSj vU; çtuu LokLF; lsokvksa vkSj ijke’kZ
dh tk¡p] ‘kSf{kd lkexzh ds forj.k lfgr dbZ j.kuhfr;ksa
dks viuk;kA gkbZ Ldwy ds Nk= vkSj Ldwy ds ckgj ds
Nk=] nksuksa dks dk;ZØe esa ‘kkfey fd;k x;kA la;e]
LoLFk vkSj fcuk tcjnLrh ds ;kSu O;ogkj vkSj
xHkZfujks/kdksa ds bLrseky ij tkudkjh çnku dh xbZA
gLr{ksi ds ifj.kkeLo:i rqyuk lewg dh rqyuk esa
gLr{ksi lewg esa xHkZfujks/kd ds mi;ksx ¼6-2½ vkSj daMkse
ds bLrseky ¼13-3½ ds vuqikr esa o`f) gqbZA rqyuk lewg
¼26%½ dh rqyuk esa gLr{ksi lewg esa ¼19%½ xHkZ/kkj.k
djus okys ;k vius lkFkh dks xHkZorh djus okys ;qok
yksxksa dk vuqikr dkQh de Fkk ø25ÀA
bfFk;ksfi;k esa cgsZu fgoku dk;ZØe ,d cgqvk;keh
j.kuhfr viukus okyk gLr{ksi Fkk ftlesa yM+fd;ksa dks
Ldwy esa j[kus ds fy, foÙkh; lgk;rk vkSj Dyc vkSj
lkeqnkf;d Hkkxhnkjh ds ek/;e ls thou dkS’ky f’k{kk
çnku dh xbZA fu;af=r xkaoksa ¼varj vuqikr 2-9½ dh
bu v/;;uksa ls feys çek.k la’ys”k.k djus ds lanHkZ ls
dkQh vyx gaSA fQj Hkh] dqN fVIif.k;ka dh tk ldrh
gSaA çHkkoh :i ls yM+fd;ksa dks gkbZ Ldwy NksM+us ls jksdus
;k foÙkh; çksRlkgu vkSj leFkZu ds ek/;e ls mUgsa Ldwy
esa j[kus esa enn djus okys dk;ZØeksa esa u dsoy cky
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fookg jksduk( ¼v/;k; 2½ cfYd çFke çlo ds le; ij
Hkh mez esa nsjh ds lanHkZ esa laHkkouk fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA ,dy
gLr{ksi ds :i esa ;kSUk f’k{kk dk;ZØeksa esa mruh laHkkouk
ugha fn[kkbZ nsrh ftruh fd dbZ j.kuhfr;ksa dks viukus
okys dk;ZØeksa esaA ekl ehfM;k vfHk;ku] lkeqnkf;d
la?kVu] ;kSu vkSj çtuu LokLF; ij fd’kksjksa vkSj ;qok
yksxksa dks f’k{kk] ijke’kZ vkSj lsok iznkuxh ‘kkfey gksaA
fookfgr ;qok yksxksa ds chp çlo esa nsjh ds
ewY;kafdr gLr{ksi & Hkkjr
Hkkjr ls rhu v/;;uksa dks fpfUgr fd;k x;k Fkk tks
v/kZ ç;ksxkRed v/;;u ls igyh xHkkZoLFkk esa nsjh
djus ds gLr{kiksa ds çek.k çLrqr djrs gSa ø26&28ÀA
buesa ls nks] fcgkj esa çpkj ifj;kstuk ds ckjs esa
Fks] tcfd ,d RHEYA ifj;kstuk ds ckjs esa Fkk] tks
çpkj ij vk/kkfjr FkkA RHEYA dks rfeyukMq] ubZ
fnYyh] jktLFkku vkSj e/; çns’k ds p;fur {ks=ksa esa
ykxw fd;k x;k FkkA
fiNys v/;k; eas of.krZ vfookfgr fd’kkjs kas dks igyh xHkkoZ LFkk
eas njs h ds fy, r;S kj djus ds fy, çtuu LokLF; çf’k{k.k
dks ekrk&firk dh ethZ ls fookg dh O;oLFkk eas igyh
xHkkoZ LFkk eas njs h ds fy, ,d çe[q k j.kuhfr ds :i eas n[s kk
tkuk pkfg,A ,ls k blfy, D;kfas d igyh lra ku eas njs h rc
rd ugha dh tk ldrh tc rd fd gLr{kis kas eas ‘kknh ls
igys vfookfgr fd’kkjs kas eas njs h djus dk bjknk vkjS njs h dlS s
djuh gS mlds ckjs eas tkudkjh ugha nh tkrhA
rhljh j.kuhfr esa ;qok fookfgr tksM+ksa dks
xHkZfujks/kd vkSj çtuu LokLF; ds ckjs esa f’k{kk vkSj
tkudkjh çnku djuk ‘kkfey gSA ;qok fookfgr tksM+ksa ds
fy, ^^tkudkjh;qDr euksjatd ;kfu baQksVsUesaV** ikfVZ;ka
vk;ksftr dh xbZ] vkSj efgykvksa vkSj iq#”kksa ds fy,
vyx ls ‘kSf{kd cSBdsa vk;ksftr dh xbZA ?kj ?kj tkus
okys LokLF; ns[kHkky çnkrkvksa us Hkh xHkZfujks/kdksa ds
bLrseky ij ijke’kZ nsus ds fy, fcuk cPpksa ;k ,d cPps
okyh ;qok fookfgr efgykvksa dks viuk y{; cuk;kA
çpkj ifj;kstuk 2001 ls fcgkj ds ukyank] uoknk vkSj
iVuk ftyksa esa ykxw gS fd;k x;k] vkSj ;g ifj;kstuk
vHkh Hkh py jgh gSA ifj;kstuk dk igyk pj.k
2001&2006 rd Fkk] ftlds ckn dk;kZUo;u j.kuhfr esa
,d ifjorZu fd;k x;kA ;gk¡ ij ‘kkfey fd, x, nksuksa
v/;;u igys pj.k dk ewY;kadu gSaA ek¡ ds 21 lky dk
gks tkus rd igys cPps ds tUe esa nsjh bl ifj;kstuk ds
fof’k”V mís’;ksa esa ls ,d Fkk ø26&27ÀA
çtuu {kerk esa deh ls lacaf/kr vius dbZ mís’;ksa dks
çkIr djus ds fy, ifj;kstuk us dbZ j.kuhfr;ksa dk
bLrseky fd;kA igyh j.kuhfr Fkh leqnk; dks la?kfVr
djuk ftls ifj;kstuk }kjk ^^lkekftd okrkoj.k dk
fuekZ.k** dgk x;kA ;qok fookfgr iq#”kksa ds ekrk firk
ds lkFk cSBdsa vk;ksftr dh xbZ ftUgsa ‘kknh ds ckn
rqjar çlo ds fy, ncko ds lcls egRoiw.kZ lzksr ds :i
esa ns[kk tkrk gSA lapkj j.kuhfr esa uqDdM+ ukVd vkSj
nhokj ds fp=ksa tSls LFkkuh; Lrj ds mi;qä ehfM;k dk
bLrseky fd;kA
pkSFkh j.kuhfr lsokvksa ij igq¡p c<+kus dh FkhA ;qok tksM+ksa
dks vius çtuu LokLF; dh t:jrksa ds fy, ljdkjh
LokLF; lsokvksa dk mi;ksx djus ds fy, çksRlkfgr fd;k
x;kA LFkkuh; QkesZfl;ksa dks xHkZfujks/kd xksfy;ka vkSj
daMkse dk LV‚d j[kus esa lgk;rk nh xbZ] vkSj LFkkuh;
vukSipkfjd çnkrkvksa dks çtuu LokLF; vkSj xHkZfujks/kd
lsokvksa ds çko/kku esa çf’kf{kr fd;k x;kA
gLr{ksi ds ‘kq: gksus ls igys o”kZ 2002&03 esa ifj;kstuk
{ks= vkSj rqyuk ds {ks= esa cslykbu losZ{k.k vk;ksftr
fd;k x;k Fkk] vkSj gLr{ksi ds 21&27 eghus ckn] 2004
esa QkSyksvi losZ{k.k vk;ksftr fd;k x;kA gLr{ksi ds
{ks= esa fcuk cPpksa okyh efgykvksa ds chp xHkZfujks/kdksa ds
bLrseky esa egRoiw.kZ o`f) ¼ih <-01½ ns[kh xbZA rqyuk
{ks= esa 2% dh rqyuk esa] gLr{ksi {ks= esa cslykbu ij
fcuk cPPkkas okyh 3% efgyk,a xHkZfujks/kdksa dk bLrseky
dj jgh FkhaA gLr{ksi ds ckn] gLr{ksi {ks= esa fcuk cPpksa
okyh efgykvksa esa xHkZfujks/kd ds bLrseky esa 16% dh
o`f) gqbZ tcfd fu;af=r {ks= esa 3% dh o`f) gqbZ ø26ÀA
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ifj;kstuk esa vfookfgr yM+ds vkSj yM+fd;ksa ds fy,
çtuu LokLF; f’k{kk l= Hkh FkkA çpkj ifj;kstuk dh
bl xfrfof/k ds çHkko dk ewY;kadu djus okys ,d v/kZ
ç;ksxkRed v/;;u esa çf’k{k.k esa Hkkx ysus okyh yM+fd;ksa
esa ¼23-6 lky½ vkSj tks yM+fd;ka çf’k{k.k esa ‘kkfey ugha
Fkh ¼21-5 lky½ muds chp igys tUe ds le; vk;q esa
,d egRoiw.kZ varj crk;k ø27ÀA
RHEYA ifj;kstuk ij fjiksVZ vis{kk—r vi;kZIr
tkudkjh çnku djrh gSA viukbZ xbZ j.kuhfr fcYdqy
çpkj ds leku gSA 3225 ;qok tksM+ksa & tks gLr{ksi dk
fgLlk Fks & esa ls dsoy 10% ¼300½ dk ,.M ykbu
v/;;u esa lk{kkRdkj fd;k x;kA gLr{ksi vkSj fu;af=r
lewgksa ds chp igys tUe ds le; vkSlr vk;q esa & 21-3
lky dh rqyuk esa 20-7 lky & ,d egRoiw.kZ varj gSA
‘kknh vkSj igys tUe ds chp varjky esa Hkh & fu;af=r
lewg esa 24-9 eghus dh rqyuk esa gLr{ksi lewg esa 27-1
eghus & dkQh varj Fkk ø28ÀA
la{ksi esa] lhfer miyC/k lk{; çlo esa nsjh djus esa
çHkko’khyrk ds ekeys esa çpkj e‚My ds vk’kktud
gksus dh laHkkouk dh vksj b’kkjk djrs gSaA nwljs ‘kCnksa
esa] lkeqnkf;d la?kVu ds fy, gLr{ksi] ekl ehfM;k
vfHk;ku] ;qok tksM+s ds thou esa egRoiw.kZ fu.kZ;drkZvksa
ds utfj, esa cnyko ds ç;klksa ds lkFk lkFk ;kSu vkSj
çtuu LokLF; f’k{kk] ;qok yksxksa ds fy, ijke’kZ vkSj
lsok çnkuxh ds lkFk ,d cgqvk;keh j.kuhfr ls tYnh
çlo esa nsjh dh vPNh laHkkouk gSA vf/kd fu.kkZ;d
vuqeku ds fy,] fofHkUu ifjos’kksa vkSj lanHkksaZ esa bl rjg
ds gLr{ksi vkSj dBksj ewY;kadu djus dh t:jr gksxhA
çpkj e‚My] gkyk¡fd tYnh çlo dks jksdus ds fy,
‘kknh’kqnk fd’kksjksa dks yf{kr djrk gS] fQj Hkh ;g
nqfu;k ds vU; Hkkxksa esa vfookfgr ;qok yksxksa ds lkFk
vf/kd vk’kktud gLr{ksi] tks dbZ y{; lewgksa dks
lacksf/kr djus esa çHkkodkfjrk fn[kkrs gSa] muls cgqr
vyx ugha gSA
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Available from: http://www.ibe.unesco.
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6 Pages 51-60 |
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6.1 Page 51 |
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org/fileadmin/user_upload/HIV_and_
AIDS/publications/DougKirby.pdf
20. Intervention Strategies that Work for
Youth - Summary of the FOCUS on
Young Adults End of Program Report.
Chapel Hill (North Carolina),Family
Health International; 2002.
21. Agha S. A quasi-experimental
study to assess the impact of
four adolescent sexual health
interventions in sub-saharan Africa.
International Family Planning
Perspectives2002;28(2):67–70 & 113–8.
22. Baird S, Chirwa E, McIntosh C,
Özler B. The short-term impacts
of a schooling conditional cash
transfer program on the sexual
behavior of young women
[Internet]. Institute
for
International
Economic
Policy
Working
Paper
Series Elliott
School
of
International
Affairs. The
George
Washington
University; 2009
[accessed 2012 Dec 20]. Available
from: http://www.gwu.edu/~iiep/
assets/docs/papers/Baird_
IIEPWP2010-10.pdf
of Berhane Hewan: a program
to delay child marriage in rural
Ethiopia. International Perspectives
on Sexual and Reproductive Health.
2005;35(1):6–14.
25. W ang B, Hertog S, Meier A,
Lou C, Gao E. The potential of
comprehensive sex education in
China: Findings from suburban
Shanghai. International Family
Planning Perspectives. 2005;31(2):63–
72.
26. D aniel EE, Masilamani R, Rahman
M. The effect of community-
based reproductive health
communication interventions on
contraceptive use among young
married couples in Bihar,India.
International Family Planning
Perspectives2008;34(4):189–97. (did
not get 2010)
27. W ilder J, Masilamani R, Daniel.
Promoting change in the reproductive
behavior of Youth Pathfinder
International’s PRACHAR Project,
Bihar, India. Pathfinder International/
India; 2005.
23. Duflo E, Dupas P, Kremer M, Sinei S.
Education and HIV/AIDS prevention:
Evidence from a randomized
evaluation in Western Kenya. World
Bank Policy Research Working
Paper; 2006.
24. ErulkarA, Muthengi E. Evaluation
28. Wilder J, Masilamani R and Mathew
A. Reproductive health of young
adults in India: The road to public
health. Pathfinder International’s
RHEYA Project demonstrates
widespread community results in
youth reproductive health. New Delhi,
Pathfinder International/India, 2006.
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6.2 Page 52 |
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v/;k; 4
cPpksa ds tUe ds chp
varj dks c<k+ ok nsuk
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6.3 Page 53 |
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i`”BHkwfe
tUe ds chp varj j[kuk ,d thfor tUe ;k ,d e`r
tUe vkSj vxys xHkkZ/kku ds chp dh vof/k dks n’kkZrk
gS vkSj ^tUe varjky* nks thfor tUeksa ds chp dh vof/k
gSA MCY;w-,p-vks- ds vuqlkj] ,d thfor tUe ds ckn
vxyh xHkkZoLFkk dk ç;kl djus ls igys çfrdwy ekr`]
çlodkyhu vkSj f’k’kq ifj.kke ds tksf[ke dks de djus
ds fy, de ls de 24 eghus ds varjky dk lq>ko fn;k
tkrk gSA ,d xHkZikr ;k xHkZ lekiu ds ckn] vxyh
xHkkZoLFkk ds fy, çfrdwy ekr` vkSj çlodkyhu ifj.kkeksa
ds tksf[ke dks de djus ds fy, de ls de 6 eghus
ds U;wure varjky dk lq>ko fn;k tkrk gS ø1ÀA dbZ
losZ{k.k tUe esa varj j[kus ds ctk; tUe ds varjky
ij vk¡dM+s çnku djrs gSaA lcls gky ds çek.kksa ls irk
pyrk gS fd nks thfor tUeksa ds chp loksZR—“V varjky
36&59 eghuksa dk gS ø2&7ÀA
de varj okys tUeksa dks jksdus ls] ifjokj fu;kstu
lkykuk 2 yk[k ls vf/kd f’k’kqvksa vkSj cPpksa dh tku
cpk ldrk gS ø7ÀA tUeksa ds chp lgh varj u gksus
ls le; ls igys tUe vkSj tUe ds le; de otu]
vkSj xHkkZof/k vk;q ds fglkc ls NksVs tUeksa ds voljksa
esa o`f) gks tkrh gSA tUe ;k xHkZikr ;k xHkZ lekiu
ds ckn cgqr tYn xHkZ/kkj.k djus okyh efgykvksa dks
,uhfe;k] le; ls igys f>Yyh QVus] xHkZikr ;k xHkZ
lekiu dk vuqHko gksus dh vf/kd laHkkouk gksrh gS] vkSj
mUgsa ekr` e`R;q dk mPp tksf[ke Hkh jgrk gSA D;k NksVk
tUe varjky ek¡ ;k cPps ds fy, çfrdwy iks”k.k ifj.
kkeksa ds lkFk tqM+k gqvk gS bl ‘kks/k ls feys çek.k] crkrs
gSa fd tUe varjky c<+kus dk ik¡p lky ls de ds cPpksa
esa vo#) fodkl vkSj de otu ij ,d ldkjkRed
çHkko gksrk gS ø8ÀA tYnh tYnh xHkZ/kkj.k vkSj Lruiku
ls ek¡ dh iks”k.k dh fLFkfr [kjkc gks tkrh gS D;ksafd
ek¡ dks igys dh xHkkZoLFkk ds ‘kkjhfjd ruko ls mcjus
ds fy, i;kZIr le; ugha feyrk vkSj mlls igys mls
vxyk ruko gks tkrk gSA blls ekr` iks”kd HkaMkj esa deh
gksrh jgrh gS] lkFk gh çfrdwy çlodkyhu ifj.kkeksa dk
tksf[ke c<+ tkrk gSA
ifj.kkeLo:Ik xHkkZoLFkk ds çfrdwy ifj.kke tUeksa esa lgh
varjky u j[k ikus esa ;ksxnku ns ldrs gSaA ckaXykns’k ls
,d v/;;u esa ik;k x;k fd xSj thfor tUe] xHkZikr
;k ‘kk;n e`r çlo ds lkFk de varjky dh laHkkouk c<+
tkrh gS D;ksafd efgyk,a vius gky ds vupkgs Hkwz.k ;k
cPps ds xe dks tYn ls tYn ^Hkjuk* pkgrh gSa ø9ÀA
uhps rkfydk 1 tUe esa de varj j[kus ds QyLo:i
çfrdwy ekr`] çlodkyhu vkSj f’k’kq ifj.kkeksa ds mPp
tksf[ke dk lkj n’kkZrk gSA
tUe esa varj j[kus ds fu/kkZjdksa dh tkap djus okys
v/;;uksa ls ladsr feyrk gS fd tYnh fookg] fiNys cPps
dk thfor jguk] vkSj Kku vkSj xHkZfujks/kdksa dk mi;ksx
egRoiw.kZ dkjd gSa ø10ÀA ;g Hkh Kkr gS fd dbZ efgyk,a
tUe esa varj j[kus ds fy, vius çtuu y{;ksa esa ihNs
jg tkrh gS vkSj yf{kr le; ls igys xHkZorh gks tkrh
gSaA ^^xHkZfujks/kd ds fy, viwfjr vko’;drk** dh vo/kkj.
kk dk laca/k efgykvksa ds vuqikr ls gS tks xHkZorh ugha
gksuk pkgrh ysfdu xHkZfujks/kdksa dk bLrseky ugha dj
jgh gSaA varj j[kus ds rjhdksa ds fy, viwfjr vko’;drk]
ftldk laca/k vxys tUe dks LFkfxr djus ds bPNqd
gksus ds ckotwn xHkZfujks/kd dk bLrseky u djus ls gS]
2000&2009 ds nkSjku mi lgkjk vÝhdk esa 17% ls
e/; iwoZ vkSj mÙkjh vÝhdk esa 4% ds lkFk dkQh vyx
vyx FkkA nf{k.k ,f’k;k esa] varj j[kus ds fy, viwfjr
vko’;drk 8% Fkh ø11ÀA
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6.4 Page 54 |
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rkfydk 1% pqus gq, v/;;u esa ç;qä lanHkZ lewg varjky dh rqyuk esa] cgqr de varjky
esa xHkkZoLFkk ds ckn LokLF; ds çfrdwy ifj.kkeksa ds tksf[keA
c<s+ g,q tkfs [ke tc xHkZ thfor tUe ds 6 eghus ckn gkrs k gS
çfrdwy ifj.kke
Ck<+k gqvk tksf[ke
çsfjr xHkZikr
650%
xHkZikr 230%
uotkr dh e`R;q ¼< 9 eghus½
170%
ekr` e`R;q
150%
vifjiDo tUe@le; ls igys tUe
70%
e`r tUe
60%
tUe ds le; de otu
60%
Ck<s+ g,q tkfs [ke tc xHk/Z kkj.k xHkiZ kr ;k xHkZ lekiu ds <6 eghus ds ckn gkrs k gS
1&2 eghus ds varjky ds lkFk c<+k gqvk tksf[ke3&5 ekg ds varjky ds lkFk
Low Birth Weight
170%
140%
Maternal Anemia
160%
120%
Preterm Birth
80%
40%
lzksr% dksaMs&vkWxMsyks vkSj vU; 2000] 2005] 2006( MkoSatks vkSj vU; 2004] jTt+kd vkSj vU; 2005 vkSj jfLVu 2005
ø2&7À
Hkkjr
,u-,Q-,p-,l- &3 ¼2005&06½ ds vk¡dM+ksa ds vuqlkj
Hkkjr esa ,d frgkbZ ls Hkh de tUe loksZR—“V tUe
varjky ds ckn gksrs gSaA vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lrj ij] fiNys
tUe ds ckn e/; dk varjky 31-1 eghus FkkA 60% ls
vf/kd tUe fiNys tUe ds rhu lky ds Hkhrj gksrs gSaA
dsoy 28% esa 36&59 eghus dk loksZR—“V tUe varjky
gksrk gSA blds vykok] fiNyk cPpk thfor ¼31-8 eghus½
Fkk rks mldh rqyuk esa cPps ds thfor u gksus ls
¼25-8 eghus½ tUe dk vkSlr varjky de gksrk gSA
rkfydk 2 Hkkjr vkSj jkT; ds fy, lcls gky gh esa
tUe ls igys ds eghuksa ij vk¡dMs+ nsrk gSA pkj jkT;ksa
& dsjy] f=iqjk] xksok vkSj vle & dks NksM+ dj] tUe
varjky Hkkjr ds lHkh jkT;ksa esa 36 ekg ls de gSA tkfgj
gS Hkkjr esa loksZR—“V tUe varjky çkIr djus dk jkLrk
vHkh dkQh yack gS ø12ÀA
xHkZfujks/kdksa ds ikjaifjd ;k vk/kqfud vLFkkbZ rjhdksa
dk bLrseky u gksuk ns’k esa tUeksa ds chp lgh nwjh u
gksus dk dkj.k gks ldrk gSA Hkkjr ds ifjokj fu;kstu
dk;ZØe esa miyC/k vLFkkbZ rhu vk/kqfud fu’kqYd
rjhdksa esa ls] vkbZ-;w-lh-Mh- lcls de ç;ksx gksrk gS
tcfd xksyh vkSj daMkse dsoy ekewyh csgrj ¼rkfydk
3½s gSaA okLro esa] vkbZ-;w-lh-Mh- ds mi;ksx eas ,u-,Q-
,p-,l- &1 vkSj ,u-,Q-,p-,l-&3] ds chp fxjkoV
vkbZ gS ø12ÀA
xHkZfujks/kd ds vLFkkbZ rjhdks dk bLrseky u gksus
ds lkFk tUe ds chp varj dh viwfjr vko’;drk
Hkh ekStwn gSA tSlk fd nqfu;k ds vU; Hkkxksa esa ns[kk
x;k gS] dbZ Hkkjrh; efgyk,a tks vxyh xHkkZoLFkk dks
LFkfxr djuk pkgrh gSa mlds lkFk lkFk
xHkZfujks/kd fof/k dk mi;ksx ugha dj jgh gSaA yxHkx
6-2% efgykvksa dh tUe ds chp varj j[kus ds fy,
viwfjr vko’;drk FkhA gkyk¡fd] tUe ds chp varj
j[kus ds fy, viwfjr vko’;drk ;qok efgykvksa ds
chp dkQh vf/kd Fkh & 15&19 vkq; oxZ vkSj 20&24
vk;q oxZ dh efgykvksa ds fy, Øe’k% 25% vkSj 14-9%
FkhA dqy feykdj ifjokj fu;kstu vkSj varj j[kus ds
fy, viwfjr vko’;drk Hkh mPp Lrjh; vkfFkZd lewgksa
dh rqyuk esa ¼3-3%½ lcls fuEu vkfFkZd lewgksa dh
efgykvksa ds chp lcls T;knk ¼7-7%½ gS ø12ÀA
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6.5 Page 55 |
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rkfydk 2- losZ{k.k ls igys ik¡p lkyksa ds nkSjku varjky }kjk tUeksa dk çfr’kr forj.k]
fiNys tUe ds ckn ls vkSj fiNys tUe ds ckn ls eghus dh vkSlr la[;k] jkT;okj]
Hkkjr 2005&06A
Hkkjr
fiNys tUe ds ckn ls eghus
7-17 18-23 24-35 36-47 48-59 60+
dyq
fiNys tUe
ds ckn ls
eghus dh
vklS r l[a ;k
11-4 16-3 33-6 19-2 9-1 10-4 100
31-1
mÙkj
fnYyh
13-3 12-9 28-1 16-8 13-1 15-7 100
33-4
gfj;k.kk
14-3 15-4 33-7 18-8
8-6 9-2 100
30-4
fgekpy çns’k
16-2 16-2 32-7 15-8
8-6 10-6 100
29-9
tEew vkSj d’ehj
11-2 15-5 29-3 19-4 10-6 13-9 100
32-0
iatkc
17-8 17-1 29-9 16-0
7-3 11-9 100
29-7
jktLFkku
11-7 17-1 36-1 20-5
8-3 6-3 100
30-2
mÙkjkapy
12-5 15-2 31-5 19-1
9-6 11-9 100
32-4
dæas h;
NÙkhlx<+
8-9 14-4 34-3 18-2 12-6 11-7 100
33-0
e/; çns’k
12-2 18-4 36-6 18-6
7-5 6-8 100
29-2
mÙkj çns’k
13-0 17-2 34-2 18-3
8-6 8-7 100
29-8
iow Z
fcgkj
11-6 16-9 34-5 20-5
8-4 8-0 100
29-9
>kj[kaM
7-8 16-2 36-5 19-9 10-9 8-6 100
31-5
mM+hlk
8-5 14-2 33-3 21-8 11-3 10-9 100
33-8
if’pe caxky
9-0 12-6 30-0 19-0 11-7 17-6 100
35-2
mRrj iow Z
v#.kkpy çns’k
10-3 16-4 36-3 17-4 10-4 9-3 100
30-8
vle
7-8 12-0 27-5 20-9 14-0 17-7 100
37-0
ef.kiqj
6-5 13-4 31-7 18-8 15-5 14-0 100
35-4
es?kky;
11-1 13-9 34-3 16-7 10-8 13-1 100
31-7
fetksje
11-5 19-7 29-0 16-7 10-3 12-8 100
30-6
ukxkySaM
12-4 20-0 37-4 15-4
6-6 8-1 100
28-6
flfDde
6-6 13-1 32-8 16-3 14-4 16-8 100
34-5
f=iqjk
7-2 13-4 24-7 18-9 13-7 22-2 100
39-0
if’pe
xksvk
8-4 12-3 26-1 19-8 11-1 22-2 100
37-4
xqtjkr
12-1 16-8 37-0 17-3
6-7 10-1 100
29-2
egkjk”Vª
10-1 15-0 33-8 19-9
8-7 12-5 100
31-9
nf{k.k
vk¡/kz çns’k
12-3 19-0 29-4 18-7
9-0 11-7 100
31-4
dukZVd
11-2 16-7 35-4 19-1
8-0 9-6 100
30-3
dsjy
5-9 12-9 20-6 21-3 12-7 26-5 100
41-2
rfeyukMq
11-2 14-9 32-5 19-3
9-3 12-8 100
31-4
lzksr% ,u-,Q-,p-,l- &3 ø12À
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6.6 Page 56 |
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rkfydk 3% fuokl ds vuqlkj] orZeku esa fookfgr efgykvksa }kjk orZeku esa ç;qDr
xHkZfujks/kd fof/k dk çfr’kr forj.kA
,u-,Q-,p-,l- 1
‘kgjh xkz eh.k dyq
dksbZ Hkh fof/k
51-1 37-1 40-7
dksbZ Hkh vk/kqfud fof/k 45-3 33-3 36-5
efgyk ulcanh
30-4 26-4 27-4
iq#”k ulcanh
3-2
3-5 3-5
xksyh
1-9
0-9 1-2
vkbZ-;w-lh-Mh- (IUCD) 3-9
1-2 1-9
batsD’ku
0
0
0
daMkse
5-8
1-2 2-4
,u-,Q-,p-,l- 2
‘kgjh xkz eh.k dyq
58-2 44-7 48-2
51-2 39-9 42-8
36 33-5 34-2
1-8 1-9 1-9
2-7 1-9 2-1
3-5 1-0 1-6
-
-
-
7-2 1-6 3-1
,u-,Q-,p-,l- 3
‘kgjh xkz eh.k dyq
64
53
56-3
55-8
45-3
48-5
37-8
37-1
37-3
1-1
1
1-0
3-8
2-8
3-1
3-2
1-1
1-7
0-1
0-1
0-1
9-8
3-2
5-2
Lkzksr% ,u-,Q-,p-,l- &3 ø12À
xHkZ/kkj.k u djus dh bPNqd gksrs gq, Hkh xHkZfujks/kd
dk bLrseky u djus dk ,d ifj.kke nks tUeksa ds chp
eupkgk varj j[kus ds fy, çsfjr xHkZikr dk bLrseky
gksrk gSA Hkkjr esa] rqjar nwljk cPpk u pkguk ;k ifjokj
dk okafNr vkdkj çkIr djus ds ckn xHkZorh gks tkuk &
efgykvksa }kjk çsfjr xHkZikr djkus ds lcls
egRoiw.kZ dkj.kksa esa ls gSaA çsfjr xHkZikr djkus okyh
efgykvksa dks çsfjr xHkZikr nksgjkus dk fo’ks”k [krjk
gksrk gS ø13ÀA dbZ efgykvksa dks xHkZikr ds ckn rRdky
ifjokj fu;kstu lsok,a çkIr ugha gksrh] Hkys gh mUgsa nks ls
rhu lIrkg ds Hkhrj xHkkZoLFkk dk [krjk gksrk gSA
tUe ds chp varj j[kus ds fy, viwfjr vko’;drk
ds c<+us dk ,d dkj.k xHkZfujks/kd fof/k;ksa ds ckjs esa
vi;kZIr tkudkjh gSA tgk¡ 15&49 vk;q lewg dh de
ls de 98% efgykvksa vkSj iq#”kksa dks xHkZfujks/kdksa ds
,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd rjhdksa dk irk Fkk] tUe ds
chp varj j[kus ds lgh rjhdksa ij tkudkjh lhfer
FkhA tUe ds chp varj j[kus ds fy, ljdkjh ifjokj
fu;kstu dk;ZØe }kjk çLrqr rhu fof/k;ksa ¼xksyh]
vkbZ-;w-lh-Mh- vkSj daMkse½ esa] 61% efgykvksa vkSj 49%
iq#”kkas dks tUe ds chp varj j[kus ds rhuksa vk/kqfud
rjhdksa ij tkudkjh FkhA xksyh lcls O;kid :i ls
¼85%½ efgykvksa ds chp esa tkuh tkrh gS vkSj daMkse
lcls O;kid :i ls ¼93%½ iq#”kksa ds chp tkuk tkrk
gSA dsoy 39% efgykvksa dks tkudkjh Fkh fd vkbZ-;w-
lh-Mh- efgykvksa ds xHkkZ’k; esa yxk;k tkrk gS vkSj 1%
ls de efgykvksa dks ;g tkudkjh Fkh fd dqN vkbZ-
;w-lh-Mh- 10 lky ds fy, lqj{kk ¼ljdkjh lqfo/kkvksa esa
bLrseky fd;k tk jgk vkbZ;wMh 380,½ çnku djrk gSA
lcls O;kid :i ls bLrseky gksus okyh fof/k efgyk
ulcanh ds lkFk ;g xHkZfujks/kd bLrseky ds mnkgj.kksa
esa ifjyf{kr gksrk gS ø12ÀA
fQj Hkh tUe ds chp varj j[kus dh viwfjr vko’;drk
c<+us dk ,d vkSj dkj.k Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dks vius
thou ij lhfer fu;a=.k gksuk gks ldrk gS ø14&15ÀA
dbZ ekeyksa esa ifr çtuu {kerk vkSj xHkZfujks/kd
bLrseky djus ds QSlyksa dks fu;af=r djrs gSaA ;qok
efgyk ds xHkZfujks/kd bLrseky djus ds fu.kZ; esa lkl
Hkh ,d çeq[k Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gS ø16ÀA mÙkj çns’k esa fd,
x, ,d v/;;u esa] çtuu vk;q dh 56% efgykvksa us
LokLF; ns[kHkky fu.kZ; dks viuh lkl vkSj 15% us ifr
ds fy, foyfEcr fd;k ø17ÀA blds vykok] ifr ;k
llqjky okyksa dk ncko Hkh xHkZfujks/kd bLrseky can djus
dk dkj.k cu ldrk gS ø18&19ÀA
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6.7 Page 57 |
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fp= 1 tUe ds chp vi;kZIr varj j[kus ds dkj.k vkSj LokLF;
dkj.k
lkekftd lkaL—frd dkjd
fu/kZurk
vf’k{kk dk Lrj
gkf’k, ds lewgksa & fd’kksjksa] xzkeh.k xjhc & ds
chp vleku igq¡p
efgykvksa dh fuEu fLFkfr
fyax vk/kkfjr HksnHkko
csVk gksus dh bPNk
fu.kZ; ysus {kerk esa deh
tYnh ‘kknh vkSj çlo
xHkZfujks/kd ds mi;ksx dh lkekftd Lohdk;Zrk
dk;ZØe laca/kh dkjdksa
xHkZfujks/kd ij Kku dk vHkko
xq.koÙkkiw.kZ LokLF; lsokvksa ij vi;kZIr igq¡p
detksj cqfu;knh <kaps
;ksX; çnkrkvksa dh deh
çf’k{k.k dh deh
çk—frd vkink,a@l’kL= la?k”kZ
vi;kZIr nwjh ij cPps gksus ds
ifj.kke
tYnh cPps iSnk gksuk
cPps esa tUe @xHkZ/kkj.k esa vi;kZIr varj
çsfjr xHkZikr
vlqjf{kr xHkZikr
vfu;ksftr xHkZ/kkj.k
rsth ls tula[;k o`f)
xHkZikr
xHkZfujks/kd can djuk
f’k’kq @ekr` e`R;q
vkfFkZd fodkl esa Hkkx ysus esa vleFkZrk
tUe ds chp loksZRÑ“V varj j[kus dks
c<+kok nsus ds fy, ewY;kafdr gLr{ksi
bu v/;;ukas ls çkIr çek.k dh leh{kk djus ls igy]s
lkfgR; [kkts eas tUe ds chp lokRZs —“V vra j j[kus dks
c<k+ ok nus s ds fy, ik, x, nks çe[q k gLr{kis igykas ij
,d utj Mkyuk mi;kxs h gks ldrk g%S ^gYS nh Vkbfexa
,.M Lifs lxa vkWQ çxs uUs lh ¼HTSP½* vkjS mRçjs d
¼CATALYST½ifj;kts ukA ;g gLr{kis igys dbZ lkjs
vÝhdh vkjS ,f’k;kbZ n’s kkas fd, x, Fk]s gkyk¡fd ç;kxs kRed
;k v/kZ ç;kxs kRed v/;;u fMtkbu dk mi;kxs dj
eYw ;kda u v/;;u dos y bu nkus kas eas ik, x,A
^gSYFkh Vkbfeax ,.M Lisflax vkWQ
çsxusUlh ¼HTSP½ ;kfu xHkZ dk LoLFk
le; vkSj varj
HTSP dk;ZØeksa dk mís’; çfrdwy ekr`] çlodkyhu
vkSj f’k’kq LokLF; ds ifj.kkeksa dks de djus ds fy,
igyh&ckj xHkZ/kkj.k esa nsjh vkSj mlds ckn ds xHkZ/kkj.kksa
esa varj j[kus ds ckjs esa tkx:drk vkSj Kku dks c<+kok
nsuk gSA rhu çeq[k HTSP lans’k gSa fd fuEu rjhds ls
xHkkZoLFkk gksus ij ek¡ vkSj cPpksa ds LokLF; esa dkQh
lq/kkj gksrk gS%
Û ^^fiNys thfor tUe ds ckn de ls de 24 eghuksa esa
Û xHkZikr ;k çsfjr xHkZikr ds ckn 6 eghuksa ls igys ugha]
Û ,d ek¡ ds 21 lky dh vk;q rd igq¡pus ls igys
ugha** ø20À
eq[; HTSP gLr{ksiksa esa fuEufyf[kr ‘kkfey gSa%
Û uhfr ds Lrj ij iSjoh
Û efgykvksa vkSj ifjokjksa dh f’k{kk vkSj dkmalfyax
Û tSls volj feyas & vFkkZr xHkZikr&Ik’pkr ns[kHkky ds
lkFk vkSj cpiu ds jksxksa dk ,dh—r çca/ku dk;ZØe
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6.8 Page 58 |
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¼IMCI½ ds lkFk & ifjokj fu;kstu lsokvksa] vkSj vU;
dk;ZØeksa ds lkFk ,dhdj.k
HTSP dk;ZØeksa dks ;w,l,M iksf”kr foLrkj lsok
fMyhojh ¼bZ,lMh½ ifj;kstuk ds fgLls ds :i esa dbZ
fodkl’khy ns’kksa esa ‘kq: fd;k x;k gS] ftldk mís’;
ifjokj fu;kstu lsokvksa ds mi;ksx dks fo’ks”k :i ls
de lsok okys leqnk;ksa esa c<+kuk gS ø20ÀA gekjh [kkst
us usiky esa ,d HTSP dk;ZØe ds ,d v/kZ çk;ksfxd
ewY;kadu v/;;u dks fpfUgr fd;kA
CATALYST ;kfu mRçsjd
;g ekr`] f’k’kq vkSj cky e`R;q nj dks de djus ds
mís’; ls ifjokj fu;kstu vkSj çtuu LokLF; lsokvksa
dks c<+kok nsus okyh ,d LokLF; ifj;kstuk FkhA bldh
,d eq[; j.kuhfr tUe esa mPp çkFkfedrk vkSj thou
j{kd vH;kl ds :i esa varj j[kus dh iSjoh djuk FkhA
CATALYST us O;ogkj ifjorZu lapkj ij LokLF;
ns[kHkky çnkrkvksa ds fy, çf’k{k.k vk;ksftr fd;k vkSj
^^tUe ds chp loksZR—“V varj gLr{ksi ¼OBSI½ ij
dkamlafyx dhA blus OBSI ij oSf’od vkSj jk”Vªh; Lrj
ij iSjoh Hkh dhA ifj;kstuk ;w,l,M }kjk foÙk iksf”kr gS
vkSj varjjk”Vªh; xSj ljdkjh laxBuksa ds ,d la?k }kjk
2000 vkSj 2005 ds chp 15 ns’kksa esa ykxw dh xbZA felz esa
fd, x, OBSI gLr{ksi dks ,d v/kZ ç;ksxkRed v/;;u
fMtkbu dk mi;ksx dj ewY;kafdu fd;k x;k gS vkSj mls
bl leh{kk esa ‘kkfey fd;k x;k gS ø21ÀA
çtuu LokLF; los kvkas ds mi;kxs dks c<k+ ok nus ]s vkjS dHkh
dHkh] de vk;q eas ‘kknh eas njs h ls lca fa /kr vU; mí’s ;kas eas
tUe ds chp lokRZs —“V vra j j[kus dks c<k+ ok nus k ,d
lh/kk mí’s ; FkkA phu ds ,d gLr{kis eas gky gh eas tUe
nus s okyh efgykvkas dks vkikrdkyhu xHkfZ ujk/s kd ds mUur
çko/kku ds ek/;e ls vuk;kl xHk/Z kkj.k dks jkds us ij /;ku
dfas ær fd;k x;k g]S blfy, tUe ds chp lokRZs —“V vra j
j[kus dks ijk{s k :i ls c<k+ ok fey jgk gAS
yf{kr lewg
çkFkfed y{; lewg esa orZeku esa xHkZorh ;k gky gh esa
cPps dks tUe nsus okyh ;qok fookfgr efgyk,a vkSj muds
ifr FksA lHkh esa ugha ij nks dk;ZØeksa esa] nwljs Øe ds cgq
y{; lewg Fks ftuesa ifjokj ls lkl vkSj vU; cM+ksa tSls
fu.kZ;drkZvksa lfgr leqnk; ds usrk vkSj Ldwy ds f’k{kdksa
vkSj /kkfeZd usrkvksa] LokLF; lsok çnkrkvksa tSls jk; dk
çHkkfor djus okys yksx ‘kkfey FksA bu fofHkUu yf{kr
lewgksa ds vykok] felz dk rglhu ¼CATALYST½
dk;ZØe vkSj usiky dk HTSP dk;ZØe Li”V :i ls
ljdkj ds mPp Lrjh; fgr/kkjdksa dks fu’kkuk cukus dk
mYys[k djrs gSaA phu ls ^vkikrdkyhu
xHkZfujks/kd dk mUur çko/kku* vdsyh ,slh ifj;kstuk Fkh
ftlesa dsoy çloksÙkj efgykvksa ds ,d gh y{; lewg
dks ‘kkfey fd;k x;k Fkk tcfd ^^ekr`Ro esa iq#”k ;k eSu
bu eSVjfuVh** ¼MiM½ dk;ZØe esa çlo iwoZ ns[kHkky dh
ekax djus okyh xHkZorh efgykvksa vkSj muds ifr;ksa dks
‘kkfey fd;k x;k FkkA
bl leh{kk eas tUe ds chp loksZRÑ“V
varj j[kus dks c<+kok nsus ds fy,
ewY;kafdr gLr{ksi
[kkst esa Hkkjr ls vkB vkSj vU; fodkl’khy ns’kksa ls rhu
v/;;u feys] tks ‘kkfey fd, tkus ds ekunaM ij [kjs
mrjsA pwafd dqN v/;;u ,d gh dk;ZØe ds ckjs esa Fks]
ukS dk;ZØeksa & Ng Hkkjr ls] ,d ,d usiky] felz vkSj
phu ls & dh leh{kk dh xbZA
ukS dk;ØZ ekas eas ls vkB eas vDlj ifjokj fu;kts u vkjS
viukbZ xbZ j.kuhfr;k¡
lehf{kr ukS dk;ZØeksa us tUe esa varj j[kus dks lacksf/kr
;k çHkkfor djus okyh Ng j.kuhfr;ksa esa ls ,d ;k ,d
ls vf/kd dks viuk;kA
1½ ;qok fookfgr efgykvksa ds fy, yf{kr lans’k
2½ ;oq k fookfgr i#q ”kkas ij dfas nrz ‘kfS {kd vkjS ijke’kZ gLr{kis
3½ lkeqnkf;d la?kVu & cM+s iSekus ij leqnk; ds
lnL;ksa dh O;kid lkekftd ,dtqVrk ls ysdj ;qok
yksxksa ds ekrk&firk vkSj ifjokj ds lnL;ksa ds chp
yf{kr tkx:drk iSnk djus ds dk;ZØe FksA
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6.9 Page 59 |
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4½ LokLF; vkSj lac) lsok çnkrkvksa ¼ljdkj vkSj@;k
futh {ks=ksa½ ds lkFk tqM+ko
5½ l jdkjh LokLF; ds {ks= ds vanj tUe ds chp
loksZR—“V varj j[kus ds lans’kksa vkSj lsokvksa dks
eq[;/kkjk esa ykuk
6½ mPp Lrjh; iSjoh
eqykdkrsa xHkkZoLFkk ds nkSjku] rhu çloksÙkj ds nkSjku
vkSj ,d cPps ds tUe ds nks fnu ds Hkhrj FkhA gj
eqykdkr ds nkSjku fof’k”V] ekudh—r lans’k fn, x,A
ckn okyh gj eqykdkr igyh eqykdkr ds lans’kksa dks
lq–<+ djrh vkSj lsokvksa vkSj okaNuh; çFkk,a viukus dk
nLrkosthdj.k djrh ø27ÀA
1½ ;qok fookfgr efgykvksa ds fy, yf{kr lans’k
vkB dk;ZØeksa ¼rglhu] felz dks NksM+ dj½ us xHkZorh ;k
çloksÙkj efgykvksa dks vkSj ftu efgykvksa dk lcls NksVk
cPpk nks lky ls de dk Fkk] mu efgykvksa ds fy, tUe
ds chp loksZR—“V varj j[kus ls lacaf/kr yf{kr lans’k
fn,A ikap dk;ZØeksa esa ;g lans’k] ljdkj ds lkeqnkf;d
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa }kjk ?kj ?kj tkdj fn, x,]
tcfd çpkj dk;ZØe esa leqnk; ds Hkhrj ls çf’kf{kr
ifjorZudrkZvksa dk bLrseky fd;k x;kA fn’kk dk;ZØe us
efgykvksa ds fy, ‘kSf{kd l=ksa ds ek/;e ls viuk lans’k
fn;k tcfd MiM dk;ZØe vkSj vkikrdkyhu
xHkZfujks/kd dk mUur çko/kku] nksuksa us fDyfud vk/kkfjr
ijke’kZ vkSj f’k{kk dks ‘kkfey fd;kA
mRrj çns’k esa çxfr dk;ZØe dk v/;;u yf{kr lans’k
forj.k j.kuhfr dk fooj.k çnku djrk gSA xHkkZoLFkk
vkSj çloksÙkj vof/k ds nkSjku lkr eqykdkrsa dh xbZa] rhu
2½ ;qok fookfgr iq#”kksa ds fy, yf{kr lans’k
ikpa dk;ØZ ekas us bl j.kuhfr dks viuk;k] vkjS dk;ØZ ekas
ds vkB mi legw Fks ftUgkuas s ;oq k fookfgr efgykvkas ds
fy, yf{kr lna ’s k çnku fd,A xHkoZ rh efgykvkas vkjS
çlokÙs kj efgykvkas vkjS ftudk lcls NkVs k cPpk nks lky
ls de dk Fkk ,ls h efgykvkas ds ifr;kas dks lna ’s k dk
fu’kkuk cuk;k x;kA MiM dk;ØZ e dks NkMs + dj lHkh eas
lna ’s k O;ofLFkr lenq k; vk/kkfjr ‘kfS {kd l= eas fn, x,A
blds vykok] çpkj vkjS jgs ;k dk;ØZ ekas eas lenq k; ls
i#q ”k ifjoruZ drkvZ kas ds ek/;e ls ?kj vk/kkfjr dkmla fyxa
Hkh Fkh] tcfd vU; nks dk;ØZ ekas eas ?kj ij mudh ifRu;kas
ls feyus ds nkjS ku i#q ”kkas dh dkmla fyx ds fy, miyC/k
fdlh Hkh volj dk bLres ky fd;k x;kA MiM dk;ØZ e eas
i#q ”kkas ds fy, lna ’s k fDyfud ds ifjo’s k eas fn, x,A
3½ lkeqnkf;d la?kVu
lkenq kf;d l?a kVu j.kuhfr;ka cMs+ ieS kus ij lenq k; ds
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6.10 Page 60 |
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lnL;kas ds O;kid lkekftd ,dtVq rk ls yds j ;oq k ykxs kas
ds ifjokj ds lnL;kas ds chp yf{kr tkx:drk dk;ØZ ekas
rd vyx vyx FkhAa lehf{kr lkr dk;ØZ ekas ¼fDyfud
vk/kkfjr nks dks NkMs d+ j½ us bl j.kuhfr dk bLres ky
fd;kA yf{kr tkx:drk inS k djus okys dk;ØZ e lklk]as
;oq k fookfgr tkMs k+ ]as ifjokj ds e[q ; cMk+ (as vkjS lkFk gh
lenq k; ds urs kvkas vkjS jk; çHkkfor djus okykas rd igp¡q As
felz ds rglhu dk;ØZ e eas çHkkfor djus ds fy, ,d
egRoi.w kZ y{; legw ds :i eas /kkfedZ urs k FkAs
lapkj ds vyx vyx rjhds vkSj midj.kksa & lewg dh
cSBds] jaxeap] nhokj isafVax] ipsZ vkSj iqfLrdk] Vh-oh- vkSj
LFkkuh; jsfM;ks ij ,;jVkbe ij foKkiu Li‚V & dk
bLrseky fd;k x;kA felz esa] ljdkj ds f’k{kk foHkkx
}kjk vk;ksftr lk{kjrk d{kkvksa eas tUe ds chp loksZR—“V
varj j[kus ij lans’k fn;k x;k] vkSj —f”k vkSj flapkbZ
foLrkj dk;ZdrkZvksa dks fdlkuksa rd lans’k dk çlkj
djus ds fy, çf’kf{kr fd;k x;kA
rhu dk;ZØeksa & çpkj] jsg;k vkSj fn’kk & esa /;ku futh
{ks= LokLF; çnkrkvksa ds çf’k{k.k ij dasfnzr Fkk] ftlesa
vukSipkfjd çnkrk vkSj ikjaifjd tUe ifjpkjd] vkSj xSj
ljdkjh laxBuksa ds lkeqnkf;d dk;ZdrkZ ‘kkfey gks ldrs
FksA usiky HTSP dk;ZØe us lkoZtfud vkSj futh
nksuksa LokLF; lsok çnkrkvksa dks çf’kf{kr fd;kA
5½ ljdkjh LokLF; ds {ks= ds vanj tUe
ds chp loksZRÑ“V varj j[kus ds lans’kksa vkSj
lsokvksa dks eq[;/kkjk esa ykuk
Hkkjr vkjS uis ky eas HTSP ifj;kts ukvkas vkjS Hkkjr eas çxfr
ifj;kts uk us tUe eas vra j j[kus ds mik;kas dks ykxw djus ds
fy, lkotZ fud LokLF; ç.kkyh vkjS los k çnkrkvkas ds lkFk
dke fd;kA ;g dk;Z lHkh lHa kkfor dk;ØZ ekas vkjS dk;dZ rkvZ kas
ds ek/;e ls fd;k x;k Fkk% mnkgj.k ds fy,] Hkkjr e]as
lkenq kf;d LokLF; dk;dZ rkvZ kas vkjS ,dh—r cky fodkl
;kts uk ¼vkb-Z lh-Mh-,l-½ ds f’k’kq n[s kHkky dk;dZ rkvZ kas nkus kas dks
çf’kf{kr vkjS dk;kUZ o;u eas ‘kkfey fd;k x;kA
4½ LokLF; vkSj lac) lsok çnkrkvksa ds
lkFk tqMk+ o
LokLF; vkSj lac) lsok çnkrkvksa ds lkFk tqM+ko esa
LokLF; vkSj vU; lacaf/kr foHkkxksa ¼tSls efgyk ,oa cky
dY;k.k foHkkx½ ds lkFk ea=.kk cSBdsa] vkSj lkoZtfud
vkSj futh] vkSipkfjd vkSj vukSipkfjd LokLF; {ks=ksa ls
LokLF; vkSj lac) lsok çnkrkvksa dks çf’k{k.k ‘kkfey
gSA ;g j.kuhfr Ng dk;ZØeksa & ikap Hkkjr ls vkSj
,d usiky ls HTSP dk;ZØe & }kjk viukbZ xbZ
FkhA Hkkjr vkSj usiky esa HTSP dk;ZØeksa vkSj çxfr
dk;ZØe esa] ljdkj us lsok çnkrkvksa] fo’ks”k :i ls
vxyh iafDr ds Jfedksa dks] ljdkjh LokLF; ç.kkyh
ds vanj tUe ds chp loksZR—“V varj j[kus ds lans’kkas
dks eq[;/kkjk esa ykus ds fy, j.kuhfr ds fgLls ds :i
esa çf’kf{kr fd;k x;kA fQj çf’kf{kr Jfedksa dks ;qok
fookfgr efgykvksa vkSj iq#”kksa rd tUe ds chp
loksZR—“V varj j[kus ds yf{kr lans’k igqapkus dh
ftEesnkjh lkSaih xbZA ,slh lksp us j.kuhfr dks cM+s
iSekus ij ys tkus esa enn dhA
felz ds rglhu dk;ZØe esa] ,d ekLVj LVªksd OBSI
dks vkj-,p-@,Q-ih- Dyhfudy lsok ds çko/kku ds fy,
us’kuy Dyhfudy ekudksa esa ‘kkfey djok jgk Fkk tks u
dsoy lkoZtfud {ks= esa cfYd futh vkSj ,u-th-vks- {ks=ksa
esa uSnkfud vH;kl ekudksa dks funsZf’kr djrk gSA ,d
vkSj lQyrk OBSI lans’kksa dk iwoZ&lsok ds ikBîØe ds
lkFk lkFk lsok&esa LokLF; is’ksojksa ds lkFk ,dhdj.k FkhA
6½ mPp Lrjh; iSjoh
usiky HTSP dk;ZØe vkSj rglhu dk;ZØe ds
ewY;kadu ,d Li”V j.kuhfr ds :i esa mPp Lrjh; iSjoh
dk mYys[k djrs gSaA usiky esa] dsanzh; çtuu LokLF;
lfefr ds lnL;ksa vkSj ifjokj fu;kstu ij jk”Vªh;
rduhdh dk;Z lewg ds lkFk lkeus vkbZ dbZ pqukSfr;ksa
lfgr gLr{ksi] vkSj mldh çxfr ds ckjs esa tkudkjh
ckaVus ds fy, cSBdsa vk;ksftr dh xbZaA
felz esa] vkWfIVey cFkZ Lisflax baVjosy ¼OBSI½ ;kfu
tUe ds chp loksZR—“V varj j[kus ds ckjs esa ,d vke
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7 Pages 61-70 |
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7.1 Page 61 |
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rkfydk 4- tUe ds chp loksZR—“V varj j[kus dks c<+kok nsus okys dk;ZØeksa dh
çHkko’khyrk] bLrseky dh xbZ j.kuhfr;ka vkSj çek.kksa dh et+cwrhA
Øe- la
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
dk;ØZ e dk uke
rglhu ¼(CATALYST project½] felz
lsok çnkuxh ifj;kstuk ds foLrkj ds ek/;e
ls ,p-Vh-,l-ih- (HTSP) }kjk ykxw] usiky
vupkgs xHkZ dks jksdus ds fy, vkikrdkyhu
xHkZfujks/kd dk mUur çko/kku] phu
,p-Vh-,l-ih- (HTSP) ifj;kstuk]
mÙkj çns’k] Hkkjr
çxfr] mÙkj çns’k] Hkkjr
çpkj (PRACHAR)] fcgkj] Hkkjr
fn’kk (DISHA)] fcgkj vkSj >kj[kaM] Hkkjr
jsg;k (RHEYA), fnYyh] e/; çns’k vkSj
rfeyukMq] Hkkjr
ekr`Ro esa iq#”k (Men in Maternity -
MiM), fnYyh] Hkkjr
j.kuhfr;k¡
3]5]6
1]3]4]5]6
1
1]2]3]4]5
1]2]3]4]5
1]2]3]4
1]3]4
1]2]3]4
1]2
çHkko’khyrk
çek.k dh x.q koÙkk
Tkx:drk cnyus esa çHkkoh C1
çHkkoh
B
çHkkoh ugha
A
çHkkoh
B
çHkkoh
C1
çHkkoh
B
çHkkoh
B
çHkkoh
B
çHkkoh
B
lzksr% ø22&31À
j.kuhfr;k¡% 1 ¾ ;qok fookfgr efgykvksa ds fy, yf{kr lans’k 2 ¾ ;qok fookfgr iq#”kksa ds fy, ‘kSf{kd vkSj dkmalfyax
gLr{ksi 3 ¾ lkeqnkf;d la?kVu 4 ¾ LokLF; vkSj lac) lsok çnkrkvksa ¼ljdkj vkSj@;k futh {ks=ksa½ ds lkFk tqM+ko 5
¾ tUe ds chp loksZR—“V varj j[kus ds lans’kksa vkSj lsokvksa dks ljdkjh LokLF; {ks= dh eq[;/kkjk esa ykuk 6 ¾ mPp
Lrjh; iSjoh
çek.k dh xq.koÙkk% A ¾ ç;ksxkRed fMtkbu B ¾ v/kZ ç;ksxkRed fMtkbu C1 ¾ v/;;u ls ^^igys&ckn** esa
lgefr dk;e djus ds fy, ,d Bksl j.kuhfr esa ifjokj
fu;kstu vkSj ekr` ,oa cky LokLF; {ks= ls çeq[k uhfr
fuekZrkvksa ds lkFk tqM+ko ‘kkfey FkkA
j.kuhfr;ksa dh çHkko’khyrk
fuEufyf[kr ladsrd lkekU;r% dk;ZØeksa ds çHkko ds
ladsrdksa ds :i esa v/;;u ds }kjk bLrseky fd, x,
gSa% fu;af=r ;k rqyuk lewg ds eqdkcys gLr{ksi lewg esa
,d cPps okyh efgykvksa ;k çloksÙkj efgykvksa ds chp
xHkZfujks/kdksa ds bLrseky esa egRoiw.kZ lkaf[;dh;
o`f)( vkSj fu;af=r ;k rqyuk lewg ds eqdkcys gLr{ksi
lewg esa vkSlr tUe varjky esa egRoiw.kZ lkaf[;dh;
o`f)A phu dk v/;;u gLr{ksi esa ,d o”kZ esa çloksÙkj
xHkkZoLFkk dh nj ds eqdkcys vkadyu ds fy, fu;af=r
lewg dks ladsr ds :i esa mi;ksx djrk gSA v/;;uksa esa
tUe esa varj j[kus dh fn’kk esa lgh Kku vkSj@;k mfpr
–f”Vdks.k ds lkFk yf{kr tula[;k ds vuqikr esa ifjorZu
ds ladsrdks dk Hkh bLrseky fd;k x;k gSA
ukS ewY;kaduksa esa ls dsoy ,d esa çk;ksfxd v/;;u ds
fMtkbu dks viuk;k x;k] Ng esa iwoZ&Ik’pkr ewY;kadu
ds lkFk ,d v/kZ ç;ksxkRed v/;;u fMtkbu dks
viuk;k x;k] vkSj nks v/;;uksa esa igys&ckn dh
i)fr dk bLrseky fd;k x;kA lHkh v/;;uksa esa ugha
ysfdu ,d dks vius ?kksf”kr mís’;ksa dks çkIr djus esa
çHkkoh ik;k x;kA
rglhu ifj;kstuk esa] ftlesa lkeqnkf;d la?kVu vkSj
mPp Lrjh; iSjoh dks bLrseky fd;k x;k Fkk] mlesa
ifj;kstuk }kjk mRikfnr ukVdksa dks ns[kus okyksa esa muds
OBSI varjky dh tkudkjh esa 27% ls 60% rd]
/kkfeZd usrkvksa esa 19% ls 98% dh o`f) gqbZA lk{kjrk
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vra j j[kus vkjS çlo ds i’pkr xHkfZ ujk/s kdkas ds mi;kxs
nkus kas ds ckjs eas tkudkjh eas lQyrkiow dZ of` ) dh gAS
ryq uk legw eas 30% ds edq kcys gLr{kis legw eas lRrkou
çfr’kr efgyk,a çlo ds i’pkr ukS eghus ij
xHkfZ ujk/s kd fof/k dk mi;kxs dj jgh FkhAa lkFk gh]
ryq uk legw eas 45% xHkfZ ujk/s kd mi;kxs u djus okykas ds
edq kcys gLr{kis legw eas 24% efgyk,a çlo ds i’pkr ukS
eghus ij xHkfZ ujk/s kd fof/k dk mi;kxs ugha dj jgh FkhAa
gLr{kis legw e]as lcls vke fof/k dMa kes ¼41%½ mlds ckn
ikjia fjd fof/k;ka ¼20%½ vkjS vkb-Z ;-w lh-Mh- ¼2%½ FkhA
d{kkvksa esa Hkkx ysus okys iq#”kksa esa OBSI ds ckjs esa
tkudkjh ds lkFk lkFk ek¡ vkSj Hkzw.k dks blls gksus okys
Qk;ns ds ckjs esa tkudkjh esa o`f) fn[kkbZ nhA 1% ds
Lrj ij lHkh lkaf[;dh; :Ik ls egRoiw.kZ o`f) Fkh]
ysfdu fcuk fdlh rqyuk lewg ds v/;;u igys&ckn
okyk i)fr dk v/;;u Fkk] rkfd fo’ks”k :i ls bl
gLr{ksi esa ifjorZu fo’ks”krkvksa dks l{ke fd;k tk ldsA
usiky HTSP ifj;kstuk esa ik;k x;k gS fd fu;af=r
{ks= esa efgykvksa ds ,d rqyuh; lewg ds 63% dh
rqyuk esa gLr{ksi {ks= esa 84% efgyk,a 7&15 eghus
çlo ds Ik’pkr xHkZfujks/kd fof/k dk mi;ksx dj jgh
FkhaA uCcs çfr’kr efgyk,a ySDVs’kuy ,SEuksfj;k fof/k
dks igyh fof/k ds :i bLrseky dj jgh Fkha vkSj ckn
esa mu lHkh us vk/kqfud xHkZfujks/kd fof/k dks viuk
fy;kA bl dk;ZØe us iq#”kksa dks yf{kr ugha fd;k
Fkk] ysfdu ,slk yxrk gS fd mUgksaus vius mís’;ksa dks
gkfly dj fy;k gSA
gLr{kis ds vra eas çxfr dk;ØZ e us rhukas gLr{kis {k=s kas
eas çlokRs rj efgykvkas eas xHkfZ ujk/s kdkas ds bLres ky eas &
ejq knkckn eas 17% ls 27%, yfyrijq eas 12% ls 27%
vkjS cfy;k eas 9% ls 33-9% & egRoi.w kZ of` ) ntZ dhA
xHkkoZ LFkk vkjS çlokRs rj ds nkjS ku fof’k”V le; ds vu:q i
lna ’s k cukus ds ekeys eas ;g ,d vf}rh; gLr{kis Fkk]
yfs du ryq uk legw ds vHkko ds dkj.k n<` r+ kiow dZ ;g
dguk dfBu gS fd ;g of` ) gLr{kis dk çR;{k ifj.kke Fkk
u fd fdlh vU; vra fufZ gr ;k gLr{kis dkjd dkA
çpkj dk;ZØe esa gLr{ksi {ks= esa ,d cPps okyh efgykvksa
ds chp xHkZfujks/kdksa ds bLrseky esa & cslykbu ij 6%
ls ,.M ykbu ij 25% & ,d mYys[kuh; o`f) ikbZ xbZ
gSA ;g o`f) Hkh rqyuk {ks= ds eqdkcys dkQh vf/kd FkhA
RHEA dk;ZØe ftlus ;gh i)fr viukbZ Fkh n’kkZrk gS
fd ,.M ykbu ij igys vkSj nwljs tUeksa ds chp vkSlr
varjky rqyuk {ks= esa 33-9 eghus ds eqdkcys gLr{ksi {ks=
esa 35-2 eghus Fkk] tks lkaf[;dh; :i ls ,d
egRoiw.kZ varj gSA
pkj Hkkjrh; dk;ØZ e & HTSP ifj;kts uk] çxfr] çpkj]
vkjS RHEA & us j.kuhfr;kas ds blh rjg ds feJ.k
dks viuk;k & efgykvkas vkjS muds ifr;kas dks f’k{kk vkjS
dkmla fyxa ] lkenq kf;d l?a kVu vkjS tMq k+ o ds lkFk LokLF;
n[s kHkky çnkrkvkas dks çf’k{k.kA bu lHkh dks çHkkoh ik;k
x;k g]S vkjS bueas ls rhu eas etcrw çek.k gAaS
Hkkjr eas HTSP ifj;kts uk us gLr{kis legw eas tUe eas
fn’kk ifj;kts uk eas fo’k”s k :i ls ifr;kas dks yf{kr dj
gLr{kis ugha fd, x, Fk]s mUgkuas s efgykvk]as lenq k;] vkjS
LokLF; n[s kHkky çnkrkvkas ds lkFk dke fd;kA budk çtuu
LokLF; vkjS thou dk’S ky f’k{kk ds lkFk ;oq k vfookfgr
efgykvkas vkjS i#q ”kkas dks yf{kr dj ,d ‘kfS {kd gLr{kis Hkh
FkkA vfookfgr ;oq k ykxs kas ds lkFk gLr{kis ls ,ls k n[s kk x;k
gS fd ;g ‘kknh ds ckn O;ogkj dks çHkkfor djrk gAS fn’kk
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f’k{kk dk;ØZ e ds lia dZ eas u jgus okys ;oq kvkas dh ryq uk eas
lia dZ eas jgus okys ;oq kvkas eas 60% ls vf/kd eas ‘kknh ds ckn
xHkfZ ujk/s kd mi;kxs dh lHa kkouk n[s kh xbZ gAS
çxfr vkSj HTSP ifj;kstukvksa }kjk bLrseky ljdkjh
LokLF; ds {ks= esa tUe esa varj j[kus dks c<+kok nsus
okyh xfrfof/k;ksa dks eq[;/kkjk esa ykus dh j.kuhfr] esa
nh?kksZi;ksxh vkSj lLrs esa cM+s iSekus ij tkus dh {kerk gS
vkSj blds fy, vkxs tk¡p djus dh t:jr gSA
MiM dk;ZØe us xHkZorh efgykvksa vkSj muds ifr;ksa ds
lkFk dkmalfyax] f’k{kk vkSj lsok ds çko/kku ds lkFk
fDyfud ds ifjos’k esa gLr{ksi fd;kA ;g j.kuhfr Hkh
çHkkoh ikbZ xbZA çlo&i’pkr 6&9 eghus ij rqyuk
lewgksa ds eqdkcys gLr{ksi lewgksa esa xHkZfujks/kd dk
mi;ksx dkQh vf/kd FkkA mi;ksx u djus okyksa esa]
rqyuk lewg ds eqdkcys xHkZfujks/kd dk mi;ksx djus dk
bjknk j[kus okyh efgyk,a gLr{ksi lewg esa dkQh vf/kd
FkhaA iq#”kksa esa ,slk dksbZ laca/k ugha ik;k x;kA
phu e]as çlokRs rj efgykvkas dks vkikrdkyhu xHkfZ ujk/s kd dk
mUur çko/kku] tgk¡ vkikrdkyhu xHkfZ ujk/s kdkas ds mi;kxs
eas of` ) dj jgk g]S vuk;kl xHk/Z kkj.k vkjS çfs jr xHkiZ kr ds
[krjs eas deh ugha vk jgh gAS fu;fa =r legw dh ryq uk eas
gLr{kis legw dh efgykvkas esa 1 o”kZ ds vra eas xHkkoZ LFkk njkas
eas dkbs Z vra j ugha FkkA
bl çek.k dh tkap ls nks vLFkkbZ fu”d”kZ mHkjrs gSaA
,d] tUe esa varj dks c<+kok nsus ds çHkkoh dk;ZØe ds
fy, tUe esa varj ij efgykvksa vkSj muds ifr;ksa ds
lkFk O;kidrk ls dke djus ds lkFk lkFk lkeqnkf;d
leFkZu vkSj LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ {kerk fuekZ.k ,d laHkkfor
j.kuhfr;ksa dk dkjxj feJ.k gks ldrk gSA blds vanj]
iq#”kksa ds lkFk dke djus ds egRo dh vkxs iM+rky
djus dh t:jr gSA dqN gLr{ksi tks ifr;ksa ds fy,
fo’ks”k :i ls yf{kr gLr{ksi djs fcuk lkeqnkf;d la?kVu
ds fgLls ds :i esa iq#”kksa dks ‘kkfey djrs gaS] muesa Hkh
çHkkoh ifj.kke çkIr gksus yxrs gSa] vkSj vkxs blds dkj.kksa
dh tkap djus dh t:jr gSA
nwljk vLFkkbZ fu”d”kZ gS] fd MiM dk;ZØe tSls fDyfud
vk/kkfjr gLr{ksiksa esa laHkkouk gSa] vkSj muesa /;ku dsafær
gksus] de lalk/ku [kpZ] vkSj budh dBksj fuxjkuh vkSj
ewY;kadu fd, tk ldus dk Qk;nk gSA
vf/kd gLr{ksi v/;;uksa dh t:jr gS] tks bu rjhdksa
ds lkFk ç;ksx djsa] ftlls çHkko’khyrk dk ,d csgrj
fo’ys”k.k gks ldsxkA
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outcome of the preceding pregnancy
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16. S ingh K, Bloom S, OngTsui A.
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20. BASICS III. Healthy Timing and
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25. K han ME, Sebastian MP, Sharma U
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26. S ebastian MP, Khan ME, Kumari K
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Contraception in Rural India:
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27. World Vision United States and India
The Right Messages – To the Right
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World Vision, 2008
28. D aniel EE, Masilamani R, Rahman
M. The effect of community-based
reproductive health communication
interventions on contraceptive use
among young married couples in Bihar,
India. International Family Planning
Perspectives 2008; 34(4):189–97.
29. M athur S, Malhotra A, DasGupta
S, Mukherjee S, Kanesathasan A.
Should interventions address the
full complexity of transitions to
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30. W ilder J, Masilamani R, Mathews
A. Reproductive health of young
adults in India: The road to public
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India; 2006 Sep.
31. Varkey, L C, Mishra A, Das A et al.
Involving men in maternity care in
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Population Council, 2004; [accessed
Jan 6, 2013]. Available from: http://
www.popcouncil.org/frontiers/
frontiersfinalrpts.html
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v/;k; 5
ifjokj fu;kstu lsokvksa
dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj
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ifjp;
cgjgky ifjokj fu;kstu ds mi;ksxdrkZvksa us
xHkZfujks/kd mi;ksx esa ^^ns[kHkky dh xq.koÙkk** dks ‘kk;n
ges’kk dsaæh; ekuk gS] ysfdu ns[kHkky dh [kjkc xq.koÙkk
ifjokj fu;kstu dk;ZØeksa dh çxfr esa ck/kk gks ldrk gS
bl c<+rs vglkl ds ifj.kkeLo:i dsoy 1980 ds n’kd
ds ckn ifjokj fu;kstu dk;ZØeksa esa ;g v/;;u vkSj
ppkZ dk ,d eqík cukA
ifjokj fu;kstu esa ns[kHkky dh xq.koÙkk dk ewY;kadu
djus ds fy, lcls igys ekud vkSj ekunaM fu/kkZfjr
djus okyk <+k¡pk czwl&tSu <+k¡pk gS ø1&2ÀA
<+k¡pk lsok forj.k ds Lrj ij xq.koÙkk ds lkFk lacaf/kr gS]
vkSj ns[kHkky dh xq.koÙkk ds cgqvk;keh ç—fr dks le>us
ds fy, Ng rRoksa dh :ijs[kk nsrk gSA
1- fof/k;kas dk puq ko & ,d fo’oluh; vk/kkj ij dbZ lkjh
xHkfZ ujk/s kd fof/k;kas dk fn;k tkuk( çe[q k milegw kas ¼vk;]q
fyxa ] Lruiku djkus okyh efgykvk½as dh vko’;drkvkas
dks ijw k djus okyh fof/k;kas dk fn;k tkuk] tUekas vra j
c<k+ u@s lhfer djus ds bPNdq tkMs k+ as ds fy, lra k”s ktud
fodYi( fof/k;kas ij dkbs Z vuko’;d çfrc/a k ughAa
2- xzkgdksa dks nh xbZ tkudkjh & lsok ds fy, ckrphr
ds nkSjku xzkgdksa dks tkudkjh nh tkrh gS ftlls
os dq’kyrk vkSj larks”k ds lkFk xHkZfujks/kd pqu vkSj
bLrseky dj ikrs gSaA bl ckrphr esa fof/k ds çfrdwy
ladsr] Qk;ns vkSj uqdlku] pqus gq, rjhds dks dSls
mi;ksx djuk gS] laHkkfor nq”çHkkoksa] vkSj lsok çnkrkvksa
ls lrr ns[kHkky çkIr djus ds ckjs esa tkudkjh
‘kkfey gksrh gSA
3- rduhdh {kerk & çnkrkvksa dh fDyfud
laca/kh rduhds] çksVksd‚y dk ikyu] vkSj fDyfud
dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ,lsfIll ;kfu laØe.k ls eqDr
jgus dh voLFkk
4- i kjLifjd laca/k & lekuqHkwfr dh ek=k] fo’okl@
rkyesy] xksiuh;rk@,dkarrk] vkSj xzkgd dh t:jr
ds fy, çnkrk dh laosnu’khyrkA
5- QkyS kvs i vkjS fujra jrk dks çkRs lkfgr djus ds rjhds &
vPNh rjg ls okfdQ mi;kxs drkvZ k@as vkiS pkfjd dk;ØZ e
ls fujra j bLres ky dks çkRs lkfgr djukA rjhdkas eas ekl
ehfM;k vkjS xkz gd vk/kkfjr QkyS kvs i ¼nkcs kjk vkus ds fy,
rkjh[k fuf’pr djuk] xkz gdkas ds ?kj tk dj eyq kdkr
djuk½ nkus kas rjhds ‘kkfey gks ldrs gAaS
6- mfpr lsokvkas dk lewg & ml gn rd tgk¡ rd ;g
ifjokj fu;kstu lsokvksa xzkgdksa ds fy, lqfo/kktud
vkSj Lohdk;Z gksaA ;g mudh igq¡p dh lqfo/kk ¼nwjh]
le;] ykxr½ vkSj vU; lsokvksa ¼yEcor] ekr` ,oa f’k’kq
LokLF; lsokvksa] O;kid çtuu LokLF; lsokvksa ds lkFk
,dh—r½ ds lkFk ,d gn rd ,dhdj.k ø1&2ÀA
ns[kHkky dh xq.koÙkk vkSj xHkZfujks/kd
dk mi;ksx
dbZ v/;;uksa ls ladsr feyrk gS fd xq.koÙkk dh le>
,d xHkZfujks/kd fof/k viukus ls lacaf/kr fu.kZ; çHkkfor
djrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ckaXykns’k esa efgykvksa ds ,d
yEcs v/;;u esa ik;k x;k fd ftu yksxksa dks yxk fd
mUgsa {ks= ds dk;ZdrkZvksa ls ns[kHkky dh vPNh xq.koÙkk
çkIr gqbZ muesa ,slk u yxus okyksa dh rqyuk esa
xHkZfujks/kd fof/k viukus dh laHkkouk dkQh vf/kd FkhA
dqN 3632 efgyk,a tks cslykbu ij xHkZfujks/kdksa dk
mi;ksx ugha dj jgh Fkha vkSj ftuls {ks= dh efgyk
dk;ZdrkZvksa us eqykdkr dh] 30 eghus dh vof/k rd
mudk QkSyksvi fd;k x;kA mÙkj nsus okyksa ls iwNk x;k
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fd {ks= ds dk;ZdrkZ ls çkIr ns[kHkky dh xq.koÙkk ds ckjs
esa mudk D;k lkspuk FkkA cgqfHkUu:ih fo’ys”k.kksa ls irk
pyk fd vxys 30 eghuksa ds Hkhrj xHkZfujks/kd fof/k u
viukus okyh efgykvksa dh rqyuk esa ikjLifjd rkyesy
ls ekih xbZ ns[kHkky dk mPp Lrj crkus okyh efgyk,a
27% vf/kd FkhaA
ratkfu;k esa ns[kHkky xq.koÙkk ds ckjs esa lksp vkSj
xHkZfujks/kdksa viukus ds chp laca/k ,d iwjh rjg ls vyx
ifjos’k esa ik;k x;kA miyC/k ifjokj fu;kstu lsokvksa dh
xq.koÙkk ij lkeqnkf;d lksp dks çR;sd leqnk; esa dbZ
lkjs eq[; lwpuk nsus okyksa ds lk{kkRdkj ds }kjk ekik
x;k ø4À çR;sd lwpuk nsus okys ls nks loky iwNs x,%
,d fof’k”V ifjokj fu;kstu dsanz dh xq.koÙkk dk o.kZu
T;knkrj efgyk,a ¼;k iq#”k½ dSls djsaxs vkSj ,d ls ik¡p
ds iSekus ij ml lqfo/kk dsanz ds ckjs esa efgykvksa ¼;k
iq#”k½ ds lewps çHkko dks os dSls vafdr djsaxsA lwpuk
nsus okyksa us lqfo/kk dsanz ij igq¡p] vkSj ;k=k ds le; ij
tkudkjh nhA bl tkudkjh dks ratkfu;k Mh-,p-,l-ds
fy, ,d= ifjokj fu;kstu ds O;fDrxr O;ogkj vkSj
ifjokfjd i`”BHkwfe ds vk¡dM+ksa ds lkFk tksM+k x;k FkkA
tgk¡ xq.koÙkk dks csgrj ekuk x;k ogk¡ efgykvksa ds chp
xHkZfujks/kd mi;ksx dk Lrj vf/kd Fkk vkSj tgk¡ xq.koÙkk
dks [kjkc ekuk x;k ogk¡ de FkkA leqnk; ds Lrj ij
ekis x, dkjdksa esa ls dsoy xq.koÙkk dk xHkZfujks/kd ds
mi;ksx ij egRoiw.kZ çHkko FkkA
ns[kHkky dh xq.koÙkk Hkh bl ckr dh ,d egRoiw.kZ
fu/kkZjd gS fd dksbZ O;fä tks ‘kq: esa ,d xHkZfujks/kd
fof/k viukrk gS og bldk bLrseky tkjh j[ksxk fd
ughaA fQyhihal esa fd, x, v/;;u esa xzkgdksa dks feyus
okyh ifjokj fu;kstu lsokvksa dh xq.koÙkk dh /kkj.kk ds
yxkrkj xHkZfujks/kd bLrseky djus ds lkFk laca/k dh
tkap dh xbZA ns[kHkky dh xq.koÙkk dk ewY;kadu ikap
vk;keksa dk çfrfuf/kRo djus okys 24 ladsrdksa ds mi;ksx
}kjk fd;k x;k Fkk% xzkgd dh t:jr ds vkdyu]
nh xbZ tkudkjh] is’k fd, x, fodYi] D;k çnkrk us
xzkgd dk bykt vPNh rjg fd;k] vkSj D;k efgyk dks
QkSyksvi lsokvksa ds lkFk tksM+k x;k FkkA ns[kHkky ds ik¡p
igyqvksa dks tksM+ dj ,d la;qDr ifjorZu’khy la;kstu
dqy xq.koÙkk dks n’kkZrk gSA v/;;u esa ik;k x;k gS fd
viukus ds ckn 16 eghukas rd xHkZfujks/kdksa dk bLrseky
tkjh j[kuk egRoiw.kZ :i ls ns[kHkky dh xq.koÙkk ds
lkFk tqM+k gqvk FkkA xq.koÙkk ns[kHkky dks de] e/;e
vkSj mPp crkus okyh efgykvksa esa bLrseky tkjh j[kus
dh laHkkouk Øe’k% 55%] 62% vkSj 67% Fkh ø5ÀA felz
esa 2003 varfje tulkaf[;dh; vkSj LokLF; losZ{k.k ds
vk¡dM+ksa dk fo’ys”k.k djus okys ,d v/;;u esa ik;k x;k
gS fd rdZ ls vyx vfLFkj phtksa dks fu;af=r djus ds
ckn lkoZtfud {ks= dh LokLF; lqfo/kkvksa dk bLrseky
djus okyh efgykvksa esa xHkkZ’k; dsa vnaj yxk;k okyk
;a= ¼vkbZ-;w-lh-Mh-½ dk ç;ksx egRowi.kZ :i ls lsokvksa
dh xq.koÙkk ls lacaf/kr FkkA ns[kHkky dh xq.koÙkk dks pkj
vk;keksa ds lanHkZ esa ifjHkkf”kr fd;k x;k Fkk% dkmalfyax]
tk¡p d{k] xHkZfujks/kd rjhdksa dh vkiwfrZ vkSj çca/ku ø6ÀA
vU; v/;;uksa eas xHkZfujks/kd bLrseky tkjh j[kuk
ns[kHkky dh xq.koÙkk ds fof’k”V igyqvksa ds lkFk
lacaf/kr ik;k x;k gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] baMksusf’k;k esa
,d gtkj ls vf/kd efgykvksa ds ,d v/;;u esa ik;k
x;k gS fd rdZ ls vyx vfLFkj phtksa dks fu;af=r djus
ds ckn] viuh ilan dh fof/k çkIr djus okyh efgykvksa
esa mi;ksx tkjh j[kus dh laHkkouk vf/kd gS ctk; muds
ftUgsa viuh ilan dh fof/k çkIr ugha gqbZA viuh ilan
dh fof/k u feysu okyh efgykvksa esa 72% ds eqdkcys
viuh ilan dh fof/k feyus okyh efgykvksa esa mi;ksx
can djus dh nj dsoy 9% Fkh ø7ÀA yxrk gS fof/k ds
laHkkfor nq”çHkkoksa ds ckjs esa çnkrk }kjk nh xbZ vi;kZIr
tkudkjh xHkZfujks/kdksa dk bLrseky tkjh j[kus dh njksa
dks çHkkfor djus dk ,d vkSj egRoiw.kZ vk;ke gSA
ukbtj vkSj xkfEc;k esa xHkZfujks/kd can djus ij ,d
v/;;u esa crk;k fd ukbtj esa vi;kZIr dkmalfyax çkIr
djus okyh 37% efgykvksa ds eqdkcys i;kZIr dkmalfyax
çkIr djus okyh dsoy 19% efgykvksa us xHkZfujks/kd dk
bLrseky can fd;kA rnuqlkj] xkfEc;k ds fy, vk¡dM+s
Øe’k% 51% vkSj 14% Fks ø8ÀA
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7.9 Page 69 |
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Hkkjrh; ifjokj fu;kstu dk;ZØe esa
lsokvksa dh xq.koÙkk
iSekus vkSj dojst esa egRokdka{kh] Hkkjrh; ifjokj fu;kstu
dk;ZØe] xHkZfujks/kd çpyu njksa esa egRoiw.kZ o`f) çkIr
djus vkSj dbZ jkT;ksa esa çtuu {kerk esa rsth ls dVkSrh
dks çHkkfor djus esa lQy jgk gSA gkyk¡fd] igys dh
miyfC/k;ksa mi;ksxdrkZ dks mPp xq.koÙkkiw.kZ lsok,a çnku
djus dh dher ij FkhaA
Hkkjr ds ifjokj fu;kstu dk;ZØe esa ns[kHkky dh xq.koÙkk
ij v/;;u ds igys ladyu ds fy, vius ifjp; esa]
dksfuax ¼1999½ us dgk fd bl dk;ZØe dh fo’ks”krk
^^la[;k ds fy, ijeko’;d fpark** Fkh & xHkZfujks/kdksa ds
LohdkjdrkZvksa ds vkSj fo’ks”k :i ls] ulcanh ekeys esaA
iwjk dk;ZØe ifjokj fu;kstu dh Loh—fr ds fy, y{;ksa
}kjk çsfjr Fkk ftls lsok çnkrkvksa dks naMkRed dkjZokbZ
ds Mj ls iwjk djuk FkkA blls çnkrkvksa dk /;ku
ns[kHkky dh xq.koÙkk ij de jgk vkSj os y{; iwjk djus
dh fpark esa yxs jgsA <sjksa v/;;u cqfu;knh <kaps vkSj
midj.k] fof/k;ksa ds lhfer fodYi] uSnkfud çksVksd‚y ds
vHkko] laØe.k fu;a=.k çFkkvksa ds pkSadkus okys ykijokgh
ds ekeys vkSj efgykdks xHkZfujks/kd dk mi;ksx djuk
pkfg, ;k ugha blds laca/k esa çnkrk&funsZf’kr fu.kZ; ds
:i ns[kHkky dh [kjkc xq.koÙkk ds xokg gSa ø9ÀA
1997 esa ‘kq: fd, x, çtuu ,oa cky LokLF; dk;ZØe
us ifjokj dh O;kid çtuu LokLF; t:jrksa dks lacksf/kr
djus dh fn’kk esa ,d cnyko dk oknk fd;kA ns[kHkky
dh xq.koÙkk esa ,d Li”V /;ku dsafær fd;k x;k Fkk]
vkSj xHkZfujks/kd Loh—fr ds fy, y{;ksa dks ^^lkeqnkf;d
vko’;drk vkadyu** –f”Vdks.k }kjk çfrLFkkfir fd;k
tkuk FkkA blds vk/kkj ij xzkgdksa dh t:jrksa dk
ewY;kadu vkSj LFkkuh; Lrj ij dk;ZØe ds y{;ksa dks
fu/kkZfjr fd;k tuk FkkA ifjçs{; cnyko dk çkjafHkd
vkadyu mRlkgtud ugha FkkA ,d xSj ljdkjh laLFkk
}kjk ,d fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj] ljdkj ds lkFk feydj
dke djus okys xSj ljdkjh laLFkkvksa dks lkeqnkf;d
vko’;drk vkadyu viukus dh vuqefr ugha nh tkrh Fkh
vkSj mUgsa y{; fn, tkrs Fks ø10ÀA
gky gh eas ifjokj fu;kts u los kvkas eas n[s kHkky dh x.q koÙkk
ij dNq v/;;u fd, x, gAaS jk”Vhª ; ifjokj LokLF;
lo{Zs k.k&3 ds vk¡dMs+ n[s kHkky dh x.q koÙkk vFkkrZ lfw pr
ilna ds fof’k”V vk;kekas ls lca fa /kr dNq lda rs nrs s gAaS
xHkfZ ujk/s kdkas ds ektS nw k mi;kxs drkvZ kas eas ,d frgkbZ
¼32-2%½ ls de dks muds }kjk bLres ky dh tkus okyh ;k
bLres ky dh tk jgh fof/k ds çHkkokas ;k leL;kvkas ds ckjs eas
lfw pr fd;k x;k FkkA blls Hkh de ¼26%½ dks crk;k x;k
Fkk fd vxj os n”q çHkkokas dk vuHq ko djas rks mUgas D;k djuk
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7.10 Page 70 |
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gkxs kA vyx vyx fof/k;kas ds fodYi i’s k djus ds ekeys
e]as dos y 28% mi;kxs drkvZ kas dks LokLF; vkjS ifjokj
fu;kts u dk;dZ rkZ }kjk vU; bLres ky fd;k tk ldus okys
rjhdkas ckjs eas crk;k x;k Fkk ø11ÀA
ifjokj fu;kstu lsokvksa esa ns[kHkky
dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj ykus ds fy,
ewY;kafdr gLr{ksi
ifjokj fu;kstu lsokvksa dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj ds fy, lsok
çnkuxh ds ifjos’k esa dbZ vyx vyx uohu –f”Vdks.kksa
dks ykxw fd;k x;k gSA ,sls fofHké uokpkjksa ds 2003 esa
,d leh{kk esa fu”d”kZ fudyk gS fd xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj vkSj
mlls xHkZfujks/kd Loh—fr vkSj fujarjrk ds ije mís’;
dks çkIr djus ds fy, gLr{ksiksa dh çHkko’khyrk ij cgqr
de ifj’kq) ç;ksxkRed v/;;u fd, x, gSa ø12ÀA
vU; LokLF; vkjS fodkl los kvkas ds lkFk ifjokj fu;kts u
los kvkas dks ,dh—r djus dh çHkko’khyrk 2010 eas fd, x,
,d leh{kk dk fo”k; cuhA ukS dk;ØZ ekas dh igpku dh xbZ
gS tgk¡ ifjokj fu;kts u dks Vhdkdj.k dk;ØZ e] ,p-vkb-Z
oh-@,Ml~ dk;ØZ ekas tlS h LokLF; los kvkas vkjS ty ,oa
LoPNrk vkjS ekbØks Øfs MV tlS s fodkl dk;ØZ ekas ds lkFk
,dh—r fd;k x;kA leh{kk eas fu”d”kZ fudyk gS fd vU;
LokLF; los kvkas ds lkFk ifjokj fu;kts u ds ,dhdj.k dk
leFkuZ djus ds çek.k detkjs cus jgs ø40ÀA
vHkh gky gh esa ¼2011½ ,d O;ofLFkr leh{kk us & ifjokj
fu;kstu esa D;k dke djrk gS & ij çek.k ,d= djus
dk ç;kl fd;k ø41ÀA bl leh{kk esa 63 v/;;u ‘kkfey
gSa] ftlesa 42 ifjokj fu;kstu lsokvksa ds fy, ekax iSnk
djus ds mís’; okys gLr{ksiksa] vkSj 21 lsokvksa dh vkiwfrZ
esa lq/kkj dh tkap djus okys gLr{ksiksa ds ckjs esa gSaA
vkiwfrZ i{k ds 21 v/;;uksa esa ,d v/;;u fd’kkjkas }kjk
lsokvksa ds mi;ksx dks c<+kus ds fy, ,d okmpj dk;ZØe
ij Fkk] ukS v/;;u ifjokj fu;kstu lsokvksa dks vkSj
vf/kd lqyHk cukus ds gLr{ksiksa ij Fks blesa leqnk;
vk/kkfjr forj.k dk;ZØe ‘kkfey Fks( vkSj 11 v/;;u]
ns[kHkky dh csgrj xq.koÙkk tSls fof/k pquko dk foLrkj]
xzkgd&çnkrk ckrphr vkSj ns[kHkky ds ,dh—r forj.k
lfgr vU; –f”Vdks.k esa lq/kkj ij FksA dqy feykdj
fu”d”kZ ;g Fkk fd lsokvksa ds mi;ksx dks c<+kok nsus okys
gLr{ksiksa dk ifjokj fu;kstu ds ifj.kkeksa ij ,d etcwr
ldkjkRed çHkko Fkk] vkSj xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj ds ç;kl
ifjokj fu;kstu Kku] –f”Vdks.k vkSj O;ogkj ij ,d
ekewyh ldkjkRed çHkko fn[kkrs gSaA
orZeku leh{kk
orZeku leh{kk esa geus ifjokj fu;kstu lsokvksa esa
ns[kHkky dh xq.koÙkk esa o`f) djus ds mís’; okys vkiwfrZ
i{k ds gLr{ksiksa dks ‘kkfey fd;k gS2A v/;;u ds
fMtkbu vkSj xq.koÙkk ds fy, ‘kkfey ekinaM ds vuqlkj
,d O;ofLFkr [kkst esa 27 çdkf’kr gLr{ksi v/;;uksa
ds ewY;kadu v/;;u feysA Ng v/;;u Hkkjr ls Fks
ø13&18À] Ng nf{k.k ,f’k;k ls ø19&24À] 12 vÝhdk ls
ø25&36À vkSj vU; rhu fodkl’khy ns’kksa ls ø37&39ÀA
uewus ds vkdkj vkSj LFkku vkSj fu”d”kZ ds fooj.k
rkfydk 1 esa çLrqr fd, x, gSaA
yf{kr n’kZd
27 v/;;uksa esa ls] 16 efgykvksa vkSj iq#”kksa dh vke
turk dks lacksf/kr djrs ifjokj fu;kstu gLr{ksi Fks(
11 çtuu vk;q dh fookfgr efgykvksa ds lkFk gLr{ksi
Fks( rhu efgykvksa vkSj iq#”kksa ds lkFk gLr{ksi Fks] tcfd
,d ,d gLr{ksi vdsys iq#”kksa vkSj ;ksX; nEifr;ksa dks
lacksf/kr djus FkkA ‘ks”k 11 v/;;uksa esa ,sls gLr{ksiksa dh
tk¡p dh xbZ tks xHkZikr ds ckn ns[kHkky ¼8 v/;;u½ ;k
xHkkZoLFkk vkSj çlo laca/kh ns[kHkky ¼3 v/;;u½ pkgus
okyh efgykvksa ds mís’; ls fd, x, FksA
2 geus ,p-vkbZ-oh-@,M~l lsokvksa ds lkFk ifjokj fu;kstu dks ,dh—r djus okys gLr{ksiksa dks ‘kkfey ugha fd;k gS]
ftuesa ls vf/kdka’k vÝhdh ifjos’k esa fLFkr gSaA ,p-vkbZ-oh-@,M~l ds lkFk ifjokj fu;kstu dks ,dh—r djus ds lcd
ds fy,] ^^bafVxz’ku vkWQ ,e-,u-lh-,p- ,.M U;wfVª’ku] ,Q-ih- ,.M ,p-vkbZ-oh-% Qkbuy fjiksZV^^ ns[ksaA o‚f’kaxVu Mh-lh-]
Xykscy gSYFk Vsdfudy vflLVsal çkstsDV] 2011A
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8 Pages 71-80 |
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8.1 Page 71 |
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viukbZ xbZ j.kuhfr;ka
lehf{kr 27 dk;ZØeksa esa xq.koÙkkiw.kZ ifjokj fu;kstu
lsokvksa dh igq¡p esa lq/kkj ds fy, 10 esa ls ,d ;k
,d ls vf/kd vkSj Hkh j.kuhfr;ksa dks vkSj viuk;k x;k
¼rkfydk 1½A
1½ efgyk LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa ds ek/;e ls leqnk;
vk/kkfjr lsok çnkuxh
2½ iq#”k LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa ds ek/;e ls leqnk;
vk/kkfjr lsok çnkuxh
3½ efgykvksa ds fy, LokLF; lqfo/kk dsanz vk/kkfjr yf{kr
dkmalfyax vkSj f’k{kk
4½ iq#”kksa ds fy, LokLF; lqfo/kk dsanz vk/kkfjr yf{kr
dkmalfyax vkSj f’k{kk
5½ xHkZfujks/kd fodYiksa dk foLrkj
6½ ns[kHkky dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj ds fy, çnkrk çf’k{k.k
7½ csgrj laxBu] midj.k] vkSj vkiwfrZ ds ek/;e ls lsok
çko/kku dk lq–<+hdj.k
8½ ifjokj fu;kstu dk xHkZikr&Ik’pkr lsokvksa ds lkFk
,dhdj.k
9½ ifjokj fu;kstu dk ekr` LokLF; vkSj çlo ns[kHkky
ds lkFk ,dhdj.k
10½ leqnk; dk la?kVu
Åijfyf[kr pkj j.kuhfr;kas dks x.q koÙkk rRo ^^los kvkas dh
mfpr legw ** ds rgr oxh—Z r fd;k tk ldrk gAS ,d
vkjS nks j.kuhfr;kas e]as lenq k; vk/kkfjr los k çko/kku vkjS
xHkfZ ujk/s kd forj.k ds vyx vyx O;kid gLr{kis ‘kkfey
g]aS vkjS vkB vkjS ukS uEcj dh j.kuhfr;kas eas vU; çtuu
LokLF; los kvkas ds lkFk ifjokj fu;kts u dks ,dh—r fd;k
x;k gAS ikpa j.kuhfr;k%as rhu ls lkr rd dh j.kuhfr;kas eas
& xkz gd dfas ær los kvkas ds fy, çf’k{k.k vkjS çnkrk {kerk
fuek.Z k lfgr LokLF; lfq o/kkvkas ds Hkhrj los kvkas dh x.q koÙkk
eas l/q kkj djus ds fy, ç;kl ‘kkfey gAaS nloha j.kuhfr
los k çnkuxh eas l/q kkj djus ds fy, ,d ijw d ds :i eas
lenq k; dks xHkfZ ujk/s kd bLres ky djus ds fy, çjs .kk cuk,
j[kus vkjS fujra jrk dks çkRs lkfgr djus ds ,d
lk/ku ds :i eas tkMs r+ h gAS
gkyk¡fd Åijfyf[kr dbZ j.kuhfr;ksa dks ^^vkiwfrZ i{k**
dh j.kuhfr ds :i esa oxhZ—r djuk çFkkxr gS] gekjk
fo’okl gS fd j.kuhfr;ksa dks l[rh ls vkiwfrZ vkSj ekax
i{k esa Js.khc) djuk vklku ugha gksxkA bldk dkj.k
;g fd ns[kHkky dh csgrj xq.koÙkk xHkZfujks/kd bLrseky
ij eq[; :i ls xzkgdksa dks lsokvksa ds mi;ksx ds fy,
çksRlkfgr djds vkSj xHkZfujks/k ds fy, ekax dks çHkkfor
djus ds ek/;e ls çHkkoksa Mkyrh gSA
1½ efgyk LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa ds ek/;e ls
leqnk; vk/kkfjr lsok çnkuxh
nl dk;ZØeksa ¼X;kjg v/;;uksa½ esa efgyk LokLF;
dk;ZdrkZvksa ds ek/;e ls leqnk; vk/kkfjr lsok çnkuxh
‘kkfey FkhA bu dk;ZØeksa esa ls lkr esa] ;g eq[; gLr{ksi
j.kuhfr Fkh ø13&15] 19&20] 22]24ÀA nks dk;ZØeksa esa
blds lkFk leqnk; la?kVu ‘kkfey Fkk ø26&27À] ,d
esa iq#”k LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ dk;ZØe esa ø35À vkSj ,d
mnkgj.k esa] leqnk; ds ‘kkfey gksus ds lkFk lkFk LokLF;
lqfo/kk dsanz vk/kkfjr gLr{ksi esa ;g O;kid ns[kHkky
xq.koÙkk lq/kkj dk;ZØe ds ?kVdksa esa ,d Fkh ø18ÀA
nks vyx vyx çdkj dh efgyk LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ Fkha
& ,d esa] leqnk; ls LFkkuh; efgykvksa dks vkmVjhp
dk;ZdrkZ ds :i esa ,d laf{kIr çf’k{k.k ds ckn
çf’kf{kr fd;k x;k Fkk] vkSj nwljs esa] iSjkesfMdy
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8.2 Page 72 |
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rkfydk 1- viukbZ xbZ gLr{ksi j.kuhfr;ka vkSj ns[kHkky dh xq.koÙkk vkSj igq¡p esa lq/kkj ds
fy, dk;ZØeksa ds çHkko’khyrk
Øe- v/;;u
LFkku dk n’s k
j.kuhfr;k¡ çHkko’khyrk
çek.k dh
la
etc+ rw h
1- lsMik ¼CEDPA½ 1991 Hkkjr] ‘kgjh efyu cfLr;ka] xqtjkr 1
gk¡
C1
2- dkd vkSj vU; 1994 Hkkjr] leLrhiqj] m- fcgkj
1
gk¡
C1
3- ijohu vkSj vU; 1994 Hkkjr] leLrhiqj] m- fcgkj
1
gk¡
C4
4- okdsZ vkSj vU; 2004 fnYyh] 6 bZ-,l-vkbZ- Dyhfud 3]4]9
gk¡
B
5- ,p-,l-bZ ¼MLE½ 2012 Hkkjr% mÙkj çns’k] vkxjk] vyhx<+]
bykgkckn] xksj[kiqj
3] 5]6] 7]8]9]10 gk¡
C1
6- lsMik ¼CEDPA½, 2003 Hkkjr] >kj[kaM] jkaph
1]5]6]7]10
gk¡
C1
7- Ekqyuh vkSj vU; 2010 iwohZ cekZ
1
gk¡
C1
8- MkmFkoSV vkSj okMZ 2005 ikfdLrku
1
gk¡
C2
9- Cksye vkSj vU;] 1998 usiky] ‘kgjh dkBekaMw
3]9
gk¡
A
10- Js”Bk 2002
lh- usiky] dduh xkao
1
gk¡
C1
11- Rkkyqdnkj vkSj vU; 2009 ckaXykns’k] ‘kgjh efyu cfLr;ka]<kdk 3]6]7
gk¡] xzkgd larqf”V C1
12- fdudSM Mh-,y- 2000 ckaXykns’k] 3 Fkkus
1
gk¡
B
13- Luksxk vkSj vU; 2003 lsusxy] fFk,l] dkvksySd] lsaV yqbl]
VSackdkSaMk vkSj QkfVd {ks=A
3]5]6]7
fefJr] xzkgd larqf”V B
esa o`f)] lhihvkj ugha
14- Nsciqj vkSj vU; 2002 ?kkuk] ukSjksaxksa
e‚My 1:10
e‚My 2: 1
e‚My 3: 10] 1 e‚My 1 vkSj 2 ds fy,
ughaA e‚My 3 ds
fy, gk¡
B
15- yqVyksa vkSj vU; 2010 ;qxkaMk] jdk,
1]10
gk¡
A
16- ‘kkV~Vd vkSj vU; 2011 eykoh eaxksph çkar;
2
gk¡
A
17- Eokaxh vkSj vU; 2008 dsU;k] ,Ecw ftyk] iwohZ çkar
3]9
vfu.kkZ;d
C1
18- lksyks vkSj vU; 1999 dsU;k( eksEcklk esa 6 lkoZtfud
vLirky] fdlwew] udw:] es#]
,YMksjsV vkSj us;jhA 3 e‚My
dk ijh{k.k
3]6]7]8
gk¡
C1
19- vCny & rokc vkSj nf{k.kh felz] esfuvk xojuksjsV esa 3]4] 6]7]8
vfu.kkZ;d
A
vU; 1999
6 lkoZtfud vLirky
20- ;wlsQ vkSj vU; 2007 felz] Qs;kse vkSj csuh lw,Q
3]6]7]8
gk¡
C1
xksojuksjsVl ds 6 lkoZtfud
vLirkyA 2 e‚Myksa dk ijh{k.k
21- tkWulu vkSj vU; 2002 ftEckCos] gjkjs th-,p- gLr{ksi] 3]6]7]8
gk¡
B
,eihykslsaVªy ,p cqykok;ks fu;a=.kA
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8.3 Page 73 |
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22- ftjkek ¼JIRAMA½] 1993 esMkxkLdj] e/; çkar] rhu
7]10
e‚Myksa dh rqyuk
23- dkV~t+ vkSj vU; 1998 xzkeh.k ekyh] dksyksu~fM,ck
1]2
24- ÝafV;lZ 2000
cqfdZuk Qklks] mvkxMwxw vkSj
3]6]7]8
ckscks&fMvksykLLkka esa 2 cM+s vLirky
25- dkWLVSyks vkSj vU; 2001 fQyhihal] Mkokvks Msy ukSjVs] 6]7
dkWEiksLVsyk ?kkVh çkar
26- fM;kt+ vkSj vU; 1999 cksyhfo;k] yk ikt esa rhu vLirky] 3]6]7]8
lkark Øwt Ms yk fl,jk vkSj
lwdjs x.kra=
27- ySaxj vkSj vU; 1999 esfDldks] vksDlkdk lkoZtfud 3]5]6]7]8
vLirky
gk¡
B
gk¡
B
gk¡
C1
gk¡] xzkgd /kkj.kk B
xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj
gk¡
C1
gk¡
C1
j.kuhfr;k¡% 1& efgyk LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa ds ek/;e ls leqnk; vk/kkfjr lsok çnkuxh] 2& iq#”k LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa
ds ek/;e ls leqnk; vk/kkfjr lsok çnkuxh] 3& efgykvksa ds fy, LokLF; lqfo/kk dsanz vk/kkfjr yf{kr dkmalfyax vkSj
f’k{kk] 4& iq#”kksa ds fy, LokLF; lqfo/kk dsanz vk/kkfjr yf{kr dkmalfyax vkSj f’k{kk] 5& xHkZfujks/kd fodYiksa dk foLrkj]
6&ns[kHkky dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj ds fy, çnkrk çf’k{k.k] 7& csgrj laxBu] midj.k] vkSj vkiwfrZ ds ek/;e ls lsok
çko/kku dk lq–<+hdj.k] 8& ifjokj fu;kstu dk xHkZikr&Ik’pkr lsokvksa ds lkFk ,dhdj.k] 9& ifjokj fu;kstu dk ekr`
LokLF; vkSj çlo ns[kHkky ds lkFk ,dhdj.k] 10& leqnk; dk la?kVu
A ¾ çk;ksfxd fMtkbu B ¾ v/kZ ç;ksxkRed fMtkbu C1 ¾ v/;;u ls igys&ckn esa C2 ¾ ,d leku rqyuk lewg
ds lkFk ØkWl&lsD’kuy ,aM ykbu v/;;u C3 ¾ ,d cstksM+ rqyuk lewg ds lkFk ØkWl&lsD’kuy ,aM ykbu v/;;u
C4 ¾ fcuk rqyuk lewg ds xq.kkRed ØkWl&lsD’kuy ,aM ykbu v/;;u
çf’k{k.k okyh efgykvksa dks HkrhZ fd;k x;k Fkk] tSls
ikfdLrku ljdkj ds LokLF; foHkkx }kjk fu;qDr
efgyk LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ gSa ø20ÀA efgyk LokLF;
dk;ZdrkZvksa dk dke esa vke rkSj ij ifjokj fu;kstu
ds fy, dkmalfyax] u, mi;ksxdrkZ tksM+uk vkSj daMkse
;k [kkus okyh xHkZfujks/kd xksfy;ksa dh vkiwfrZ vkSj
iqu%iwfrZ çnku djuk ‘kkfey gksrk gSA os fDyfudy
xHkZfujks/kdksa pquus okyh efgykvksa dks LokLF;
lqfo/kk dsanz esa jsQj djrh gSa vkSj vDlj muds lkFk
tkrh gSaA ifjokj fu;kstu viukus okyksa ds lkFk
QkSykvi djuk mudh ftEesnkfj;ksa dk ,d vU;
egRoiw.kZ ?kVd gSA çnku dh tkus okyh vyx vyx
lsokvksa esa çf’k{k.k ds Lrj ds vk/kkj varj Fkk vkSj
ikfdLrku esa efgyk LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa us Åij
mYYf[kr lsokvksa ds vykok] ekr` vkSj f’k’kq LokLF; lsok,a]
vkSj ekewyh chekfj;ksa dk bykt çnku fd;k ø20ÀA
bl –f”Vdks.k esa dqN ubZ fHkérk,a FkhaA usiky esa
,d dk;ZØe esa] ljdkj efgyk lkeqnkf;d LokLF;
dk;ZdrkZvksa ¼FCHV½ dks ifjokj fu;kstu esa
^^l’kfädj.k** çf’k{k.k fn;k x;k Fkk] ftlus mudh
leqnk; esa efgykvksa ds lkeus ifjokj fu;kstu lsok,a
bLrseky djus esa vkus okyh leL;kvksa ds fo’ys”k.k vkSj
lek/kku [kkstus dh {kerk dks c<+k;k gS] mUgsa leqnk;
esa efgykvksa ds lkFk lgHkkfxrkiw.kZ lkewfgd ppkZ
vk;ksftr djus esa l{ke cuk;k gS ø22ÀA ckaXykns’k esa]
,d ^^lkekftd usVodZ** –f”Vdks.k viuk;k x;k FkkA
efgyk ifjokj dY;k.k lgk;dksa ¼Female Welfare
Assisants-FWAs½ dks lapkj dkS’ky esa çf’kf{kr
fd;k x;k FkkA mlds ckn mUgksaus leqnk; esa ,d eghus
esa de ls de,d ckj lgdehZ lewg ppkZ dk vk;kstu
fd;kA buesa ^^ftKklkvksa** dks larq”V fd;k x;k]
xHkZfujks/kd mi;ksxdrkZvksa us mi;ksx u djus okyksa ds
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8.4 Page 74 |
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lkFk ckrphr dh vkSj ifjokj fu;kstu ds ckjs esa ckr dh
ø24ÀA nksuksa ekeyksa esa] ;g xfrfof/k;ksa xHkZfujks/kd lsok,a
çnku djus ds blds vykok FkhaA
2½ iq#’k LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa ds ek/;e ls
leqnk; vk/kkfjr lsok çnkuxh
27 esa ls dsoy nks dk;ZØeksa esa iq#”k lkeqnkf;d LokLF;
dk;ZdrkZvksa us leqnk; vk/kkfjr xHkZfujks/kd lsok,a çnku
dhA eykoh esa] ,d çk;ksfxd v/;;u us orZeku esa
mi;ksx u djus okyksa ds chp xHkZfujks/kd dk mi;ksx
c<+kus esa iq#”k ^^çsjdksa** ds çHkko dk ewY;kadu fd;k gSA
blds fy, 30 o”kZ ;k mlls vf/kd vk;q ds fookfgr
iq#”k vkSj tks xHkZfujks/kd dh vk/kqfud i)fr dk mi;ksx
dj jgs Fks] mUgsa vk/kqfud xHkZfujks/kd mi;ksx djus ds
muds mRlkg ds vk/kkj ij pquk x;k FkkA iq#”k LokLF;
dk;ZdrkZvksa viuk xHkZfujks/kd bLrseky dk vuqHko
mi;ksx u djus okys ;qok iq#”kksa ds lkFk ckaVk] mUgsa
lfØ; :i ls ifjokj fu;kstu ds QSlys esa Hkkx ysus ds
fy, çksRlkfgr fd;k] daMkse bLrseky djus ds lgh rjhds
dk izn’kZu fd;k vkSj vuqjks/k ij daMkse miyc/k djk,
ø28ÀA ekyh esa] iq#”k lkeqnkf;d LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa us
i#q ”kkas dks f’kf{kr fd;k vkjS ifjokj dh ;kts uk dh xjS
fpfdRlh; fof/k;kas dh vkifw rZ forfjr dh] tcfd mudh
efgyk led{kkas us efgykvkas ds lkFk ;gh dke fd;k ø35ÀA
3½ efgykvksa ds fy, LokLF; lqfo/kk dsanz
vk/kkfjr yf{kr dkmalfyax vkSj f”k{kk
efgykvksa ds fy, yf{kr xHkZfujks/kd dkmalfyax vkSj
f’k{kk 13 dk;ZØeksa dk fgLlk FkhA X;kjg dk;ZØeksa
esa] efgykvksa ds fy, yf{kr dkmalfyax O;kid lsok
,dhdj.k vkSj ;k lq/kkj dk;ZØe dk ,d igyw Fkk
ø16&17] 37&39] 21]23]29&33] 36ÀA mnkgj.k ds fy,]
xHkZikr&i’pkr ns[kHkky ds lkFk ifjokj fu;kstu dks
,dh—r djus okys lHkh dk;ZØeksa esa ;g j.kuhfr ‘kkfey
FkhA nks ekeyksa esa] dkmalfyax efgykvksa ds ifr;ka vkSj
naifr ds fy, Hkh Fkh ø16]31ÀA
buesa ls] ,d dk;ZØe ø21À esa efgykvksa ds fy, yf{kr
dkmalfyax vkSj f’k{kk gh bdykSrh j.kuhfr FkhA dkBekaMw]
usiky esa ,d ç;ksxkRed gLr{ksi dks rhu ç;ksxkRed
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8.5 Page 75 |
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‘kk[kkvksa vkSj ,d fu;a=.k ‘kk[kk ds lkFk ykxw fd;k
x;k FkkA rhuksa ç;ksxkRed ‘kk[kkvksa esa çloksÙkj ekrkvksa
dks yf{kr çloksÙkj vkSj çloksÙkj ns[kHkky vkSj ifjokj
fu;kstu ls lacaf/kr lans’k çnku fd, x,A e‚Myksa ds
le; vkSj lans’kksa dh vko`fÙk esa varj FkkA ,d lewg dks
Øe’k% LokLF; vkSj ifjokj fu;kstu] çlo ds rqjar ckn
vkSj rhu eghus ds ckn f’k{kk çkIr gqbZ] tcfd rhljs
lewg dks nksuksa le; ij LokLF; f’k{kk çkIr gqbZA
4½ iq#’kksa ds fy, LokLF; lqfo/kk dsanz vk/kkfjr
yf{kr dkmalfyax vkSj f’k{kk
Hkkjr] fnYyh eas ^^euS bu eVS jfuVh ifj;kts uk eas i#q ”kkas ds
fy, yf{kr ifjokj fu;kts u dkmla fyxa vkjS f’k{kk ‘kkfey
FkhA depZ kjh jkT; chek fuxe ¼b-Z ,l-vkb-Z lh-½ vk”S k/kky;kas
eas çlo iow Z n[s kHkky ds fy, tkus okyh efgykvkas ds ifr;kas
dks ifjokj fu;kts u ij ijke’k]Z dMa kes ds lgh bLres ky ij
tkudkjh nh xbZ vkjS e[q ; lna ’s kkas ds lkFk ?kj ys tkus ds
fy, ckz ’s kj fn, x, ø16ÀA
felz e]as Ng lkotZ fud vLirkykas eas xHkiZ kr&i’pkr n[s kHkky
eas l/q kkj vkjS ifjokj fu;kts u los kvkas dks xHkiZ kr&i’pkr
n[s kHkky ds lkFk ,dh—r djus ds fy, ifr;kas dh
dkmfa lfyxa gLr{kis dk ,d fgLlk Fkh ø31ÀA efgykvkas vkjS
muds ifr;kas dh dkmfa lfyxa vyx vyx dh xbZ Fkh rkfd
efgyk,a ç’u iNw ldsa ;k viuh fpra kvkas dks [kyq dj O;ä
dj ldAas ifr;kas dh dkmfa lfyxa mudh ifRu;kas dh lgefr
çkIr gkus ds ckn gh dh xbAZ ,d l[r ufS rd çkVs kds ‚y
fodflr fd;k x;k Fkk vkjS mldk ikyu ;k x;k] rkfd
;g lfq uf’pr fd;k tk lds efgyk dh dkbs Z Hkh fpfdRlh;
voLFkk ftlls mls [krjk gks ldrk g]S mlls lca fa /kr
tkudkjh vutkus eas Hkh ifr ds lkeus u vk, ¼tlS s efgyk
us vius ifr dks crk, cxjS xHkZ lekiu djok;k gk½s A
dkmfa lfyxa dh fo”k;oLrq pkj e[q ; lna ’s kkas ij dfas nrz Fkh
& jkxs h dks vkjke vkjS i;kIZ r ik”s k.k dh t:jr( xHkiZ kr ds
ckn prs kouh ds lda rs ftuds fy, fpfdRlk /;ku nus s dh
t:jr g(S çtuu {kerk nks lIrkg ds Hkhrj okil ykVS us dh
lHa kkouk( vkjS vle; ;k vokfa Nr xHk/Z kkj.k dh jkds Fkke ds
fy, ifjokj fu;kts u viukus dh t:jr ø31ÀA
5½ xHkZfujks/kd fodYiksa dk foLrkj
xzkgdksa ds fy, miyC/k rjhdksa dh la[;k dks c<+kus ds
}kjk xHkZfujks/kd fodYi dk foLrkj ifjokj fu;kstu
lsokvksa dh xq.koÙkk ds çeq[k rRoksa esa ls ,d gSA ;gk¡
27 lehf{kr dk;ZØeksa esa ls dsoy pkj esa Li”V :i ls
ns[kHkky dh xq.koÙkk c<+kus ds fy, xHkZfujks/kd fodYi
ds foLrkj dk gLr{ksiksa ds ,d fgLls ds :i esa mYys[k
fd;k x;k gSA buesa ls nks mÙkj çns’k esa ‘kgjh ifjokj
fu;kstu igys gSa vkSj ,d >kj[kaM esa ,dh—r ifjokj
fu;kstu vkSj LokLF; gLr{ksi gS ø17&18ÀA bu dk;ZØeksa
esa foLrkfjr fof/k pquko esa nks ikjaifjd rjhds ‘kkfey
Fks & ,Euksfj;k fof/k vkSj ^^ekud fnu** fof/k & ftl
ij laHkkfor ç;ksäkvksa & çloksŸkj efgyk,a ftuds
ifjokj dk euokafNr vkdkj iwjk ugha gqvk Fkk & dks
lVhd tkudkjh dks nh xbZA rhljk lsusxy esa efgykvksa
ds chp xHkZfujks/kd le> csgrj cukus ds fy, ,d
LokLF; lqfo/kk vk/kkfjr gLr{ksi Fkk] ftlesa ukWjIykaV
¼NORPLANT½] xHkZfujks/kd çR;kjksi.k] çnku dh
xHkZfujks/kdksa ds lewg esa tksM+k x;k Fkk ø25ÀA ,d
mnkgj.k esa] vksDlkdk] esfDldks esa xHkZfujks/kd fodYiksa
dk foLrkj ,d ,dh—r xHkZikr&i’pkr ns[kHkky vkSj
ifjokj fu;kstu dk;ZØe dk fgLlk Fkk ø39ÀA
6½ ns[kHkky dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj ds fy,
çnkrk çf”k{k.k
fdlh Hkh ifjokj fu;kts u dk;ØZ e eas n[s kHkky dh x.q koÙkk
eas l/q kkj ds fy, vyx Lrj ds LokLF; los k çnkrkvkas ds
fy, vyx vyx fo”k;kas vkjS dk’S kykas ij çf’k{k.k vkjS
{kerk fuek.Z k ‘kkfey gkus k lHa kkouk gAS mnkgj.k ds fy,]
lenq k; vk/kkfjr los k çnkrkvkas dks vljnkj rjhds ls
bLres ky djus ds fy, dk;dZ rkvZ kas ds ,d u, legw dks
çf’k{k.k nus k vkjS mudh fuxjkuh ds fy, tks ftEens kj gaS
mudh {kerk dk fuek.Z k djuk ‘kkfey gkxs kA
gkyk¡fd] lehf{kr 27 dk;ZØeksa esa ls 12 esa] ns[kHkky
dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj ykus ds fy, çnkrk çf’k{k.k ,d
fo’ks”k j.kuhfr gSA tgk¡ dk;ZØeksa esa ifjokj fu;kstu
lsokvksa dks xHkZikr&i’pkr ns[kHkky ds lkFk ,dh—r
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8.6 Page 76 |
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n[s kHkky dh x.q koŸkk ds cgq vk;ke
fof/k;ksa ds fodYi
xzkgdksa dks nh xbZ lwpuk
rduhdh n{krk
ikjLifjd laca/k
fujarjrk vkSj QkSyksvi
lsokvksa dk mfpr lewg
fp= 4
j.kuhfr;k¡
efgyk vkSj@;k iq#”k LokLF;
dk;ZdrkZvksa ds ek/;e ls leqnk;
vk/kkfjr ifjokj fu;kstu lsokvksa dh
çnkuxh
efgykvksa vkSj@;k iq#”kksa dh LokLF;
lqfo/kk dsanz vk/kkfjr yf{kr xHkZfujks/
kd dkmalfyax vkSj f’k{kk
xHkZfujks/kd fodYiksa dk foLrkj
çnkrk çf’k{k.k
cqfu;knh <kaps] vkiwfrZ esa lq/kkj
xzkgd dh t:jr dh rtZ ij
fDyfud dk le; vkSj lsok,a
fuf’pr djuk
ifjokj fu;kstu lsokvksa dk
xHkZikr&i’pkr ns[kHkky] vkSj ekr`
LokLF; ns[kHkky ds lkFk ,dhdj.k
leqnk; dk la?kVu
ifj.kke
xHkZfujks/kd viukus vkSj yxkrkj
bLrseky djus esa o`f) gqbZ gS
xzkgd larqf”V esa o`f)] xzkgdksa }
kjk ns[kHkky dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj
crk, tkus esa o`f)
fd;k x;k Fkk] çnkrkvksa dks xHkZfujks/kd rduhd ds lkFk
lkFk xHkZikr&i’pkr ns[kHkky esa lq/kkj ds {ks= esa vPNh
rjg çf’kf{kr fd;k x;k Fkk ø17] 30&33] 36]38&39ÀA
dgk¡ xHkZfujks/kd fodYi dk foLrkj fd;k x;k Fkk]
çnkrk&çf’k{k.k u, xHkZfujks/kd rduhd dh
çnkuxh vkjS dkmla fyxa ij ij /;ku dfas ær FkkA mnkgj.k ds
fy,] >kj[kMa ] Hkkjr eas vkj-lh-,p- @lØa ked jkxs kas vkmVjhp
,dh—r dk;ØZ e eas çnkrkvkas dks lbq ;Z kas okys xHkfZ ujk/s kd nus s
yDS V’s kuy ,Eukfs j;k vkjS ^^ekud&fnu&fof/k ds lgh bLres ky
ij dkmla fyxa ds fy, çf’kf{kr fd;k x;k Fkk ø18ÀA lus xs y
e]as çnkrkvkas dks ukjW IykVa ¼NORPLANT½ yxkus vkjS fudkyus eas
çf’kf{kr fd;k x;k Fkk ø25ÀA
lHkh dk;ZØeksa esa çf’k{k.k dk ,d vkSj vk;ke ijLij
ckrphr esa lq/kkj Fkk] ysfdu çeq[krk dsoy dqN esa
gh Fkh] tSls fd fQyhihal ds nkoks ‘kgj esa ^^ifjokj
fu;kstu ds fy, xzkgd dsafær –f”Vdks.k^^ ifj;kstuk
ø37ÀA nkoks ifj;kstuk esa] çnkrkvksa dks xzkgdksa dks
lquus vkSj ^^çklafxd] lgh vkSj iwjh tkudkjh^^ ds
lkFk tokc nsus ds fy, lapkj dkS’kyksa esa çf’kf{kr
fd;k x;k Fkk øi`- 306ÀA blds vykok] tsaMj vkSj
;kSu vkSj çtuu vf/kdkjksa ij ifjçs{; fuekZ.k
dk;Z’kkyk,a vk;ksftr dh xbZ FkhaA çf’k{k.k esa
fpfdRld] ulsaZ vkSj nkb;ka vkSj dbZ rkth tkudkjh
ds ikBîØe ‘kkfey FksA çca/kdh; vkSj laxBukRed
ifjorZu okys dk;ZØeksa esa] çf’k{k.k esa csgrj ;kstuk
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8.7 Page 77 |
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cukus ds fy, tkudkjh ds çca/ku lfgr çca/ku ij
/;ku dsafær fd;k x;k Fkk ø37ÀA
7½ csgrj laxBu] midj.k] vkSj vkiwfrZ ds
ek/;e ls lsok çko/kku dk lqn`<+hdj.k
tgk¡ rd çnkrkvksa ds çf’k{k.k dh ckr gS] fdlh Hkh
dk;ZØe esa ifjokj fu;kstu lsokvksa dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/
kkj ykus ds fy, midj.kksa vkSj lsokvksa dh miyC/krk esa
lq/kkj ykuk ,d vko’;d ‘krZ gSA Åijfyf[kr j.kuhfr
dk fo’ks”k :i ls mYys[k djus okys 11 dk;ZØeksa esa]
8 og Hkh ‘kkfey gS ftuesa ifjokj fu;kstu lsokvksa dks
xHkZikr&i’pkr ns[kHkky ds lkFk ,dh—r fd;k x;k
Fkk gS ø17] 30&33] 36] 38&39ÀA bu lHkh dk;ZØeksa
esa] lsok çnkuxh dh O;ogk;Zrk tk¡pus okys ,d e‚My
esa çlwfr’kkL= ;k çlwfr okMZ ifjos’k ds vanj ifjokj
fu;kstu lsokvksa dk çko/kku fd;k x;k FkkA dbZ ekeyksa
esa] bldk vFkZ vfrfjä dkmalfyax d{k@LFkku vkSj ,d
mipkj ds fy, txg <w¡<uk ;k ekStwnk txg dks Bhd
djuk FkkA blesa lsokvksa ds le; esa rxnhyh] vfrfjä
lsok,a çnku djus ds fy, deZpkfj;ksa ds le; esa rcnhyh
vkSj dqN ekeyksa esa] mlh LokLF; lqfo/kk dasnz ds nwljs
foHkkx ls ifjokj fu;kstu lsok çnkrkvksa ds lkFk leUo;
Hkh ‘kkfey FkkA nks dk;ZØe & ,d >kj[kaM] Hkkjr ø18À
vkSj nwljk <kdk] ckaXykns’k dh ‘kgjh efyu cfLr;ksa esa &
us Hkh xzkgd dh t:jr ds vuq:Ik lsokvksa esa rcnhyh ds
fy, esa fuos’k fd;k ø23ÀA
ns[kHkky dh xq.koÙkk vkSj xHkZfujks/kdksa ds mi;ksx esa
lq/kkj ykus ds fy, çca/ku lwpuk ç.kkyh ¼,e-vkbZ-,l-½
ds lq–<+hdj.k dk lsusxy dk;ZØe }kjk fo’ks”k :i ls
mYys[k fd;k gSA deZpkfj;ksa dks ,e-vkbZ-,l- esa fo’ks”k
çf’k{k.k feyk] ,e-vkbZ-,l- LFkku fuf’pr fd;k x;k tgka¡
xzkgdksa fjd‚MZ j[ks x,] vkSj ,e-vkbZ-,l- dk mi;ksx dj
xzkgdksa dk irk yxkus ds fy, ,d j.kuhfr fodflr dh
xbZA tks mi;ksxdrkZ vxyh eqykdkr ds fy, fDyfud
okil ugha vk, vkSj ftUgksaus NksM+ fn;k mudh igpku
dh xbZ vkSj fDyfud ds deZpkfj;ksa muds ?kj eqykdkr
djus x, ø25ÀA
8½ ifjokj fu;kstu dk xHkZikr&Ik’pkr lsokvksa
ds lkFk ,dhdj.k
bl leh{kk esa geus vkB dk;ZØeksa ‘kkfey fd;k gS tgk¡
ifjokj fu;kstu lsokvksa dks xHkZikr&i’pkr ns[kHkky
ds lkFk ,dh—r fd;k x;k FkkA blesa mÙkj çns’k esa
‘kgjh ifjokj fu;kstu dk;ZØe] Hkkjr ø17À( dsU;k esa
lkoZtfud vLirky vk/kkfjr dk;ZØe( felz ¼2 ifjos’kksa
esa½] ftEckCos] cqfdZuk Qklks] cksyhfo;k vkSj esfDldks
‘kkfey gSa ø30&33]36]38&39À A lsokvksa dh ,dhdj.k esa
vDlj xHkZikr&i’pkr ns[kHkky dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj ds
vkSj mlesa xHkZfujks/kd lsok ds ?kVd dks tksM+uk FkkA
vksDlkdk] mnkgj.k ds fy,] esfDldks] vkSj cksyhfo;k esa
rhu vLirkyksa ds ifjos’k esa ifjokj fu;kstu lsokvksa ds
xHkZikr&i’pkr ns[kHkky ds ,dhdj.k esa ,d ljdkjh
vLirky esa xHkZ ds mRikn fudkyus ds fy, eSuqvy
oSD;we ,lfijs’k ;k pw”k.k ¼,e-oh-,-½ esa çnkrk&çf’k{k.k]
xHkZikr&i’pkr ifjokj fu;kstu dkmalfyax dh
fo”k;oLrq vkSj xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj ykus] miyC/k
xHkZfujks/kdksa ds pquko dks c<+kus vkSj çnkrkvksa dks
jksfx;ksa ds ekuoh; bykt ds çfr laosnu’khy cukuk
‘kkfey Fkk ø38&39ÀA
nks ifjo’s k % dUs ;k vkjS felz us & ifjokj fu;kts u los kvkas
ds xHkiZ kr&i’pkr n[s kHkky dks ,dh—r djus ds fofHkUu
e‚Mykas ds lkFk ç;kxs fd;kA dUs ;k e]as rhu e‚Mykas dk
ç;kl fd;k x;kA igys e]as efgykvkas dks xHkiZ kr&i’pkr
ifjokj fu;kts u los k,a çlfw rfoKku okMZ ¼tgka mUgas
xHkiZ kr&i’pkr n[s kHkky ds fy, HkrhZ fd;k Fkk½ eas okMZ
depZ kfj;kas }kjk çnku dh xbAZ nlw js e‚My e]as efgykvkas
dks xHkiZ kr&i’pkr ifjokj fu;kts u los k,a çlfw rfoKku okMZ
eas çnku dh xbaZ yfs du çnkrk mlh vLirky ds ekr` ,oa
f’k’kq LokLF; fDyfud@ifjokj fu;kts u fDyfud ls FkAs
rhljs e‚My e]as xHkiZ kr&i’pkr jkfs x;kas ifjokj fu;kts u
los k,a çkIr djus ds fy, ekr` ,oa f’k’kq LokLF;@ifjokj
fu;kts u fDyfud eas jQs j dj fn;k x;k ø30ÀA
felz esa] yxkrkj nks e‚Myksa dk ç;kl fd;k x;kA e‚My
, esa xHkZikr&i’pkr efgykvksa dks mlh LokLF;
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8.8 Page 78 |
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lqfo/kk dsanz ds vanj ekr` ,oa f’k’kq LokLF;@ifjokj
fu;kstu Dyhfud esa jQj fd;k x;k] tcfd dqN
eghuksa ds ckn ykxw e‚My ch esa] ifjokj fu;kstu lsok,a
çlwfrfoKku okMZ esa okMZ deZpkfj;ksa }kjk miyC/k djuk
‘kkfey Fkk ø32ÀA felz vkSj dsU;k nksuksa esa] çlwfrfoKku
okMZ esa ifjokj fu;kstu lsok,a okMZ deZpkfj;ksa }kjk
miyC/k djkuk jksxh dh ilan vkSj larqf”V fglkc ls ,d
csgrj e‚My FkkA
9½ ifjokj fu;kstu dk ekr` LokLF; vkSj çlo
ns[kHkky ds lkFk ,dhdj.k
lehf{kr 27 dk;ZØeksa esa rhu esa] ifjokj fu;kstu lsokvksa
dks ekr` LokLF; vkSj ns[kHkky ds lkFk ,dh—r fd;k
x;k Fkk ø17] 21] 29ÀA buesa ls] dkBekaMw] usiky esa ,d
vLirky fLFkr dk;ZØe esa] usiky dks Åijfyf[kr rhljh
j.kuhfr ds fgLls ds :i esa of.kZr fd;k x;k gS ø21ÀA
‘ks”k nks Øe’k% Hkkjr vkSj dsU;k esa fLFkfr Fks ø17] 29ÀA
dUs ;k e]as bl dk;ØZ e dks iow hZ çkra eas ,d vLirky vkjS
rhu LokLF; dUs ækas eas ykxw fd;k x;k FkkA ,d çlokÙs kj
n[s kHkky ifjokj fu;kts u idS ts fMtkbu fd;k x;k Fkk]
ftleas lfq o/kk dnas z vk/kkj eYw ;kda u vkjS pkj ckj dkmla fyx
‘kkfey FkhA igyk lia dZ çlo ds ckn LokLF; dnas z NkMs u+ s
ls igys ;k vxj çlo ?kj eas gvq k gks rks çlo ds 48 ?kVa s
vna j fd;k x;k FkkA ekrkvkas dks Lo;a dh n[s kHkky vkjS
uotkr dh n[s kHkky ij tkudkjh ds lkFk lkFk LoLFk
le; vkjS xHkkoZ LFkk dk LFkku ¼HTSP½ fn;k x;k FkkA
mUgas yDS V’s kuy ,Eukfs j;k fof/k ds ckjs eas Hkh crk;k x;k
FkkA nlw jk lia dZ nks lIrkg ckn fd;k x;k] ftleas ekr` ,oa
f’k’kq LokLF; lca /a kh fpra kvkas dks lca kfs /kr fd;k x;k] lykg
;kuS xfrfof/k ij vkjS çtuu {krkd ykVS us ij lykg nh
xb]Z tUe ds chp vra j j[kus ds lna ’s kkas dks nkgs jk;k x;k]
vkjS blds vykok] ifjokj fu;kts u dkmla fyxa vkjS los k,a
çnku dh xbAaZ rhljk lia dZ çlo ds Ng lIrkg ckn
fd;k x;k] ogh lna ’s k nkgs jk;k x, vkjS blds vfrfjDr]
yDS V’s kuy ,Eukfs j;k fof/k ds mi;kxs drkvZ kas dks n/w k NMq k+
dj Hkkts u ‘k:q djus ds lkFk lkFk vk/kfq ud xHkfZ ujk/s kd
rjhdkas ds mi;kxs ij lykg nh xvZ D;kfas d vc os lja f{kr
ugha jgxas hA pkFS kk lia d]Z çlo ds pkj ls Ng eghus ckn
fd;k x;k Fkk] tgk¡ lHkh xHkfZ ujk/s k lca fa /kr lHkh lna ’s kkas dks
nkgs jk;k x;k] ifjokj fu;kts u dkmlfa yxa vkjS los k,a çnku
dh xbaZ vkjS xHkfZ ujk/s k ds unS kfud rjhdkas ds fy, jQs j
fd;k x;k ø29ÀA
Hkkjr esa] mŸkj çns’k esa ‘kgjh ifjokj fu;kstu dk;ZØe us
efgykvksa dks çlo iwoZ ns[kHkky eqykdkrksa ds nkSjku vkSj
çlo ds rqjar ckn ifjokj fu;kstu dkmalfyax çnku dhA
rRdky çloksÙkj vof/k esa vkSj çlo ds ckn igys dqN
eghuksa ds vanj Hkh xHkZfujks/kd lsok,a çnku dh xbZa ø17ÀA
10½ leqnk; dk la?kVu
leqnk; ds la?kVu dks eq[; :i ekax iSnk djus ds rjhds
ds rkSj ij bLrseky fd;k x;k gSA gkyk¡fd] dbZ ifjokj
fu;kstu ns[kHkky dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj ds dbZ gLr{ksiksa esa
Hkh ‘kk;n lgk;d lkekftd okrkoj.k cukus ds
lk/ku ds :i esa leqnk; la?kVu ,d ?kVd gksrk gS] tks
mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks mi;ksx tkjh j[kus ds fy, çksRlkfgr
djsxk vkSj ftu yksxksa dks çlo;k xHkZikr ds ckn fQj
ls bLrseky ‘kq: djus dh t:jr gS muds fy, ekax dks
cuk, j[ksxkA
bl leh{kk esa ‘kkfey pkj dk;ZØeksa esa ,d leqnk;
la?kVu dk ?kVd gSA buesa ls nks dk;ZØe Hkkjr esa xzkeh.k
>kj[kaM vkSj ‘kgjh mÙkj çns’k esa dk;kZfUor gSa ø17&18ÀA
mÙkj çns’k ifj;kstuk esa] leqnk; vk/kkfjr jaxeap vkSj
LFkkuh; ehfM;k dk mi;ksx dj vU; lekjksgksa ds vykok
çR;sd o”kZ ,d ^^[kq’k naifr** çfr;ksfxrk vk;ksftr dh
xbZ ftlesa leqnk; us ifjokj fu;kstu dks lQyrkiwoZd
Lohdkj djus okys naifr;ksa dks fpfUgr fd;k vkSj [kq’kh
eukbZA bleas xHkZfujks/kd dks ,d lkekftd vkn’kZ ds :i
esa c<+kok nsus dh {kerk gS ø17ÀA >kj[kaM esa] xzke LokLF;
lfefr;ksa dk xBu fd;k x;k tks LokLF; mi dsUæksa ds
lq/kkj vkSj dh fuxjkuh esa lfØ; :i ls ‘kkfey FkhA xzke
LokLF; lfefr;ksa us daMkse vkSj xksfy;ksa tSls xHkZfujks/kdksa
ds lkekftd foi.ku dh Hkh iSjoh dh vkSj c<+kok fn;kA
bu lfefr;ka us mi dsUæksa esa LokLF; lsokvksa dh xq.koÙkk
ij utj j[kus ds j[kokys Hkh fu;qä fd, ø18ÀA
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8.9 Page 79 |
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esMkxkLdj esa] leqnk; la?kVu dh j.kuhfr ds fgLls ds
:i esa larq”V xHkZfujks/kd mi;ksxdrkZvksa ds ^^eka Dyc*
dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, ,d ekewyh fuos’k fd;k x;k
Fkk ø34ÀA ?kkuk dh uSojSaxks ifj;kstuk us xHkZfujks/kd
lsokvksa dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj ds fy, leqnk; la?kVu
dks ,d çeq[k j.kuhfr ds :i esa bLrseky fd;kA
ifj;kstuk us LokLF; vkSj ifjokj fu;kstu lsokvksa ds
fy, leFkZu tqVkus ds fy, tq+:xsyw uked ikjaifjd
lkekftd lg;ksx dk bLrseky fd;kA ifjokj fu;kstu
dh tkudkjh dk çlkj vkSj xHkZfujks/kdksa dh vkiwfrZ ds
forj.k ds fy, iq#”kksa dh ikjaifjd cSBdksa dks ,d LFky
ds :i esa bLrseky fd;k x;kA tc ijaijkxr cSBdas
vkerkSj ij ^^dsoy iq#”k** ds fy, Fkhas] ifj;kstuk us
blesa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh ds fy, leFkZu dh ekax
dh ø26ÀA
j.kuhfr;ksa dh çHkko”khyrk
,d ;k fuEufyf[kr nksuksa ladsrdksa dks v/;;u ds }
kjk dk;ZØeksa ds çHkko ds ladsrdksa ds :i esa bLrseky
fd;k x;k gS% gLr{ksi ls igys vkSj ckn esa] xHkZfujks/kdksa
ds bLrseky vkSj xzkgd larqf”V esa egRoiw.kZ lkaf[;dh;
o`f)] vkSj bu ladsrdksa esa gLr{ksi vkSj fu;a=.k lewgksa ds
chp,d egRoiw.kZ lkaf[;dh; ldkjkRed varjA
leqnk; vk/kkfjr efgyk vkSj iq#’k
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa }kjk ifjokj
fu;kstu lsok,a çnku djuk
leqnk; vk/kkfjr efgyk vkSj@;k iq#”k dk;ZdrkZvksa dk
mi;ksx djus dh j.kuhfr bLrseky djus okys gLr{ksi
çHkkoh jgs] gkyk¡fd çek.k dh et+cwrh e/;e FkhA fQj Hkh
;g /;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd dk;ZdrkZvksa ds fooj.k] mUgsa
çkIr çf’k{k.k dh lhek] muds dke dh ‘krsaZ] vkSj çnku
dh xbZ lsokvksa ds foLrkj esa dkQh fHkérk,a FkhA
X;kjg esa ls ¼6 dk;ZØeksa½ dsoy efgyk LokLF;
dk;ZdrkZvksa ds ek/;e ls leqnk; vk/kkfjr lsok çnku
djus dh j.kuhfr dk mi;ksx djus okys lkr v/;;uksa
esa] j.kuhfr us xHkZfujks/kd çpyu njksa esa lQyrkiwoZd
o`f) dhA bu lkr esa ls ik¡p ^^igys&ckn^^okys v/;;u
Fks] ,d xq.kkRed ,.M ykbu v/;;u ¼^^igys&ckn^^okys
v/;;u }kjk ewY;kafdr dk;ZØe dk½ vkSj ,d v/kZ
ç;ksxkRed v/;;u FkkA ,d v/;;u esa j.kuhfr ,d lkFk
dbZ esa ls ,d dks bLrseky djus dh Fkh] vkSj bl v/kZ
ç;ksxkRed v/;;u us gLr{ksi dks çHkkoh ik;kA ,d vkSj
v/kZ ç;ksxkRed v/;;u esa] ;g iq#”k LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa
ds bLrseky ls ,d leqnk; vk/kkfjr lsokvksa ds mi;ksx
dh j.kuhfr Fkh] vkSj ;g fQj ls] çHkkoh jghA nks
mnkgj.kksa esa] tgk¡ j.kuhfr dks leqnk; la?KVu ds lkFk
bLrseky fd;k x;k Fkk] bl j.kuhfr dks fQj ls çHkkoh
ik;k x;kA
iq#”k LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa ds lkFk ifjokj fu;kstu
lsok,a çnku djus okys nksuksa dk;ZØeksa & eykoh ls ,d
çk;ksfxd v/;;u vkSj ekyh ls ,d v/kZ ç;ksxkRed
v/;;u & us j.kuhfr dks çHkkoh ik;kA tgk¡ çek.k dh
et+cwrh Å¡ph gS] v/;;uksa dh la[;k cgqr NksVh gSA
çHkkoh leqnk; vk/kkfjr xHkZfujks/kd forj.k dk;ZØeksa ds
fy, dqN lcd vÝhdk esa 1999 dk;ZØeksa dh leh{kk
ds }kjk is’k fd, x, gSaA leh{kk bl ij tksj nsrh gS
fd lkeqnkf;d LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvk dks lgh rjhds ls
bLrseky djus ds lkFk lkFk] lkeqnkf;d la?kVu vkSj
tqM+ko us j.kuhfr dh lQyrk esa ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
fuHkkbZ gSA leh{kk lq>ko nsrh gS fd dk;ZdrkZvksa dk pquko
leqnk; dh jk; }kjk funsZf’kr gks vkSj vkxs] xzkgd lewgksa
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8.10 Page 80 |
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rd igq¡pus ds fy, leqnk; lajpukvksa dks vk/kkj ds :i
esa bLrseky fd;k tk,A blds lkFk gh] lQy dk;ZØeksa
us flQZ xHkZfujks/kd ls ijs lsokvksa dh ,d O;kid J`a[kyk
is’k dh] vkSj dk;ZdrkZvksa dks ikfjJfed ;k çksRlkgu dh
is’kd’k dh ø42ÀA
bu lcdksa dks ns[krs gq,] flQZ xHkZfujks/kdksa ckaVus
ls vf/kd dke djus okys leqnk; vk/kkfjr LokLF;
dk;ZdrkZ okys n`f”Vdks.k vkxs vkSj tkap djus ds
yk;d gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] blesa efgyk lkeqnkf;d
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa dk ^^l’kfädj.k**] tgk¡ efgyk,a
ifjokj fu;kstu ij ppkZ djus ds fy, larq”V xHkZfujks/
kd mi;ksxdrkZvksa ls feyrh ogk¡ ^^lkekftd usVodZ**
–f”Vdks.k dk mi;ksx vkSj tgk¡ larq”V vkSj mRlkgh iq#”k
xHkZfujks/kd mi;ksxdrkZ vius led{kksa dks
xHkZfujks/kd mi;ksxdrkZ cuus ds fy, çsfjr djrs gSa ogk¡
^^iq#”k çsjd** –f”Vdks.k dk mi;ksx ‘kkfey gSA
efgykvksa vkSj iq#”kksa dh yf{kr
xHkZfujks/kd dkmalfyax vkSj f’k{kk
fdlh fuf’pr fu”d”kZ ij igq¡pus ds fy, bu rjhdksa ds
lkFk vf/kd ç;ksxksa dh t:jr gSA
,d çk;ksfxd v/;;u] ftlus bdykSrh j.kuhfr ds :i
esa efgykvksa dh çloksÙkj yf{kr dkmalfyax dk bLrseky
fd;k] j.kuhfr ds ifj.kkeLo:i xHkZfujks/kdksa dh csgrj
o`f) çkIr dhA fdlh Hkh fuf’pr fu”d”kZ ij igqapus ls
igys vU; ifjos’kksa esa bl rjg ds vkSj v/;;uksa dh
t:jr gSA çlo vkSj çloksÙkj ns[kHkky miyC/k djkus
okys LokLF; lqfo/kk dsanzksa esa bl rjg ds –f”Vdks.k dks
,dh—r djus dh O;ogk;Zrk dks ns[krs gq,] ;g fuf’pr
:i ls ,d dksf’k’k ds yk;d gSA
iq#”kksa dh dkmalfyax f’k{kk ds lkFk iq#”kksa dks yf{kr
djus okys nks gLr{ksiksa esa] fnYyh dk v/kZ ç;ksxkRed
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9 Pages 81-90 |
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9.1 Page 81 |
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v/;;u ftlesa viuh ifRu;ksa ds lkFk çloiwoZ fDyfud
esa tkus okys iq#”kksa ds lkFk dke fd;k] mls çHkkoh ik;k
x;kA nwljk] xHkZikr dh ns[kHkky ds fy, HkrhZ efgykvksa
ds ifr dks yf{kr djus okys ,d ç;ksxkRed v/;;u
dks ifj.kke ,slk ugha FkkA bl v/;;u esa ik;k x;k gS
fd tgk¡ Nqêh ls igys xHkZfujks/kdksa dh Loh—fr çk;ksfxd
lewg ds chp Å¡p Lrj ij Fkh] ogha ç;ksxkRed vkSj
fu;af=r lewgksa ds chp 12 lIrkg esa xHkZfujks/kdksa ds
bLrseky esa varj dkQh vyx ugha FkkA
xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj ds fy, xHkZfujks/kd
fodYiksa esa foLrkj] çnkrkvksa dk çf’k{k.k
vkSj laxBukRed ifjorZu
dqy feykdj] ns[kHkky dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj djus ds
fy, gLr{ksiksa dks vkxs ç;ksx vkSj dBksj ewY;kadu dh
t:jr gSA
,sls pkj dk;ZØe Fks ftUgksaus ns[kHkky dh xq.koÙkk esa
lq/kkj ds fy, eq[; :i ls bu j.kuhfr;ksa dk bLrseky
fd;kA buesa ls nks Fks ^^igys&ckn** okys v/;;u Fks
tcfd nks v/kZ ç;ksxkRed v/;;u FksA ,d v/;;u
ds gLr{ksiksa dks xHkZfujks/kd çpyu njksa esa o`f) djus
esa çHkkoh ik;k x;k] vkSj ;g ,d ^^igys&ckn** okyk
v/;;u FkkA nks vU; v/;;uksa esa gLr{ksiksa dks ns[kHkky
dh xq.koÙkk ds lkFk xzkgd dh larqf”V c<+kus esa çHkkoh
ns[kk x;kA buesa ls ^^igys&ckn** okyk v/;;u gS] tcfd
vU; ,d v/kZ ç;ksxkRed v/;;u gSA pkSFkk] ,d v/kZ
ç;ksxkRed v/;;u gLr{ksi dks xHkZfujks/kd c<+kus esa ugha]
ysfdu xzkgd dh larqf”V c<+kus esa çHkkoh n’kkZrk gSA
Ikfjokj fu;kstu dk xHkZikr&i’pkr vkSj
ekr` LokLF;@çlo ns[kHkky forj.k ds
lkFk ,dhdj.k
dqy feykdj] xHkZikr&i’pkr ns[kHkky ds lkFk ,dhdj.k
dh çHkko’khyrk ds çek.k dks ekewyh lk ldkjkRed ekuk
tk ldrk gS( ekr` LokLF; vkSj çlo laca/kh ns[kHkky
ds lkFk lsokvksa dks ,dh—r djus dh çHkko’khyrk
vk’kktud gS] ysfdu v/;;ukas dh la[;k NksVh gSA
vkB esa lkr xHkZikr&i’pkr ns[kHkky ds lkFk
ifjokj fu;kstu lsokvksa ds ,dhdj.k dk;ZØeksa dks
xHkZikr&i’pkr xHkZfujks/kdk viukus esa o`f) vkSj 3&6
eghus dh vof/k ds ckn Hkh mls tkjh j[kuk lqfuf’pr
djus esa çHkkoh ik;k x;kA gkyk¡fd] buesa ls Ng
^^igys&ckn** okys v/;;u Fks vkSj dsoy ,d
v/kZ ç;ksxkRed v/;;u FkkA ,d çk;ksfxd v/;;u
ftldk /;ku xHkZikr&i’pkr ns[kHkky ds xzkgdksa ds
ifr;ksa dh dkmalfyax vkSj f’k{kk ij dasfnzr Fkk mlesa
ç;ksxkRed vkSj fu;af=r lewgksa ds chp xHkZfujks/kdksa
viukus esa dksbZ egRoiw.kZ varj ugha FkkA
ekr` LokLF; vkSj çlo ns[kHkky ds lkFk ifjokj fu;kstu
lsokvksa dks ,dh—r djus okys rhu dk;ZØeksa esa ls rhuksa
us gLr{ksiksa dks çHkkoh crk;kA ,d ç;ksxkRed vkSj ,d
v/kZ ç;ksxkRed v/;;u Fkk] tcfd rhljk ^^igys&ckn**
okyk v/;;u FkkA
leqnk; dk la?kVu
leqnk; la?kVu ij çek.k j.kuhfr dks ns[kHkky dh
xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj ds fy, vU; j.kuhfr;ksa ds lkFk ç;ksx
esa çHkkoh n’kkZrs gSA dsoy ,d mnkgj.k esa] tc bls
bdykSrh j.kuhfr ds :i esa bLrseky fd;k x;k Fkk
&?kkuk esa uSojSaxksa ifj;kstuk & bls çHkkoh ugha ik;k
x;k FkkA
var esa]
v/;;u ds }kjk dsoy ns[kHkky dh xq.koÙkk ds Ng
rRoksa ds dqN vk;keksa dh tk¡p dh xbZ gSA mnkgj.k ds
fy,] tgk¡ dbZ v/;;uksa us ifjokj fu;kstu lsokvksa ds
,dhdj.k dh tk¡p dh gS] cgqr de us xzkgd&çnkrk dh
ijLij ckrphr esa lq/kkj ds gLr{ksiksa ij /;ku fn;k gSA
;g Li”V ugha gS fd D;k ;g tehuh Lrj ij ftl rjg
ds uokpkj ykxw fd, x, gSa] mudk çfrfcac gSA
dbZ v/;;uksa us mu dk;ZØeksa dk ewY;kadu fd;k gS
ftuesa ,d lkFk dbZ j.kuhfr;ksa dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
bl rjg ds dk;ZØeksa esa] xHkZikr&i’pkr ns[kHkky vkSj
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ekr` LokLF;@çlo ns[kHkky lsokvksa ds lkFk ,dhdj.k
okys viuh xHkZfujks/kd mi;ksx esa lq/kkj djus dh {kerk
ds ekeys esa lcls laHkkouk n’kkZrs gSaA
dsoy ,d ;k nks j.kuhfr;ksa dk mi;ksx djus okys
gLr{ksiksa esa] leqnk; vk/kkfjr dkamlfyax vkSj f’k{kk
ijke’kZ vkSj xHkZfujks/kdksa ds forj.k ds fy, efgyk
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa dk mi;ksx djus okys gLr{ksi
ns[kHkky dh xq.koÙkk ds vU; igyqvksa ij /;ku dsafær
djus okyksa ds eqdkcys vf/kd vk’kktud çrhr gksrs gSaA
;gk¡ fQj ls] efgyk LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa dk çf’k{k.k ds
:i esa ^^l’kfädj.k** vkSj xHkZfujks/kd lans’k ds lkFk
leqnk; esa efgykvksa rd igq¡pus ds fy, lkekftd
usVodZ ds mi;ksx tSlh vfHkuo vkSj lgHkkfxrkiw.kZ
–f”Vdks.k] vkxs tk¡p ds yk;d yxrs gSaA efgyk LokLF;
dk;ZdrkZvksa ds lkFk&lkFk iq#”k LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa ;k
Lo;a dk ç;ksx Hkh dqN ifjos’kksa esa iq#”kksa dks xHkZfujks/kd
ç;ksx ds fy, çsfjr djus esa çHkkoh çrhr gksrk gS] tgk¡
bldk O;ofLFkr v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA
blds vykok] çHkkoh gLr{ksi & tSls çloksÙkj efgykvksa
ds fy, usiky LokLF; f’k{kk dk;ZØe vkSj xHkkZoLFkk
ds nkSjku vkSj çloksŸkj esa efgykvksa vkSj muds ifr;ksa
dks yf{kr dkmalfyax vkSj f’k{kk çnku djrk eSu bu
eSVjfuVh dk;ZØe & ,sls mnkgj.k gSa] ftUgsa vkxs tk¡pus
dh t:jr gSA ;s j.kuhfr;ka lknxh vkSj lalk/kuksa ds
ekewyh fuos’k ds lkFk viuh O;ogk;Zrk ds fy, fo’ks”k
:i ls vkd”kZd gSaA
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and contraceptive behavior in
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32. Youssef H, Abdel-Tawab N, Bratt
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M. Linking family planning with
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37. Costello M, Lacuesta M, RamaRao S,
Jain A. A client-centered approach
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Yépez YT de, Lora O, Alvarez F, et al.
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and Piet-Pelon NJ.(eds) Post-abortion
care : lessons from operations
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39. Langer A, García-Barrios C,
Heimburger A, Campero L, Stein K,
Winikoff B, et al. Improving post-
abortion care with limited resources
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Pelon NJ.(eds) Post-abortion care:
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popcouncil.org/pdfs/wp/121.pdf
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v/;k; 6
fu”d”kZ vkSj uhfrxr
laca/k
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9.7 Page 87 |
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tula[;k QkmaMs’ku vkQW bafM;k ds ,d LokLF; vkSj
vf/kdkjksa ds eqís ds :i esa ^^ifjokj fu;kstu dh iqu%
fLFkfr fu/kkZj.k** dh fn’kk esa ,d dne ds rkSj ij]
;g leh{kk cky fookg jksdus] igys tUe ds le; mez
esa nsjh] tUe ds chp varj esa o`f) djus] vkSj ifjokj
fu;kstu lsokvksa dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj ykus esa çHkkoh
j.kuhfr;ksa ;k j.kuhfr;ks ds feJ.k dks fpfUgr djus dh
ryk’k esa gSA
,d O;ofLFkr [kkst ds ek/;e ls] ç;ksxkRed]
v/kZ ç;ksxkRed ;k ^^igys&ckn**3 okyk v/;;u fMtkbu
viukus okys vkSj ¼i`- 20 ns[ksa½ ^^xq.koÙkk** ‘krksZa ij [kjs
mrjus okys gLr{ksi v/;;u pkjksa Qksdl {ks=ksa & 1½
cky fookg jksduk] 2½ igys tUe ds le; vk;q esa nsjh]
3½ tUe ds chp varj dks c<+kok nsuk] vkSj 4½ ifjokj
fu;kstu dk;ZØeksa dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj & ds fy,
fpfUgr fd, x,A
pkjksa Qksdl {ks=ksa ds fy, gLr{ksi dk ewY;kadu djus
okys v/;;uksa dh xaHkhj deh FkhA fookfgr efgykvksa esa
igyh xHkkZoLFkk ds le; vk;q esa nsjh ds gLr{ksiksa ds
ekeys esa fo’ks”k :i ls ,slk Fkk] ftlds fy, ge dsoy
nks v/;;u fpfUgr dj ik,A leh{kk esa dqy 61 v/;;uksa
dks ‘kkfey fd;k x;kA vf/kdka’k v/;;u vÝhdk vkSj
nf{k.k ,f’k;k ls] dqN vU; fodkl’khy ns’kksa ls FksA
gLr{ksiksa dh çHkko’khyrk dk vuqeku bl vk/kkj ij
yxk;k x;k fd mUgksaus vius mís’;ksa dks gkfly fd;k ;k
ughaA blds vfrfjDr] çek.k dh et+cwrh dks Hkh /;ku esa
j[kk x;k ftlesa ç;ksxkRed v/;;u dks lcls vf/kd]
mlds ckn v/kZ ç;ksxkRed v/;;u] fQj ^^igys&ckn**
okys v/;;u dks et+cwr ik;k x;kA
dqy feykdj v/;;uksa dh NksVh la[;k vkSj buesa ls
dbZ esa çek.k dh lhfer et+cwrh dks ns[krs gq,] ;g
çHkko’kyrk ds ckjs esa Bksl fu”d”kZ fudkyuk eqf’dy
gSA ge ,slk djus esa l{ke gksa blls igys blh rjg
ds gLr{ksiksa dks dBksj v/;;u fMtkbu dk mi;ksx dj
fofHkUu ifjos’kksa esa dk;kZfUor djus dh t:jr gksxhA
fQj Hkh] ifj.kke gesa ^^dkjxj** j.kuhfr;ksa@j.kuhfr;ksa ds
feJ.k dh fn’kk esa b’kkjk djrs gSaA
cky fookg jksduk
fd’kkfs j;kas dks Ldyw NkMs u+ s ls jkds us ds fy, foÙkh;
çkRs lkgu@leFkuZ ^^bdykrS h** j.kuhfr Fkh tks nks l[r
eYw ;kda ukas eas cky fookg dks jkds us eas ennxkj lkfcr gbq AZ
yMf+ d;kas dks Ldyw eas j[kus vkjS xgu lenq k; l?a kVu
us bfFk;kfs i;k ecas grq tYnh fookg dks jkds us eas enn dh]
yfs du 18 o”kZ ls igys eas fookg dks jkds us eas ughAa
j.kuhfr;ksa vU; çHkkoh feJ.k & leqnk; ds lkFk xgu
tqM+ko ds lkFk] ;qok efgykvksa ds fy, ;k nksuksa fyaxksa
ds ;qok yksxksa ds fy, thou dkS’ky f’k{kk & dk FkkA
thou dkS’ky f’k{kk O;kid vk/kkj Fkk] blesa;kSfudrk vkSj
çtuu vkSj dkS’ky fodkl ds ckjs esa tkudkjh ds lkFk
^^l’kfädj.k** f’k{kk Hkh ‘kkfey FkhA fof’k”V lans’kksa ds
lkFk ekrk firk] /kkfeZd usrkvksa vkSj leqnk; cM+ksa tSls
j[kokyksa lkFk gLr{ksi vkSj mlh ds lkFk lkFk leqnk;
3 ,sls mnkgj.kksa esa tgk¡ fpfUgr v/;;uksa dh la[;k NksVh ¼10 ls de½ Fkh] ogk¡ lHkh fMtkbu
bLrseky djus okys v/;;uksa dks Hkh ‘kkfey fd;k x;k gSA
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ds vanj bl eqís dh –’;rk dks Åij mBkus ds ehfM;k
vfHk;ku pykuk] nksuksa egRoiw.kZ FksA
yM+fd;ksa dk cky fookg fo’ks”k :i ls pqukSrhiw.kZ y{;
FkkA dqN ekeyksa esa yM+fd;ksa ds fy, ‘kknh dh mi;qä
vk;q ij lkeqnkf;d ekunaM 18 lky ls dkQh de Fks]
vkSj cky fookg ds çfr –f”Vdks.k cnyus esa lQyrk ds
lkFk Hkh] cgqr tYnh fookg ¼ 15 lky ls uhps½ dks jksdk
tk ldkA gkyk¡fd] T;knkrj ekeyksa esa] leqnk; dks cky
fookg ds udkjkRed LokLF; ds ifj.kke ds ckjs esa irk
pyus ds ckn Hkh] os çFkk dks cnyus esa vleFkZ FksA ,slk
;qok efgykvksa ds ekrk&firk ij viuh yM+fd;ksa dk tYn
ls tYn fookg dj nsus ds fy, leqnk; ds Hkkjh ncko
ds dkj.k FkkA vfookfgr yM+dh esa xHkZorh gksus dk Mj
Fkk] ftlls mldk ifjokj ‘keZlkj gks ldrk gSA blds
vykok] fo’ks”k :i ls nf{k.k ,f’k;kbZ lekt esa] ,d cM+h
mez dh yM+dh ds fy, d nwYgs [kkstuk dfBu gS vkSj
T;knk ngst Hkh nsuk iM+ ldrk gSA
Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa bu fu”d”kksaZ dk egRoiw.kZ çHkko gSA
Hkkjr ckfydkvksa dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj ykus ds mís’; ls
dsaæ ljdkj vkSj fofHkUu jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk lapkfyr
dbZ l’krZ udn gLrkarj.k ;kstuk,a gSaA 10 ls vf/kd
;kstukvksa esa 18 o”kZ iwjs gksus rd ‘kknh u djuk udn
gLrkarj.k ds fy, ‘krksaZ esa ls ,d gSA Hkkjr ljdkj dh
/kuy{eh vkSj ckfydk le`f) ;kstuk] rfeyukMq vkSj
vka/kz çns’k dh ckfydk laj{k.k ;kstuk,a] fnYyh vkSj
gfj;k.kk dh ykM+yh ;kstuk] e/; çns’k dh ykMyh y{eh
;kstuk vkSj fgekpy çns’k dh csVh gS vueksy ;kstuk
dqN mnkgj.k gSaA cky fookg dks jksdus esa bu ;kstukvksa
ds çHkko dk ewY;kadu djuk] vkSj mi;qä csgrj mís’;
çkIr djus ds fy,] mUgsa ewY;kadu ds vk/kkj ij u;k
Lo:i nsuk egRoiw.kZ gksxkA
fd’kksfj;ksa ds fy, lesfdr cky fodkl ;kstuk
¼vkbZlhMh,l½ ds ek/;e ls dk;kZfUor fd’kksjh ‘kfä
;kstuk f’k{kk vkSj l’kfädj.k dk;ZØe dh leqnk;
la?kVu ds lkFk yM+fd;ksa ds thou dkS’ky f’k{kk dh
la;qä j.kuhfr dks ykxw djus ds fy, xqatkb’k çnku
djrk gSA blds lkFk gh] geas rhljh j.kuhfr & thou
dkS’ky dk;ZØe tks leqnk; la?kVu ds lkFk u dsoy
yM+fd;ksa vkSj ;qok efgykvksa dks cfYd fd’kksjksa vkSj
;qodksa dk Hkh ‘kkfey djrk gS & vkjaHk] ik;yV fMtkbu
vkSj mldk ewY;kadu djus dh t:jr gSA ekufldrk
cnyus vkSj vyx vyx ehfM;k lalk/kuksa dk bLrseky
djds leqnk; la?kVu dk;ZØeksa ds ek/;e ls cky fookg
vkSj tYnh i<+kbZ NksM+us dks lkekftd :i ls vLohdk;Z
cukus dh fn’kk esa fo’ks”k ç;klksa dh t:jr gSA
tYnh xHkZ/kkj.k dks jksduk
tYnh xHkZ/kkj.kd dks jksdus ls lacaf/kr gLr{ksi v/;;uksa
esa vf/kdk¡’k vesfjdk vkSj fczVsu] vkSj mi lgkjk vÝhdk
ds tSls mPp vk; okys ns’kksa esa vfookfgr fd’kksjksa esa
xHkkZoLFkk jksdus dks lacksf/kr djrs gSaA
vesfjdk vkSj fczVsu ls gLr{ksi v/;;u dh O;ofLFkr
leh{kk n’kkZrh gS fd ;kSu f’k{kk dk;ZØe vius vki esa
fd’kksj xHkkZoLFkk dks jksdus esa vçHkkoh jgs gSaA O;kid
;qok fodkl dk;ZØe tks cpiu ls gLr{ksi ds lkFk ‘kq:
gksrs gSa vkSj fd’kksj ¼vfookfgr½ xHkkZoLFkk ds lkekftd
fu/kkZjdksa & f’k{kk ds volj] vkthfodk ds fy, dkS’ky
fodkl] ;kSfudrk vkSj fj’rksa dh f’k{kk ds lkFk & dks
lacksf/kr djrs gSa] os lcls çHkkoh ik, x, gSaA yM+fd;ksa
dks Ldwy esa j[kus vkSj Ldwy NksM+us ls jksdus ds fy,
foÙkh; çksRlkgu@leFkZu dks] vÝhdk ls nks v/;;uksa esa
cky fookg jksdus] vkSj fookg ds ckgj fd’kksj xHkkZoLFkk
dks jksdus esa Hkh çHkkoh ik;k x;k gSA
nks v/;;uksa us fookfgr ;qok efgykvksa esa igys tUe ds
le; vk;q esa nsjh ds gLr{ksiksa dk ewY;kadu fd;k] vkSj
bUgas çHkkoh ik;kA nksuksa ekeyksa esa dbZ j.kuhfr;ksa dk
bLrseky fd;k x;k FkkA rhu eq[; j.kuhfr;ksa igpkuk tk
ldrk gSA ,d j.kuhfr dk mís’; eq[; j[kokyksa ds lkFk
lkFk cMs+ leqnk; ds lkFk gLr{ksi ds ek/;e ls lkekftd
okrkoj.k dk fuekZ.k djuk FkkA nwljh j.kuhfr esa ;qok
fookfgr tksM+ksa dks la;qä :i ls vkSj efgykvksa vkSj
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9.9 Page 89 |
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iq#”kksa dks vyx ls Hkh ;kSu vkSj çtuu LokLF; f’k{kk
çnku dh tk jgh FkhA rhljh j.kuhfr] xHkZfujks/kd vkSj
vU; çtuu LokLF; lsokvksa ds fy, igq¡p dh lqfo/kk esa
o`f) dj jgh FkhA bl çdkj] ekax vkSj vkiwfrZ i{k nksuksa
ds dkjdksa ,d lkFk lacksf/kr dj jgh Fkh] vkSj lkekftd
ekunaMksa dks cnyus dk ,d xaHkhj ç;kl fd;k x;k FkkA
;g nksuksa v/;;uksa Hkkjr ls gSaA ewY;kafdr gLr{ksiksa eas ls
,d vc dk;Z ugha dj jgk] tcfd nwljk çHkkoh gLr{ksi
fcgkj esa ykxw fd;k tk jgk gSA bl gLr{ksi dks vU;
jkT;ksa esa cM+s iSekus ij ys tkus dh xqatkb’k dks vkxs
tk¡pus dh t:jr gSA
cPpksa ds tUe ds chp varj dks
c<+kok nsuk
leh{kk esa ukS gLr{ksi v/;;u ‘kkfey fd, x, FksA cky
fookg jksdus ds gLr{ksiksa dh rjg] tUeksa ds chp varj dks
c<+kok nsus ds ewY;kafdr gLr{ksiksa us Ng fo’ks”k j.kuhfr;ksa
esa ls nks ;k nks ls vf/kd dks ,d lkFk bLrseky fd;kA
bu Ng j.kuhfr;ksa esa ‘kkfey Fkh% 1½ ds ;qok fookfgr
efgykvksa ds fy, yf{kr lans’k] 2½ ;qok fookfgr iq#”kksa
ds fy, yf{kr lans’k 3½ lkeqnkf;d la?kVu & j[kokyksa
ds lkFk yf{kr cSBdksa ls ysdj O;kid lkeqnkf;d
tkx:drk fuekZ.k vkSj eukso`fŸk;ksa dks vkdkj nsuk] 4½
ljdkjh vkSj@;k futh {ks=ksa ds vanj LokLF; vkSj lac)
lsok çnkrkvksa ds lkFk tqM+ko] 5½ ljdkjh LokLF; ds {ks=
ds vanj tUe ds chp loksZR—“V varj j[kus ds lans’kksa
vkSj lsokvksa dks eq[;/kkjk esa ykuk] vkSj 6½ loksZR—“V
xHkkZoLFkk@tUe ds chp varj dks uhfr vkSj dk;ZØe
mn~ns’k ds :i esa ,dh—r djus ds fy, uhfr&fuekZrkvksa
ds lkFk mPp Lrjh; iSjohA
efgykvksa vkSj muds ifr;kas ds lkFk xgurk ls dke
djuk] lkFk gh lkeqnkf;d leFkZu fuekZ.k vkSj mi;qä
lsok,a çnku djus esa LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ {kerk fuekZ.k
j.kuhfr;ksa dk ,d dkjxj feJ.k çrhr gksrk gSA pkj
Hkkjrh; dk;ZØeksa us bu j.kuhfr;ksa ds feJ.k dks viuk;k
vkSj mu lHkh dks çHkkoh ik;k x;k] ftlesa pkj esa ls
rhu ç;ksxkRed ;k v/kZ ç;ksxkRed v/;;u FksA ;g ,slk
–f”Vdks.k gS ftlus ekax vkSj vkiwfrZ ls lacaf/kr dkjdksa
dks ,d lkFk lacksf/kr fd;kA
Åijfyf[kr j.kuhfr;ksa ds feJ.kksa ds vanj] iq#”kksa ds lkFk
dke djus ds –f”Vdks.k dks vkxs tk¡pus dh t:jr gSA
ftu gLr{ksiksa us ifr;ksa dks vf/kdrk ls yf{kr ugha fd;k
ysfdu leqnk; esa iq#”kksa ds lkFk dke fd;k muesa Hkh
vPNs ifj.kke gkfly gksrs fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA
vkxs ç;ksx ds yk;d j.kuhfr;ksa dk ,d vkSj feJ.k gS
xHkZorh efgykvksa vkSj muds ifr;ksa dh fDyfud vk/kkfjr
xgu dkmalfyax dk v/;;uA ;g –f”Vdks.k lalk/kuksa
dk vis{kk—r ekewyh fuos’k ds lkFk çHkkoh ifj.kke çkIr
djus esa lQy çrhr gksrk gSA
Hkkjrh; lna HkZ e]as uhfr;kas vkjS dk;ØZ ekas ds Hkhrj ^^xHkkoZ LFkk
ds LoLFk le; vkjS njw h** ¼HTSP½ dks e[q ;/kkjk eas ykuk
,d egRoi.w kZ igyk dne gkxs kA cPpkas ds tUe ds chp
dh njw h dks uhfr nLrkots eas ,d çkFkfedrk ds :i eas
mYyfs [kr fd;k x;k g]S gkykf¡ d] Hkkjrh; ifjokj fu;kts u
dk;ØZ e eas i;kIZ r :i ls cy ugha fn;k x;k gAS çnkrkvkas
dks tUe eas vra j j[kus dh çkFkfedrk ds çfr vkjS vf/
kd tkx:d cukus vkjS xHkkoZ LFkk eas njw h ds fy, vk/kfq ud
ds lkFk ikjia fjd rjhdkas ij vius Kku dks c<k+ us eas T;knk
dke djus dh t:jr gAS mÙkj çn’s k vkjS fcgkj@>kj[kMa
eas Øe’k% nks Hkkjrh; dk;ØZ ekas us çnkrk çf’k{k.k vkjS
lkenq kf;d Hkkxhnkjh lfgr] ljdkjh LokLF; ds {k=s ds
vna j tUe eas vra j j[kus dks c<k+ ok nus s dks e[q ;/kkjk eas
ykus dk ç;kl fd;k gAS bu e‚Mykas dks fVdkÅ vkjS
fdQk;rh :i ls cMs+ ieS kus ik ys tkus ds fy, vkxs tkp¡
djus dh t:jr gAS
laHkkfor mi;ksxdrkZvksa ds fy, tUe ds chp varj ds
rjhdksa dks Lohdk;Z cukuk ,d vkSj pqukSrh gS ftlls ikj
ikuk vHkh ckdh gSA orZeku esa] xHkZfujks/kd dk mi;ksx
>qdko ulcanh dh rjQ T;knk gSA Hkkjr ds fofHkUu
Hkkxksa esa varj j[kus ds rjhdksa dh Loh—fr esa ck/kkvksa dh
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9.10 Page 90 |
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igpku djus ds fy,] vkSj bu ij vk/kkfjr lanHkZ fo’ks”k
lapkj vkSj O;ogkj ifjorZu j.kuhfr cukus ds fy, ‘kks/k
dh t:jr gSA xHkZorh efgykvksa vkSj muds ifr;ksa ds
lkFk fDyfud vk/kkfjr gLr{ksi tUeksa ds chp varj j[kus
ls lacaf/kr utfj, vkSj O;ogkj dks çHkkfor djus ds fy,
,d cM+k volj çnku djrs gSaA
v/;;uksa ls irk pyrk gS fd ;qok fookfgr efgykvksa ds
lkFk yf{kr gLr{ksiksa dks muds ifr;ksa ;k fookfgr iq#”kksa
ds lewgksa ds lkFk iwjk djus dh t:jr gSA tgk¡ vk’kk
vkSj ,-,u-,e- dks efgykvksa ds lkFk tUe esa varj j[kus
dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, çf’kf{kr fd;k tk ldrk gS] ogha
;qok fookfgr iq#”kksa ds lkFk dke djus ds fy, ,d
mi;qä iq#”k lewg dh igpku djuk egRoiw.kZ gksxkA
ifjokj fu;kstu lsokvksa dh xq.koÙkk
esa lq/kkj
lŸkkbl gLr{ksi v/;;uksa dks leh{kk esa ‘kkfey fd;k
x;kA dbZ j.kuhfr;ksa dk ,d lkFk viukuk Hkh ifjokj
fu;kstu lsokvksa dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj ds fy, Hkh gLr{ksiksa
dh ,d fo’ks”krk FkhA lehf{kr dk;ZØeksa esa ifjokj
fu;kstu lsokvksa ij igq¡p vkSj xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj ds fy,
10 j.kuhfr;ksa esa ls ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd dks viuk;k
x;k% 1½ vkSj 2½ efgyk vkSj iq#”k LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa
ds ek/;e ls leqnk; vk/kkfjr lsok çnkuxh] 3½ vkSj 4½
efgykvksa vkSj iq#”kksa ds fy, LokLF; lqfo/kk dsanz vk/kkfjr
yf{kr dkmalfyax vkSj f’k{kk] 5½ xHkZfujks/kd fodYiksa
dk foLrkj] 6½ ns[kHkky dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj ds fy,
çnkrk çf’k{k.k] 7½ csgrj laxBu] midj.k] vkSj vkiwfrZ
ds ek/;e ls lsok çko/kku dk lq–<+hdj.k] 8½ ifjokj
fu;kstu dk xHkZikr&Ik’pkr lsokvksa ds lkFk ,dhdj.k]
9½ ifjokj fu;kstu dk ekr` LokLF; vkSj çlo ns[kHkky
ds lkFk ,dhdj.k] vkSj 10½ leqnk; dk la?kVuA
j.kuhfr;ksa ds nks feJ.k lsokvksa ds lkFk xzkgd larqf”V
esa lq/kkj ds lkFk lkFk xHkZfujks/kd mi;ksx esa lq/kkj
djus dh mudh {kerk ds ekeys esa laHkkouk fn[kkrs
djrs gSaA buesa ls igyh] ifjokj fu;kstu lsokvksa dk
xHkZikr&i’pkr ns[kHkky vkSj ekr` LokLF; çlo ns[kHkky
ds lkFk ,dhdj.k gS] c’krsZ ;g flQZ ,d vfrfjä lsok
dh ,d ;kaf=d vf/kdrk u gksA tk¡ps x, çHkkoh gLr{ksiksa
esa xzkgd lqfo/kk ds vuq:i lsok çnku djus esa cnyko]
lsok çnkuxh dks vf/kd xzkgd dsafær cukus ds fy,
çnkrk çf’k{k.k] vkSj efgykvksa vkSj vius ifr;ksa ds fy,
yf{kr ifjokj fu;kstu dkmalfyax Hkh ‘kkfey gSA
çloksÙkj vkSj xHkZikr&i’pkr ifjokj fu;kstu Hkkjr
esa vPNh rjg ls tkuk tkrk gSA gkyk¡fd] T;knk /;ku
çloksÙkj vkSj xHkZikr&i’pkr ulcanh ij fn;k x;k gSA
blds vykok] 1990 ds n’kd esa ns[kHkky dh xq.koÙkk
dh tk¡p ds dbZ v/;;uksa esa ulcanh ;k vkbZ-;w-lh-Mh-
yxkus dks lqjf{kr xHkZikr lsok,a çnku djus ds fy,
,d ‘krZ ds :i esa bLrseky fd, tkus dh lwpuk feyrh
gSA bl leh{kk ls uhfrxr flQkfj’kas çloksÙkj vkSj
xHkZikr&i’pkr ifjokj fu;kstu lsok,a çnku djus ds
fy, gksaxh tks lgh ek;us esa dkmalfyx ds ckn lwfpr
ilan] efgyk@mlds lkFkh dks pquus ds fy, ds fy,
xHkZujks/kdksa dh iwjh J`a[kyk is’k djus] vkSj tSlk Åij
crk;k x;k gS] xzkgd ds lkFk ekuoh; O;ogkj lfgr
lexz xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj ij vk/kkfjr gSA
vU; j.kuhfr tks laHkkouk is’k djrh gS] og gS leqnk;
vk/kkfjr f’k{kk vkSj dkmalfyax vkSj xHkZfujks/kdksa ds
forj.k ds fy, efgyk vkSj iq#”k LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa
dk bLrseky djukA gekjs ikl ifjokj fu;kstu dh
tkudkjh vkSj lsok,a çnku djus okyk leqnk; vk/kkfjr
iq#”k LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ lewg ugha gS & okLro esa] gekjs
ikl ;kstukc) rjhds ls ifjokj fu;kstu dh tkudkjh
ds lkFk iq#”kksa rd igqapus ds fy, dksbZ ç.kkyh ugha gSA
lqfo/kk,a eqgS;k djkus ds fy, efgyk lkeqnkf;d LokLF;
dk;ZdrkZvksa dk ç;ksx fQj ls Hkkjrh; ifjokj fu;kstu
dk;ZØe esa ,d tkuhekuh j.kuhfr gS] vkSj vc vk’kk
dks ;g ftEesnkjh lkSaih xbZ gSA eq[; varj ;g gS fd
dbZ ekeyksa esa ¼ljdkjh uhfr tks dqN Hkh gks½ O;ogkj
esa lkeqnkf;d LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ dks ^^y{;** iwjs djus
gksrs gSaA ;g efgyk ds ?kj ds djhc lwpuk vkSj lsokvksa
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10 Pages 91-100 |
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10.1 Page 91 |
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dks miyC/k djkus ds }kjk ifjokj fu;kstu lsokvksa dh
xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj yk ldus okys gLr{ksi dks tcjnLrh
ifj.kke nsus okys esa cny nsrk gSA gesa efgyk lkeqnkf;d
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ dh Hkwfedk dks ubZ fn’kk nsus vkSj iq#”k
lkeqnkf;d LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa dks ‘kkfey djus dh
t:jr gSA mudh Hkwfedk] tkudkjh nsus] fofHkUu rjhdksa
uqdlku vkSj Qk;nksa ij ij ppkZ lqyHk djkus vkSj xzkgd
dks mlds fy, Lohdk;Z fof/k dh lwfpr ilan esa enn ds
fy, gksxhA
lekiu fVIi.kh
bl leh{kk us vyx vyx ^^vk’kktud** j.kuhfr;ksa dh
igpku dh gS tks efgykvksa] iq#”kksa vkSj cPpksa ds LokLF;
vkSj vf/kdkjksa dks dk;e j[kus ds ,d lk/ku ds :i
esa ifjokj fu;kstu dk iqu% fLFkfr fu/kkZj.k djus enn
djsaxhA leh{kk ds ifj.kkeksa dh O;k[;k cgqr lhfer
çek.kksa /;ku esa j[k dj djus dh t:jr gS ftl ij ;g
vk/kkfjr gSA dbZ gLr{ksiksa dks nLrkosth—r ugha fd;k
x;k gS] vkSj ftUgsa nLrkosth—r fd;k x;k gS mudk
dM+kbZ ls ewY;kadu fd;k tkuk vHkh ckdh gSA vkxs
egRoiw.kZ dk;ksaZ esa ls ,d ekStwnk gLr{ksiksa dks O;ofLFkr
rjhds ls nLrkosthdj.k vkSj ewY;kadu gSA
leh{kk vc rd ykxw fd, x, <sjksa gLr{ksiksa esa ls vkxs
ç;ksx vkSj cM+s iSekus ij ys tkus ;ksX; gSa j.kuhfr;ksa dks
fpfUgr djrh gSA gkyk¡fd blls vHkh rd tks dksf’k’k
ugha dh xbZ mldh jkg fudkyus dh laHkkouk vkjaHk gksuh
pkfg,A ,sls vU; vU; laHkkfor gLr{ksi gSa ftudk ç;kl
;k dYiuk djuk Hkh vHkh ckdh gS% mnkgj.k ds fy,]
çtuu vkSj ;kSu vf/kdkjksa dks cuk, j[kus ds dk;ZØe]
çtuu LokLF; lsokvksa dh ,d O;kid J`a[kyk çnku
djus okys dk;ZØe ifjokj fu;kstu ftldk ,d vfHkUu
fgLlk gSA <k¡ps ls vyx gLr{ksi fMtkbu vkSj ykxw
djuk mruh gh cM+h çkFkfedrk gS ftruk fd igys ls gh
ekStwn dk dBksj ewY;kadu djukA
lqjf{kr xHkZikr lsok,a xHkZikr&i’pkr ns[kHkky ds lkFk
ifjokj fu;kstu dks ,dh—r djus okys gLr{ksiksa ds ,d
Hkkx ds :i esa gh tk¡ph xbZ j.kuhfr;ksa esa utj vkbZa gSaA
fQj Hkh] ifjokj fu;kstu dk iqu% fLFkfr fu/kkZj.k djus ds
fdlh Hkh ç;kl dks lqjf{kr xHkZikr lsokvksa dks efgykvksa
ds LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkjksa dks dk;e j[kus ds ,d
egRoiw.kZ vk;ke ds :i esa ‘kkfey djus dh vko’;drk
gksxhA
var esa] Åij ^^ifjokj fu;kstu dk iqu% fLFkfr fu/kkZj.k**
dh lHkh j.kuhfr;ksa ds lq>ko ifjHkk”kk ds }kjk ekuo
vf/kdkjksa ds ifjçs{; }kjk funsZf’kr gSaA bl lanHkZ vkSj
ifjçs{; ls ckgj dj fn;k tk, vkSj ,d ^tula[;k
fu;a=.k* vfuok;Zrk dh ijr yxk nh tk,] rks ge ‘kk;n
çtuu {kerk esa deh dks çkIr ysaxs] ysfdu tula[;k ds
LokLF; vkSj [kq’kgkyh esa tqM+s lq/kkj ds fcukA
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10.2 Page 92 |
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Population Foundation of India
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