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Planned Families in India - A National Development Approach- Family Planning %28Hindi%29 |
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Hkkjr eas fu;kfs tr ifjokj %
jk"Vªh; fodkl ds fy, ,d nf` "Vdk.s k
Population Foundation of India
Policy Brief/2013
ifjokj fu;kstu iztuu LokLF;] vkfFkZd fodkl vkSj efgykvksa ds
l'kfDrdj.k dk egRoiw.kZ rRo gSA
thou lqj{kk% LokLF;
ifj.kkeksa esa lq/kkj
Hkkjr esa dqy iztuu nj] 1971 esa 5-2 ls
fxjdj 2010 esa 2-5 gks xbZ gSA bl fxjkoV
ls irk pyrk gS fd Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dk
viuh iztuu'khy thou ij fu;a=.k vkSj
xHkZ fujks/kdksa rd mudh igqap esa lq/kkj gqvk
gSA ysfdu] vHkh Hkh dkQh yack lQj r;
djuk ckdh gSA 2005&06 ds vuqeku n'kkZrs
gSa fd vHkh Hkh] dqy xHkZ /kkj.kksa esa ls] 13
izfr'kr 18 o"kZ ls de mez dh yM+fd;ksa
esa gksrs gSaA v/;;u ;g Hkh n'kkZrs gSa fd
Hkkjr esa 21 izfr'kr xHkZ /kkj.k vfu;ksftr
gksrs gSaA ,sls tUe ekr` LokLF; ij
udkjkRed izHkko Mkyrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds
fy,] ,d vfu;ksftr tUe ds cgqr tYn
ckn gh] nwljk tUe gksus ls efgyk ds fy,
LokLF; tksf[ke c<+ tkrk gS] fo'ks"kdj ,slh
fLFkfr esa tgka mldk LokLF; igys ls gh]
vi;kZIr iks"k.k vkSj [kwu dh deh ds dkj.k
izHkkfor gksA blds vfrfjDr] Hkkjr esa gksus
okyh dqy ekr` e`R;q esa ls 8 izfr'kr dk
dkj.k vlqjf{kr xHkZ lekiu gS] ;g la[;k
ns'k esa xHkZ lekiu dkuwuh :i ls oS/k gksus
ds ckotwn dkQh T+;knk gSA
tqM+s tkf[ke] vlqjf{kr xHkZ lekiu] ;qok
efgykvksa] esa xHkZ /kkj.k nsj ls gksus vkSj
igys ls det+ksj efgykvksa ds fy, tksf[ke
dh laHkkouk de gks tkrh gSA
ekr` e`R;q dks jksduk
ifjokj fu;kstu dh pyh vk jgh viw.kZ
vko';drkvksa ds dkj.k] cky e`R;q vkSj ekr`
LokLF; lq/kkj ds {ks= esa **vi;kZIr fodkl**
gqvk gSA vuqeku yxk;k tk jgk gS] fd
xHkZ fujks/kd mi;ksx ls] o"kZ 2008 esa] 44
izfr'kr ekr` e`R;q jksdh tk ldhaA blds
vfrfjDr] ifjokj fu;kstu dh fo'o Lrj
dh viw.kZ vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ls]
okf"kZd Lrj ij 29 izfr'kr ekr` e`R;q vkSj
jksdh tk ldrh gSaA Hkkjr esa xHkZ fujks/kd
mi;ksx ls] o"kZ 2008 esa] yxHkx 85&90]000
e`R;q jksdh xbZaA
fo'o Lrj ij] ;fn LoSfPNd ifjokj
fu;kstu dks iwjh rjg ls ykxw dj fn;k
tk, vkSj lHkh viw.kZ vko';drkvksa dks iw.kZ
dj fn;k tk,] rks xHkZ fujks/kd mi;ksx ls
yxHkx vk/kh ls vf/kd ekr` e`R;q dks jksdk
tk ldrk gSA bl ifj.kke ds ekr` LokLF;
,oa mÙkjthfork ds fy, xgjd fufgrkFkZ gSa
vkSj ;g t+ksj nsrs gSa fd gesa 'kh?kz ls 'kh?kz]
Hkkjr dh yxHkx 3-2 djksM+ efgykvksa dh]
xHkZ fujks/kdksa dh viw.kZ vko';drkvksa dks
iwjk djuk pkfg,A vr%] ekr` e`R;q jksdus
ds fy,] ifjokj fu;kstu izkFkfed mik;
gSA lqjf{kr ekr`Ro iz;kl ds varxZr] mPp
Lrjh; ifjokj fu;kstu vkSj ekr` LokLF;
lsokvksa rd O;kid vkSj fcuk fdlh izdkj
ds ncko ds igqap LFkkfir djuk] vkSj izlo
ds nkSjku izf'kf{kr deZpkfj;ksa dh ekStwnxh]
egRoiw.kZ j.kuhfr;ka gSaA ysfdu bl fn'kk esa
cgqr /kheh xfr ls fodkl gks jgk gS vkSj
vHkh Hkh ekr` e`R;q la[;k cgqr vf/kd gSA
fp= 1% ckaXykns’k] Hkkjr] usiky vkSj ikfdLrku esa vk/kqfud xHkZfujks/kd
fof/k;ksa dk ç;ksx
dqy
izek.k n'kkZrs gSa fd efgykvksa dks okafNr
ifjokj fu;kstu lsokvksa rd lkoZykSfdd
igqap miyC/k djk, tkus ds dkQh
vk'p;Ztud o nh?kZdkfyd izHkko gksrs
gSaA fo'o Lrj ij] LokLF; ykHkksa esa 'kkfey
gS] 215]000 de ekr` e`R;q] vuk;kl xHkZ
/kkj.k esa nks&frgkbZ deh ftlds dkj.k 2-1
djksM+ de vokafNr tUe gksrs gSa vkSj xHkZ
lekiuksa dh la[;k esa 2-6 djksM+ dh deh
vkrh gSA ifjokj fu;kstu ds dkj.k ekr`
e`R;q la[;k de djus ds izR;{k ykHk izkIr
gksrs gSa] D;ksafd blls xHkZ /kkj.k vkSj mlls
20&24 o"kZ
18&19 o"kZ
15&17 o"kZ
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
ulcanh 'kkfey ugha gSA vks-lh-ih-] vkbZ-;w-Mh-] lqba;k] daMkse] bEIykaV] f>Yyh
¼Mk;kÝke½] efgyk daMkse] >kx@tsyhA
uksV% >kx@tsyh] efgyk daMkse vkSj f>Yyh ¼Mk;kÝke½ dk dqy 'kwU; gS vkSj ;g
cszdvkmV xzkQ esa ‘kkfey ugha gSaA
ckaXykns'k 2007 Hkkjr 2006 usiky 2011 ikfdLrku 2007
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cky LokLF; esa lq/kkj
xHkZ fujks/kd mi;ksx ls izfr o"kZ]
yxHkx 23 djksM+ tUe jksds tkrs gSa] vkSj
vfu;ksftr ,oa vokafNr xHkZ /kkj.k dks
jksdus ds fy,] ifjokj fu;kstu gh
izkFkfed j.kuhfr gSA O;kid ifjokj
fu;kstu lsokvksa ds efgykvksa ds fy,] xSj
xHkZ fujks/kd izHkko Hkh gksrs gSaA fookg esa
nsjh] ifjokj fu;kstu lsokvksa vkSj ns[kjs[k
esa lq/kkj rFkk xHkZ fujks/kd mi;ksx ls] tUe
lgh le; ij gksus o nks tUeksa ds chp
le;kof/k c<+us ls] cky mÙkjthfork esa
Hkh lq/kkj izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA blls
cPpksa ds fy,] lhfer ikfjokfjd lalk/ku
Hkh mfpr ek=k esa miyC/k djk, tk ldrs
gSaA 3 o"kZ dh le;kof/k] ;k mlls vf/kd
ds ckn tUes cPpksa ds eqdkcys] 2&3 o"kZ
ds varj esa tUes cPpksa esa] 'kS'ko dky esa
gh e`R;q gksus dk tksf[ke 10 izfr'kr vf/kd
gksrk gS vkSj 2 o"kZ ds vanj gh tUes cPpksa
ds fy, ;g tksf[ke 60 izfr'kr vf/kd gksrk
gSA blds vfrfjDr] fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa
le; ls igys tUe gks tkus] vkSj tUe ds
le; de ot+u dk tksf[ke nks xq.kk vf/kd
gks tkrk gS] ;fn fiNys tUe ds 6 ekg ds
vanj gh nwljk xHkZ /kkj.k gks tk,A ifjokj
fu;kstu rd igqap LFkkfir djds] yxHkx
10 izfr'kr f'k'kq e`R;q vkSj 21 izfr'kr cky
e`R;q jksdh tk ldrh gSaA vr%] efgyk ,oa
cky LokLF; ds fy, ifjokj fu;kstu ,d
izeq[k fuos'k gSA
vkfFkZd ifj.kkeksa esa lq/kkj
efgykvksa }kjk viuh iztuu'khyrk ds
fu;a=.k ds] LokLF; ds vfrfjDr vU; dbZ
nh?kZdkfyd ,oa mRizsjd izHkko gSaA x`gLFkh ds
Lrj ij] ifjokj vius lhfer lalk/kuksa dk
cPpksa ds LokLF; vkSj f'k{kk ds fy, vf/kd
mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA NksVs ifjokjksa dh
yM+fd;ksa dh f'k{kk iwjh gksus dh laHkkouk
c<+ tkrh gS vkSj de cPps gksus ls] efgyk,a
jkst+xkj dekus esa tqM+ ldrh gSa] ftlls
ifjokj dh vk; vkSj iwath esa o`f) gksrh gSA
iztuu LokLF; vkSj ifjokj fu;kstu rd
igqap esa lq/kkj gksus ds dkj.k vke LokLF;
esa lq/kkj vkSj iztuu'khyrk esa deh vkus ls]
vkfFkZd O;oLFkk esa Hkh lq/kkj izkIr fd, tk
ldrs gSaA vr%] ifjokj fu;kstu ekuoh;
iwath esa lq/kkj djus] xjhch vkSj Hkw[kejh de
lkoZHkkSfed vkSj O;kid ifjokj fu;kstu ls efgyk ds
thou esa cnyko vk ldrk gSA
1 igys xHkZ /kkj.k esa nsjh ykdj] mls viuh f'k{kk iwjh djus vkSj vkenuh nsus
okys dke ds lkFk tqM+us dk volj nsdjA
2 nks cPpksa ds chp varj j[k dj] ftlls ekr` vkSj cky LokLF; esa lq/kkj gksrk
gS] vkSj efgyk dks ?kj ls ckgj dke djus ;k ubZ dq'kyrk,a izkIr djus dk
volj feyrk gSA
3 efgyk&i{kh; xHkZ fujks/kd fodYiksa rd igqap LFkkfir djds] mls ifjokj
fu;kstu ds fy, l'kDr djdsA
djus] izkd`frd lalk/kuksa ds laj{k.k vkSj
tyok;q ifjorZu rFkk i;kZoj.k ds laj{k.k
ds izHkkoksa ls tw>us dh gekjh ljdkj dh
{kerk c<+kus esa ennxkj gksxkA
gSaA**13 vr%] ifjokj fu;kstu ,d egRoiw.kZ
fuos'k {ks= gS] D;ksafd blds dkj.k
LokLF; O;oLFkk dh dhersa de djus esa
enn feyrh gSA
ifjokj fu;kstu rd igqap gksus ls]
iztuu'khyrk esa deh vkSj LokLF; esa lq/kkj
ds vfrfjDr] ifjokjksa dks vU; vkfFkZd ykHk
Hkh izkIr gks ldrs gSaA ikfjokfjd vk; vkSj
iwath esa c<+ksrjh dk eryc gS] fd cPpksa
dh la[;k de gksus ls] ekrk&firk izfr
f'k'kq] LokLF;] iks"k.k vkSj f'k{kk ds fy,
vkSj vf/kd iSlk o le; ns ldrs gSaA
ckY;koLFkk esa LokLF; vkSj iks"k.k ij fd,
x, fuos'k ds O;kid izHkko fey ldrs gSa]
tSls 'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld fodkl vkSj
f'k{kk ls tqM+s izHkko] tks o;Ld gksus ij
vkenuh ij izHkko Mkyrs gSaA fuos'k ls
vxyh ih<+h ds fy, voljksa esa lq/kkj gksrk
gS] et+nwjksa dh mRikndrk esa c<+ksrjh ds
dkj.k xjhch feVrh gS vkSj iwath lap; ls
vkfFkZd fodkl gksrk gSA
djksM+ksa yM+fd;ka vkSj efgyk,a
vius thou esa foLr`r cnyko
yk ldrh gSa] ;fn mudh ifjokj
fu;kstu dh LoSfNd vkSj O;kid
t+:jrsa iwjh dj nh tk,aA
ifjokj fu;kstu dks] LoLFk ifjokj dks
c<+kok nsus] vkfFkZd fodkl ds volj c<+kus
vkSj ,d 'kfDr'kkyh rFkk thoar ns'k cukus
ds fy,] ,d csgn lLrk fodkl iz;kl
ekuk x;k gSA la;qDr jk"Vª us ekU;rk nh
gS fd] **ifjokj fu;kstu ij [kpZ fd,
x, izR;sd vejhdh MkWyj ds dkj.k] vU;
fodkl y{; izkIr djus ds fy, cuk, x,
dk;ZØeksa esa] 2 ls 6 MkWyj cpk, tk ldrs
de gksrh tUe la[;k Hkh] ,d izdkj dk
*tulkaf[;dh; ykHk* gS] ftlds dkj.k
fuHkZj O;fDr;ksa ds eqdkcys] dk;Zjr o;Ldksa
dh la[;k esa c<+ksrjh gksrh gSA rFkk&dfFkr
,f'k;u Vkbxj ns'kksa ¼flaxkiqj] rkboku]
nf{k.k dksfj;k] FkkbySaM½ esa rst+h ls gq,
fodkl ds ihNs] eq[;r% jkst+xkj okys dkeksa
esa Hkkx ysus okys yksxksa dh la[;k esa c<+ksrjh
dk gkFk gS] ftldk ,d dkj.k gS fd dke
djus dh mez ds yksxksa] dkedkth efgykvksa
vkSj f'k{kk izkIr djus okys yksxksa dh la[;k
esa c<+ksrjh gqbZA14 ns'kksa us] ftlesa nf{k.k
dksfj;k vkSj FkkbySaM 'kkfey gSa] vkfFkZd fodkl
ds bl volj dk ykHk mBk;k vkSj vius
ukxfjdksa ds LokLF;] f'k{kk vkSj dY;k.k
ds {ks=ksa esa fuos'k fd;kA vius ukxfjdksa ds
thou esa cnyko ykdj] lkoZtfud {ks= esa
;Fkksfpr [kpZ vkSj Hkwe.Myh; Lrj ij vkfFkZd
O;oLFkk esa lg;ksx djds] Hkkjr Hkh ;g ykHk
mBkus dh dxkj ij [kM+k gSA
ekuo vf/kdkj dk ekeyk
ifjokj fu;kstu esa fuos'k djus ls LokLF;]
vkfFkZd vkSj fodkl ykHk izkIr gksrs gSaA tgka
,d vksj] t+:jh gS fd ifjokj fu;kstu
esa fuos'k djus ls gksus okys fofo/k izdkj
ds lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj LokLF; ykHkksa
dk nLrkost+hdj.k fd;k tk,] ogha ;g Hkh
;kn j[kuk t+:jh gS] fd vkf[kjdkj ifjokj
fu;kstu O;fDrxr ekuo vf/kdkj dk
ekeyk gSA
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xHkZ fujks/ku tkudkjh vkSj lsokvksa ds vf/kdkj
¼lkoZHkkSfed ifjokj fu;kstu½ ds xSj&HksnHkko
vkSj LokLF;] tkudkjh vkSj f'k{kk] ,dkarrk
vkSj thus ds vf/kdkjksa ls laca/k dks cnyk ugha
tk ldrkA15 buesa ls izR;sd ekuo vf/kdkj
,d nwljs ls tqM+k gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,]
LokLF; ds loksZPp ekudksa dks izkIr djus
dk vf/kdkj] ftlesa LokLF; lsokvksa vkSj
LokLF; tkudkfj;ksa rd igqap 'kkfey gS]
dks rc rd iwjk ugha fd;k tk ldrk]
tc rd f'k{kk o tkudkjh ds vf/kdkj
dks iwjk u fd;k tk,A
HksnHkko ls lqj{kk ds ekuo vf/kdkj dks
lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, t+:jh gS fd xHkZ
fujks/ku tkudkjh vkSj lsok,a miyC/k djkbZ
tk,a vkSj mu rd lc rjg ds lewgksa
dh igqap gksA16 'kj.kkFkhZ] vkarfjd :i ls
foLFkkfir efgyk,a] ;kSu dehZ] fd'kksj o ;qok
O;fDr] /kkfeZd o tkrh; vYila[;d gSA
Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa] ;qokvksa dks fcuk fdlh HksnHkko
ds lacksf/kr djuk vfuok;Z gSA ;qokvksa dh
vk;q&fof'k"V ;kSfud ,oa iztuu LokLF;
vko';drk,a gksrh gSaA mUgsa vDlj vius
cpko ds fy, mfpr tkudkjh vkSj lsok,a
miyC/k ugha gksrha] D;ksafd lsok iznkrk vkSj
lekt muds laca/k esa dM+h iwoZ/kkj.kk,a j[krs
gSaA u gh o;Ldksa ds fy, cukbZ xbZ lsok,a
muds fy, vuqdwy gksrh gSaA
mudh vko';drkvksa dks lacksf/kr djus ds fy,
izf'kf{kr ifjokj fu;kstu lykgdkj] ,dkarrk
vkSj xksiuh;rk ds dkuwu] xHkZ fujks/ku
vkSj jksxksa ls cpko ij t+ksj] u, ;qok naifÙk;ksa
dks yf{kr djus okys dk;ZØe vkSj ekuo
vf/kdkjksa vkSj tSUMj lekurk ij vk/kkfjr
O;kid ;kSfudrk f'k{kk dh vko';drk gSA
LokLF; ds loksZPp ekudksa dks izkIr djus
ds vf/kdkj ds fy, t+:jh gS fd lHkh yksx
LokLF; tkudkjh vkSj lsokvksa rd] fcuk
fdlh ck/kk ds igqap ik,aA ysfdu] Hkkjr esa
ifjokj fu;kstu rd efgykvksa dh igqap esa
fuEufyf[kr ck/kk,a lkeus vkrh gSa%
1- tkudkjh o lykg ds vHkko esa efgyk,a
Lora= vkSj lwfpr fu.kZ; ysus esa l{ke
ugha jgrhaA
2- xksiuh;rk vkSj ,dkarrk u gksukA
3- xHkZ fujks/ku iz.kkfy;ksa esa fodYi miyC/k
u gksuk o mudh vkiwfrZ esa dehA
4- izf'kf{kr lsok iznkrkvksa dk vHkkoA
5- xHkZ fujks/ku ds LFkk;h rjhdksa ij vR;f/kd
t+ksjA
6- ifjokj fu;kstu lsokvksa esa [kjkc
ns[kjs[kA
bu ck/kkvksa dks gVkus ds fy, uhfr;ka vkSj
izfØ;k,a LFkkfir djus ls] Hkkjr esa ifjokj
fu;kstu rd igqap c<+kus esa cgqr enn
feysxhA
ekuo vf/kdkj ekudksa dks LFkkfir djus
ds fy, t+:jh gS fd fofHkUu izdkj ds xHkZ
fujks/kd] mfpr ek=k esa] ges'kk miyC/k jgsaA
Hkkjr esa dbZ izdkj ds xHkZ fujks/kd ;k rks
miyC/k ugah gSa] ;k mfpr izf'k{k.k&;qDr
lsok iznkrk ugha gSa] tks bUgsa yxk ldsaA
ifjokj fu;kstu dks efgyk & i{kh; ekuo
vf/kdkj vk/kkfjr n`f"Vdks.k ls ns[ksa vkSj
vf/kd rFkk laiw.kZ xHkZ fujks/kdksa ds fodYiksa
rd igqap LFkkfir dh tk ldrh gSA
bls LFkkfir djus ds fy, xzkgd & dsfUnzr
ns[kjs[k lsok,a LFkkfir djuh gksaxhA blds
rRo gSa% xHkZ fujks/kd iz.kkfy;ksa esa fodYi(
fofHkUu izdkj ds xHkZ fujks/kdksa ds mi;ksx ds
izHkkoksa] tksf[ke o ykHkksa dh lgh tkudkjh(
lsok iznkrkvksa dh rduhdh dq'kyrk( ,dkarrk
vkSj xksiuh;rk( vkSj mipkj ds ckn laidZ
cuk, j[kukA17 v/;;u n'kkZrs gSa] fd tgka
xzkgdksa dks yxrk gS fd mudh vPNh ns[kjs[k
dh tkrh gS ogka] [kjkc ns[kjs[k nsus okyh
LokLF; lqfo/kkvksa ds eqdkcys] xHkZ fujks/kdksa
dk iz;ksx vf/kd gSA18
tula[;k vkSj fodkl ij varjkZ"Vªh; lEesyu
¼vkbZ-lh-ih-Mh-½ dk;Z ;kstuk ds varxZr]
LoSfPNd vkSj ekuo vf/kdkjksa ds fl)karksa
dk vuqikyu djus okys] fdlh izdkj
dk ncko u Mkyus okys vkSj O;fDrxr fu.kZ;
ysus dh izfØ;k okys n`f"Vdks.k dk vkºoku
fd;k x;k gSA Hkkjr Hkh vkbZ-lh-ih-Mh- dk
gLrk{kjdrkZ gS] vkSj jk"Vªh; tula[;k uhfr
2000 vkbZ-lh-ih-Mh- n`f"Vdks.k ds vuq:i
gS] ysfdu vHkh Hkh dbZ jk"Vªh; uhfr;ka
tulkaf[;dh; y{;ksa] tula[;k fu;a=.k
vkSj izksRlkgd o grksRlkgd ij vk/kkfjr
gSaA19 bl n`f"Vdks.k dk lkekftd U;k; o
rqY;rk ds fl)karksa ds vk/kkj ij la'kks/ku
djuk gksxk] jkT;ksa dks vkbZ-lh-ih-Mh- ekudksa
ds vuq:i uhfr;ksa esa cnyko ykuk gksxkA
;g djus dk ,d rjhdk gS fd jkT; Lrj
ij r; fd, x, y{; vkSj izksRlkgdksa dks
NksM+dj] leqnk; dh t+:jrksa ij vk/kkfjr
;kstuk,a cukbZ tk,a vkSj xHkZ fujks/kdksa ds
csgrj fodYi vkSj tkudkjh miyC/k djkbZ
tk,] ftlls fd efgykvksa dks og xHkZ
fujks/kd pquus dh Lora=rk gks] tks mudh
vko';drkvksa ds vuq:i gSA
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iztuu fodYi ,d ekSfyd ekuo vf/kdkj gS vkSj efgykvksa dks yxkrkj xHkZ /kkj.k]
Lruiku vkSj cPpksa dh ns[kjs[k ls NqVdkjk nsdj] ifjokj fu;kstu tSUMj lekurk dh
fn'kk esa ,d egRoiw.kZ dne dk lwpd gSA
laLrqfr;ka% izR;sd ifjokj] fu;ksftr ifjokj
vkxs c<+us ds fy, lkoZHkkSfed vkSj LoSfPNd ifjokj fu;kstu
lqfuf'pr djuk gh gksxkA lanHkksZa vkSj fodkl esa fofo/krk ds
ckotwn] dbZ rRo ,d leku gSaA
l lc efgykvksa vkSj iq#"kksa ¼fookfgr] vfookfgr] fd'kksj]
fo'ks"kdj xjhc vkSj vf/kdkj foghu yksxksa½ ds fy, O;kid
ifjokj fu;kstu lsokvksa rd igqap lqfuf'pr djukA
l lqjf{kr vkSj izHkkodkjh vk/kqfud xHkZ fujks/kdksa ds fofo/k izdkj
miyC/k djkukA ;g izR;sd futh vkSj lkoZtfud LokLF; lsok
ij miyC/k gksus pkfg,A
l LokLF; O;oLFkk dh {kerkvksa esa fodkl] ftlls fd og fofo/k
izdkj ds xHkZ fujks/kd yksxksa rd igqapk tk ldsaA
¼d½ LokLF; lsokvksa ds r`.kewy Lrj ds dk;ZdrkZvksa] ,-,u-
,e-] vk'kk] ulZ] MkWDVj] ifjokj fu;kstu lykgdkjksa]
dks xq.koÙkkiw.kZ izf'k{k.k o mudh {kerkvksa dk fodkl
djukA LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa dks miHkksDrkvksa dh ,dkarrk
vkSj O;fDrxr pquko dk lEeku djus dk izf'k{k.k nsuk
vfuok;Z gSA
¼[k½ LokLF; dsUnz miyC/k djkuk ¼izkFkfed LokLF; dsUnz]
lkeqnkf;d LokLF; dsUnz] ft+yk vLirky vkfn½] tks
lqjf{kr vkSj lkQ gksa vkSj lHkh xzkgd tgka vklkuh ls
igqap ik,aA
l ifjokj fu;kstu dh vksj leqnk; vk/kkfjr n`f"Vdks.k dks c<+kok
fn;k tk,A leqnk;ksa dks 'kkfey djus ls] xHkZ fujks/kd mi;ksx
ls tqM+h dyad dh Hkkouk ls cpko fd;k tk ldrk gSA lsokvksa
esa lqfuf'pr djuk gksxk fd ifjokj fu;kstu fu.kZ; esa iq#"kksa
dh Hkkxhnkjh vkSj lg;ksx jgsA
l ifjokj fu;kstu ds fy, jkT; }kjk NwV] jk"Vªh; chek ;kstukvksa]
ljdkjh vkSj foÙkh; laLFkkvksa }kjk vkfFkZd lg;ksx miyC/k
djk;k tk,] ftlls fd mu yksxksa dh igqap lqfuf'pr dh
tk lds] tks vU;Fkk bu lsokvksa dk [kpZ ugha mBk ldrsA
ifjokj fu;kstu dk;ZØeksa ds fy, ljdkjh vkSj foÙkh; laLFkkvksa }kjk
vkSj vf/kd vkfFkZd lg;ksx miyC/k djk;k tk, vkSj lkoZtfud
@futh Hkkxhnkjh dks c<+kok nsdj] ns'k dh fo'kky viw.kZ
vko';drkvksa dks iwjk fd;k tk,A
bu lHkh iz;klksa ls efgyk vkSj miHkksDrk dsfUnzr] ;kSfud ,oa iztuu
LokLF; lsokvksa dk O;kid *iSdst* miyC/k djkus esa enn feysxhA
lanHkZ lwfp%
1 Hkkjrh; tux.kukA 2011] lSEiy iathdj.k iz.kkyhA http://censusindia.gov.
in/2011-Common/srs.html
2 LokLF; ,oa ifjokj dY;k.k ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkj] tula[;k foKku varjkZ"Vªh;
laLFkku ¼vkbZ-vkbZ-ih-,l-½ vkSj eSØks baVjuS'kuyA 2007A jk"Vªh; ifjokj LokLF;
losZ{k.k ¼,u-,Q-,p-,l- & 3½, 2005 & 06 % Hkkjr % [kaM 1] eqacbZ % vkbZ-vkbZ-
ih-,l-A
3 Singh S. et al. 2009. Barriers to Safe Motherhood in India. New York:
Guttmacher Institute
4 iwoksZDrA
5 Singh S. & JE Darroch. 2012. Adding It Up: Costs and Benefits of Con-
traceptive Services: Estimates for 2012. New York: Guttmacher Institute
6 lglzkCnh fodkl y{; 4 vkSj 5 ds vuqlkjA
7 vgen ,l- bR;kfnA 2012A xHkZ fujks/kd mi;ksx ls jksdh xbZ ekr` e`R;q % 172
ns'kksa dk fo'ys"k.kA ySUlSV 2012A vkWu ykbu izdk'ku tqykbZ 10] http://dx.doi.
org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60478-4
8 iwoksZDrA
9 iwoksZDrA
10 LokLF; ,oa ifjokj dY;k.k ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkj vkSj tula[;k foKku
varjkZ"Vªh; laLFkku ¼vkbZ-vkbZ-ih-,l-½A 2008A fMfLVªDV ySoy gkmlgksYM ,saM
QSflfyVh losZ 2007 & 08A eqacbZ % vkbZ-vkbZ-ih-,l-A Hkkjr esa ;g la[;k
dsoy fookfgr efgykvksa ds fy, ykxw gS] ftUgksaus crk;k fd mudh viw.kZ
vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ ugha gqbZ gSA
11 Rutstein SO. 2008. Further evidence of the effects of preceding in-
tervals on neonatal, infant and under-five-years mortality and nutritional
status in developing countries: Evidence from the Demographic and
Health Surveys. Demographic & Health Surveys, Working Paper No.
41. Calverton, MD: Macro International.
12 DysySaM ts- bR;kfnA 2012A xHkZ fujks/ku vkSj LokLF;A ySUlSV 2012A
vkWuykbu izdk'ku tqykbZ 10] 2012A http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-
6736(12)60609-6
13 UN Population Division. 2009. What would it take to accelerate
fertility decline in the least developed countries? Policy Brief, No. 2009/1
14 Canning D. & TP Schultz. 2012. The Economic Consequences of
Reproductive Health and Family Planning. Lancet 2012. Published
online July 10, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60827-7.
15 Cottingham J. et al. 2012. Use of Human Rights to Meet the Unmet
Need for Family Planning. Lancet 2012. Published Online July 10, http://
dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60732-6.
16 iwoksZDrA
17 iwoksZDrA
18 Koenig, MA. 2003. The Impact of Quality of care on Contraceptive
Use: Evidence From Longitudinal Data from Rural Bangladesh.
Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University.
19 Sen, G. & A. Iyer. Incentives and Disincentives: Necessary, effective,
just? Seminar (web-edition). New Delhi.
4