HIV AIDS Chartbook India 2003

HIV AIDS Chartbook India 2003



1 Pages 1-10

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1.1 Page 1

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Population .oundation of India
¬Ê¬Ú ‹È ‡ ÊŸ »§Ê©U¢«U‡ÊŸ •Ê»Ú § ßÁá«UÿÊ
Population Reference Bureau
¬Ê¬Ú ‹È ‡ ÊŸ ⁄U»§ ⁄Uã‚ éÿ⁄Í UÊ
HIV/AIDS
IND in IA
÷Ê⁄UÃ
◊¥
∞ø •Ê߸ flË/∞«U˜‚
New Delhi 2003

1.2 Page 2

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HIV/AIDS
INin DIA
÷Ê⁄UÃ
◊¥
∞ø •Ê߸ flË/∞«U˜‚
1

1.3 Page 3

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TABLE O. CONTENTS
fo"k; lwph
.oreword .................................................................................... 3
HIV/AIDS: A Global Overview ................................................... 5
HIV/AIDS in India....................................................................... 9
The Hard-hit States ................................................................. 17
Awareness and Knowledge of HIV/AIDS ................................ 21
Knowledge of the Value of a Condom .................................... 27
High-risk Behaviour ................................................................. 30
India Responds to HIV/AIDS ................................................... 34
Caring for HIV/AIDS Victims ................................................... 36
Glossary ................................................................................... 38
Statistical Appendix ................................................................. 39
2
izLrkouk ........................................................................................ 3
,p vkbZ oh@,M~l % fo'o dk ifjn'` ; ............................................... 5
Hkkjr eas ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l .............................................................. 9
vR;kf/kd lØa fer jkT; .................................................................. 17
,p vkbZ oh@,M~l dh tkudkjh vkjS tkx:drk ................................ 21
dUMkes ds egRo dh tkudkjh ........................................................ 27
tkfs [kei.w kZ O;ogkj......................................................................... 30
,p vkbZ oh@,M~l ds ifz r Hkkjr dk tokc ...................................... 34
,p vkbZ oh@,M~l ihfM+rkas dh n[s kHkky ............................................ 36
'kCndks'k ..................................................................................... 38
lk[a dh; ifjf'k"V .......................................................................... 39

1.4 Page 4

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.OREWORD
This chartbook is intended to illustrate the threat
that HIV/AIDS now poses to India in a clear and succinct
format, bringing needed information on the disease to a wide
audience.
HIV/AIDS has begun an alarming spread in India and poses
a major public health and development threat. Because AIDS
has no cure, it is different from other communicable diseases.
If unchecked, AIDS can wipe out very large proportions of a
population. Currently, the number of HIV/AIDS cases is
approaching five million. Such a number may appear small
compared to India’s one billion-plus population. But it
represents nearly one percent of the adult population of the
country.
In order to avoid the devastating type of epidemic that many
countries of Africa now face, India has launched a programme
to tackle the problem. Still, the epidemic in India has yet to be
seen as a threat in many quarters. One thing is certain: future
generations will look back at the present time and say: “They
had a choice.”
Abstinence or a single, uninfected partner will remain the
methods of choice for many Indians. But the fact remains that
the risk of HIV/AIDS is not confined to those with high-risk
behaviour. It has now spread into the general population.
We sincerely hope that this chartbook and factsheets on the
six most seriously affected states brought out jointly by the
Population .oundation of India and Population Reference
Bureau, Washington D.C. will be useful informational tools and
contribute to India’s fight against AIDS. Accurate information is
a key step in fighting HIV/AIDS and its ‘Stigma and
Discrimination.’ This project was funded through the generosity
of the Bill & Melinda Gates .oundation.
New Delhi
November 2003
A. R. Nanda
Executive Director
Population .oundation of India
izLrkouk
,p vkbZ oh@,M~l ds :i eas Hkkjr dh rjQ vkus okyh foifÙk ls
fuiVus ds fy, vf/kd ls vf/kd ykxs kas dks Li"V ,oa lfa {kIr :i eas
vko';d tkudkjh dh O;k[;k djus ds mn~n's ; ls bl pkVZ ifq Lrdk
dk fuek.Z k fd;k x;k gAS
Hkkjr eas lkenq kf;d LokL.; ,oa fodkl ds fy, ,d iez [q k vkifÙk
ds :i eas ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l Hk;inz <xa ls rts h ls QyS jgk gAS
D;kfas d ,M~l vU; lØa fer chekfj;kas ls vyx gS vkjS bldk dkbs Z
bykt ugha gAS ;fn ,M~l ij /;ku ugha fn;k x;k rks ;g tul[a ;k
ds dkQh cM+s Hkkx dks [kRe dj nxs kA oreZ ku eas ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l
dh ?kVukvkas dh l[a ;k ipkl yk[k ds djhc gAS Hkkjr dh ,d vjc
ls vf/kd dh tul[a ;k ds lki{s k ;g l[a ;k dkQh de fn[kkbZ iM+rh
gAS fdUrq ;g n's k ds O;Ldkas dh dyq vkcknh ds yxHkx ,d ifz r'kr
ds cjkcj gAS
vÝhdk ds dbZ n's kkas }kjk xfz lr bl O;kid jkxs dh jkds .kke ds
fy, Hkkjr us ,d dk;ØZ e pyk;k gAS blds ckotnw ] Hkkjr ds dbZ
Hkkxkas eas bl O;kid jkxs dks ,d vkifÙk ds :i eas n[s kk tk jgk gAS
,d ckr fuf'pr gS fd vkus okyh ihf<+;k¡ ihNs eMq +dj oreZ ku le;
dks n[s kxas h vkjS dgxas h% ^^muds ikl ,d fodYi .kkA¥¥
dbZ Hkkjrh;kas ds fy,] vlØa fer lk.kh v.kok l;a eh gkds j jguk gh
fodYi gkxs k fdUrq lPpkbZ ;g gS fd ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l dk [krjk
flQZ tkfs [kei.w kZ O;ogkj okys ykxs kas rd gh lhfer ugha jgk g]S cfYd
vc ;g lkekU; ykxs kas eas Hkh QyS jgk gAS
geas i.w kZ fo'okl gS fd ikiyq 's ku QkmUM's ku vkWQ bf.M;k vkjS
ikiyq 's ku jÝs Us l C;jw k]s okf'kxa Vu Mh lh }kjk l;a Dq r :i ls idz kf'kr
bl pkVZ ifq Lrdk e]as xEHkhj :i ls xfz lr Hkkjr ds N% jkT;kas ds
r.;] Hkkjr eas ,M~l ds f[kykQ yM+kbZ eas egRoi.w kZ Hkfw edk fuHkk;xs Aas
,p vkbZ oh@,M~l ds f[kykQ yM+kbZ eas r.kk mlds fpUg ,oa fu.k;Z
ds fy, vpdw tkudkjh ,d egRoi.w kZ dne gAS ;g ifj;kts uk fcy
,oa fefyUMk xVs ~l QkmUM's ku ds fofRr; lg;kxs ls pykbZ xbAZ
ubZ fnYyh
uoEcj 2003
,-vkj- uUn
vf/k'kklh fun's kd
ikiyq 's ku QkmUM's ku vkWQ bf.M;k
3

1.5 Page 5

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HIV/AIDS in India

1.6 Page 6

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HIV/AIDS: A GLOBAL OVERVIEW
,p vkbZ oh@,M~l% fo'o dk ifjn`';
HIV/AIDS is now a major threat to
India. The number of people living
with the disease is approaching five
million. The country has the second
largest number of people living with
HIV/AIDS, after South Africa.
Globally, the AIDS epidemic has
caused over 20 million deaths since
it began and has orphaned more
than 14 million children. With no
available cure in sight, 42 million
people were living with HIV/AIDS at
the end of 2002. This disease has
ravaged families and communities
and, in the hardest-hit countries,
has reversed decades of progress
in public health, economic and
social development, education, and
food security.
G In 2002, approximately five
million new HIV infections
and 3.1 million AIDS deaths
occurred worldwide.
G Women accounted for two
million new infections and
1.2 million AIDS deaths in
2002.
People Living
Percent of
with HIV/AIDS New Cases Adults (15-49)
end-2002
in 2002 with HIV/AIDS
2002 ds vUr rd
,p vkbZ oh@,Ml~
ls xfz lr ykxs
,p vkbZ oh@,Ml~ ls
2002 eas xfz lr O;Ld ¼15&49½
u;s dls ykxs kas dk ifz r'kr
World
fo'o
42,000,000 5,000,000
1.2
Sub-Saharan Africa 29,400,000 3,500,000
8.8
mi lgkjh; vÝhdk
South/S.E. Asia
6,100,000 700,000
0.6
nf{k.k@nf{k.k iow Z
,f'k;k
India
Hkkjr
4,580,000 610,000
0.8
East Asia/Pacific
1,200,000 270,000
0.1
iow Z ,f'k;k@
i'z kkUa rh; {k=s
Latin America/
Caribbean
1,940,000 210,000
0.7
yfS Vu vejhdk@
dSjsfc;u
Europe
;wjksi
1,750,000 270,000
0.4
North America
mÙkj vefs jdk
980,000
45,000
0.6
Hkkjr ds fy, ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l ,d
iez [q k [krjs ds :i eas mHkj jgk gAS ,p
vkbZ oh@,M~l ls ihfM+r ykxs kas dh l[a ;k
50 yk[k rd igp¡q pdq h gAS nf{k.k
vÝhdk ds ckn] ;g n's k ,p vkbZ
oh@,M~l ls xfz lr ykxs kas ds ekeys eas nlw js
uEcj ij gAS
fo'oHkj eas viuh mRifÙk ds ckn ,M~l
ls 140 yk[k cPps vuk.k g;q s gaS vkjS
200 yk[k ls vf/kd ykxs kas dh ekrS gks
pdq h gAS 2002 ds vUr rd] 420
yk[k ykxs ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l ls xfz lr
gks pdq s .kAs bl chekjh us ifjokjkas vkjS
lenq k;kas dks ccknZ dj fn;k gS vkjS
vR;f/kd lØa fer n's kkas dks [kk| ljq {kk]
f'k{kk] vkf.kdZ r.kk lkekftd fodkl
vkjS lkenq kf;d LokL.; ds ekeys eas
lfn;kas ihNs <dys fn;k gAS
G o"kZ 2002 e]as fo'oHkj eas
yxHkx 50 yk[k ykxs ,p vkbZ
oh ls lØa fer g;q s r.kk 31
yk[k ykxs ,M~l ls ej x;As
G o"kZ 2002 e]as 20 yk[k efgyk;as
lØa fer gbq Z r.kk 12 yk[k
,M~l ls ej xbAZ
Selected regions, based on UNAIDS and National AIDS Control Organisation
estimates
p;fur {k=s ] ;,w u,M~l r.kk jk"Vhª ; ,M~l dUVkª ys lxa Bu ds vkda M+kas ds vk/kkj ij
5

1.7 Page 7

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HIV/AIDS: A GLOBAL OVERVIEW
,p vkbZ oh@,M~l% fo'o dk ifjn`';
G People living with HIV/AIDS
face tremendous health risks
from opportunistic illnesses
such as pneumonia and
tuberculosis.
G Life expectancy at birth is
expected to fall as low as 30
years between 2005 and 2010
in some countries of Southern
Africa.
G More than 14 million AIDS
orphans thus far likely face
poverty, illness, malnutrition,
sexual abuse and social
isolation.
G In some hard-hit African
countries, 30 to 70 percent of
child mortality can be due to
AIDS.
G HIV/AIDS is now the leading
cause of death in Africa and the
fourth leading cause of death
worldwide.
6
Percent of Adults 15-49 Living with
HIV/AIDS, Selected Countries
end-2001
o"kZ 2001 ds vUr rd pqus gq, ns'kksa esa
,p vkbZ oh@,M~l ls xzflr 15&49 vk;q
oxZ ds O;Ldksa dk izfr'kr
Botswana
38.8
cksRLokuk
Zimbabwe
33.7
ftEckCos
South Africa
20.1
nf{k.k vÝhdk
Kenya
15.0
dhfu;k
Thailand
1.8
.kkbZyS.M
India
0.8
Hkkjr
United States
0.6
;uw kbVMs LVVs ~l
United Kingdom
0.1
;uw kbVMs fdxa Me
Pakistan
0.1
ikfdLrku
UNAIDS
;w,u,M~l
G ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l ls xfz lr ykxs kas
dks vklkuh ls gkus s okyh fuekfs u;k
,oa Vh ch tlS h chekfj;kas dk [krjk
jgrk gAS
G dNq nf{k.k vÝhdh n's kkas eas 2005
ls 2010 ds chp tUe ls vklS r
thou dky 30 o"kZ rd igp¡q us dh
vk'kk gAS
G ,M~l ls vuk.k g,q 140 yk[k ls
vf/kd cPps xjhch] chekjh] diq k"s k.k]
;kuS 'kk"s k.k r.kk lkekftd cfg"dkj
dk f'kdkj gAaS
G dNq vR;kf/kd lØa fer vÝhdh n's kkas
eas ,M~l ds dkj.k f'k'kq eR` ;q nj 30
ls 70 ifz r'kr gks ldrh gAS
G vÝhdk eas eR` ;q dk e[q ; r.kk
fo'o eas eR` ;q ds pk.S ks Øe ds
dkjd ds :i eas ,M~l c<
jgk gAS

1.8 Page 8

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HIV/AIDS: A GLOBAL OVERVIEW
,p vkbZ oh@,M~l% fo'o dk ifjn`';
Children: The Youngest AIDS
Victims…
G One child dies of AIDS every
minute, the large majority in
sub-Saharan Africa.
G Up to half of mother-to-child HIV
transmission can be due to
breastfeeding.
G Globally, more than three million
children were living with
HIV/AIDS at the end of 2002,
accounting for nearly eight
percent of cases.
G The number of AIDS orphans is
expected to swell to 25 million
by 2010.
Children Below Age 15 Newly Infected
with HIV in 2002
2002 esa 15 ls de vk;q ds] ,p vkbZ oh
laØe.k ds u;s ejht
Sub-Saharan Africa
mi lgkjh; vÝhdk
South/S.E. Asia
nf{k.k@nf{k.k iwoZ ,f'k;k 60,000
Latin America/Caribbean
ySfVu vesfjdh@dSjsfc;u 17,000
North Africa/Middle East
mRrj vÝhdk@e/; iwoZ 13,000
East Asia/Pacific 3,000
iwohZ ,f'k;k@iz'kkUrh; {ks=
720,000
;w,u,M~l
cPps% ,M~l ds NksVs f'kdkj---
G iRz ;ds feuV eas ,M~l ls ,d cPps
dh ekrS gkrs h g]S ftueas T;knkrj
mi lgkjh; vÝhdk ds cPps gAaS
G yxHkx 50 ifz r'kr cPpkas dks ek¡ ls
,p vkbZ oh dk lØa e.k Lruiku
}kjk gkrs k gAS
G fo'oHkj e]as 2002 ds vUr rd]
30 yk[k ls vf/kd cPps ,p vkbZ
oh@,M~l ls ihfM+r .k]s tks fd dyq
ihfM+rkas ds 8 ifz r'kr ds cjkcj gS
G 2010 eas ,M~l ds dkj.k g,q vuk.k
cPpkas dh l[a ;k c<+dj 250 yk[k
rd igpaq us dh lEHkkouk gAS
…as well as Young Adults
G Youth, ages 15-24, are the
fastest-growing segment of the
newly-infected HIV/AIDS
population, with one youth
infected every 15 seconds.
G Almost half of all new adult
infections are to 15-24 year-
olds.
Of the 800,000 new HIV cases among children in
2002, nearly 90 percent were in sub-Saharan Africa.
If India is to avoid the fate of Africa, increased action
must be taken to prevent new infections. The risk of
mother-to-child transmission of HIV can be reduced
dramatically through the use of drugs and breast
milk substitutes.
o"kZ 2002 eas ,p vkbZ oh lØa e.k ds 800]000 u;s ejht
cPpkas e]as yxHkx 90 ifz r'kr cPps mi lgkjh; vÝhdk eas
.kAas ;fn Hkkjr eas vÝhdk lh fL.kfr ls cpuk gS rks u;s
lØa e.k jkds us ds fy, T;knk dk;Z djuk iMx+s kA u;h
nokb;Z kas ,oa Lruiku ds fodYi }kjk ek¡ ls cPps dks gkus s
okys ,p vkbZ oh lØa e.k ds tkfs [ke dks ukVdh; nxa ls
de fd;k tk ldrk gAS
---vkSj ;qok O;Ld f'kdkj
G iRz ;ds 15 lds .s M eas ,d ;oq k
ihfM+r dh nj ls ,p vkbZ
oh@,M~l dh ubZ ?kVukvkas eas 15&24
vk;q oxZ rts h ls 'kkfey gks jgk
gSA
G vk/ks ls vf/kd lda z fer ;oq k
15&24 vk;q oxZ ls gAS
7

1.9 Page 9

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HIV/AIDS: A GLOBAL OVERVIEW
,p vkbZ oh@,M~l% fo'o dk ifjn`';
HIV/AIDS in South and
Southeast Asia
G In South and Southeast
Asia, nearly three out of four
people living with HIV/AIDS
are Indian.
G India has the third highest
infection rate in the region.
With 0.8 percent of the adult
population infected, India
lags behind only Thailand
and Cambodia in the
prevalence of HIV/AIDS.
G Although the prevalence
rate is low in comparison to
African countries, India’s
large number of cases—
about 4.6 million in 2002—
could easily lead to a
runaway epidemic.
G Countries such as
Bangladesh and Nepal still
have relatively low
prevalence levels. But rising
infection rates among
people engaging in high-risk
behaviours indicate that
these countries need to take
quick action.
G The extent of HIV/AIDS in
India would be worse if the
country had not started to
address the problem in
1986 when the early cases
were detected.
8
Distribution of People Living with HIV/AIDS,
South and Southeast Asia, 2001
2001 esa nf{k.k ,oa nf{k.kiwoZ ,f'k;k esa ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l
laØfer yksxksa dk fooj.k
Cambodia 3.0%
dEcksfM;k
Bangladesh 0.2%
caxykns'k
Others 6.1%
vU;
Viet Nam 2.3%
fo;ruke
Thailand 12.0%
FkkbZyS.M
Sri Lanka 0.1%
Jhyadk
Pakistan 1.4%
ikfdLrku
Nepal 1.0%
usiky
;w,u,M~l
India 70.9%
Hkkjr
Indonesia 2.1%
baMksusf'k;k
Malaysia 0.8%
eysf'k;k
nf{k.k ,oa nf{k.kiwoZ ,f'k;k esa
,p vkbZ oh@,M~l
G nf{k.k ,oa nf{k.kiow Z ,f'k;k e]as
,p vkbZ oh@,M~l ihfM+r pkj
ykxs kas eas ls yxHkx rhu
Hkkjrh; gSAa
G miegk}hih; {k=s eas lØa e.k nj
eas Hkkjr dk rhljk L.kku gAS
O;Ldkas eas 0-8 ifz r'kr ,p vkbZ
oh@,M~l lØa e.k nj ds ekeys
eas Hkkjr flQZ .kkbyZ .S M ,oa
dEckfs M;k ls ihNs gAS
G vÝhdh n's kkas eas lØa e.k nj
vf/kd gkus s ds ckotnw Hkkjr
eas 2002 eas 46 yk[k ds
yxHkx ihfM+rks ls ;g O;kid
jkxs rts h ls c<+ dj egkekjh
dk :i ys ldrk gAS
G usiky ,oa ckaXykns'k tSls ns'kksa
esa laØe.k nj oLrqr% de gSA
fdUrq tksf[keiw.kZ O;ogkj okys
yksxksa esa laØe.k nj dk c<uk
crkrk gS fd bu ns'kksa dks
rqjar dk;Zokgh djus dh t:jr
gSA
G Hkkjr eas 1986 eas ikz jfEHkd
jkfs x;kas ds feyus ds i'pkr
fd;s x;s i;z klkas ls ,p vkbZ
oh@,M~l ij dkQh jkds .kke
yxk;h tk pdq h gS vU;.kk
gkykr vkjS cjq s gkrs As

1.10 Page 10

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HIV/AIDS IN INDIA
HIV/AIDS is spreading rapidly in
India. During 2002, the number of
people infected rose to 4.58 million,
up from 3.97 million in the previous
year. In just one year, the number
of people living with HIV/AIDS in
India increased by 610,000.
The recent sharp rise in people
living with HIV/AIDS clearly
indicates that the disease has taken
root in the country. Without
immediate action it will spread
quickly, leaving behind millions of
children without a mother or father
and many families without sons or
daughters.
The map at right shows states
considered to be high, medium and
low HIV prevalence in 2002.
HIV/AIDS first began to spread in
Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and
Manipur— but no state can be
considered completely unaffected
by the epidemic.
Hkkjr esa ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l
People Living with HIV/AIDS in India
1986 - 2002
Hkkjr esa ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l ls xzflr yksx
1986&2002
4,580,000
3,970,000
3,700,000 3,860,000
3,500,000
1,750,000
2 200,000
1986 1990
1994
1998
1999 2000
2001 2002
jk"Vªh; ,M~l fu;U=.k laxBu
HIV/AIDS in India: The Situation in 2002
Hkkjr esa ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l% 2002 esa fL.kfr
Map not to scale
4.58 million infected
45-8 yk[k lØa fer
High prevalence states
vf/kd lØa fer jkT;
Medium prevalence states
e/;e lØa fer jkT;
Low prevalence states
de lØa fer jkT;
Hkkjr eas ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l cgrq rts h
ls QyS jgk gAS 2002 ds nkjS ku] xr
o"kZ 39-7 yk[k lØa fer ykxs kas ds
edq kcys 45-8 yk[k lØa fer ykxs kas dh
c<kÙs kjh gbq AZ Hkkjr eas dos y ,d o"kZ
eas ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l ls xfz lr 6-1
yk[k ykxs c<As
n's k eas ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l xfz lr jkfs x;kas
dh l[a ;k eas rts h ls irk pyrk gS fd
bl chekjh us n's k eas tM+ tek fy;k
gAS rjq Ur dk;oZ kgh u djus ij ;g
rts h ls QyS xs k vkjS vius ihNs yk[kkas
cPpkas dks ekrk v.kok firk jfgr dj
nxs k vkjS dbZ ifjokjkas dks cVs kas vkjS
cfs V;kas jfgrA
2002 eas ,p vkbZ oh ds vf/kdre]
e/;e vkjS de nj okys le>s tkus
okys jkT;kas dks ckbZ a rjQ uD'ks eas
fn[kk;k x;k gAS 'k:q eas ,p vkbZ oh@
,M~l rfeyukM]q egkjk"Vª vkjS ef.kijq eas
QyS k fdUrq fdlh Hkh jkT; dks bl
egkekjh ls vNrw k ugha le>k tk
ldrkA
9

2 Pages 11-20

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2.1 Page 11

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HIV/AIDS IN INDIA
Hkkjr esa ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l
The extent of HIV/AIDS is
estimated based on testing
conducted by the National AIDS
Control Organisation (NACO) at
sentinel sites, primarily clinics and
hospitals. At these sites, health
workers test a sample of high and
low-risk subjects for the disease.
NACO began with 55 sites in 1994
and increased the number to 455 in
2003.
Testing conducted at low-risk
antenatal care sites has confirmed
that the epidemic has spread to the
general population. Even in states
still considered low prevalence, HIV
infection has begun to appear.
Chhattisgarh, Kerala, Mizoram and
Rajasthan are among those with
increases in infection in pregnant
women. The Behavioural
Surveillance Survey (BSS) 2001
conducted by NACO showed that
high proportions of the clients of
female sex workers do, in fact, live
with spouses.
Percent of Women in Antenatal Clinics Testing
Positive for HIV/AIDS, Selected Sites, 2002
pqus x;s izloiwoZ ns[kHkky dsUnzksa ij ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l
laØfer ik;h xbZ efgykvksa dk izfr'kr] 2002
8.0
5.3
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.3
Tuensang,
Nagaland
Vw,ulkax]
ukxkyS.M
Bijapur,
Karnataka
chtkiqj]
dukZVd
Kolhapur,
Maharashtra
dksYgkiqj]
egkjk"Vª
Namakkal,
Tamil Nadu
ueDdy]
rfeyukMq
Kakinada,
Andhra
Pradesh
dkfdukMk]
vkU/kz izns'k
Jodhpur,
Rajasthan
tks/kiqj]
jktLFkku
jk"Vªh; ,M~l fu;U=.k laxBu
Percent of Clients of Female Sex Workers Married
and Living with Their Spouse, Selected States 2001
p;fur jkT;ksa esa efgyk ;kSu dk;ZdrkZvksa ds ikl tkus okys vkSj
ifRu;ksa ds lkFk jgus okys fookfgrksa dk izfr'kr] 2001
54.6
47.9
44.2
37.5
28.5
j{kk dUs nkz ]as ikz .kfed dUs nkz as vkjS
vLirkykas ij jk"Vhª ; ,M~l fu;=a .k
lxa Bu ¼ukdk½s }kjk fd;s x;s ijh{k.kkas
ds vk/kkj ij ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l ds
Lrj dh x.kuk dh xbAZ bu txgkas ij
bl jkxs ds vf/kd vkjS de tkfs [kekas
ij ijh{k.k fd;k x;kA 1994 eas 55
dUs nkz as ls 'k:q djrs g,q ukdks us 2003
e]as dUs nkz as dh l[a ;k 455 dj nhA
de tkfs [ke okys L.kkukas ij fL.kr
ilz oiow Z n[s kHkky okys dUs nkz as ij g;q s
ijh{k.kkas us lkfcr dj fn;k gS fd vke
ykxs kas eas ;g egkekjh QyS pdq h gAS
ftu jkT;kas dks de lØa fer ekuk x;k
ogk¡ Hkh ,p vkbZ oh lØa e.k ik;k tkus
yxk gAS xHkoZ rh efgykvkas eas lØa e.k
c<+us okys jkT;kas eas NRrhlx<+] djs y]
fe-tkjs e vkjS jktL.kku vkrs gAS jk"Vhª ;
,M~l fu;=a .k lxa Bu }kjk djk;s x;s
O;ogkj fufj{k.k lo]Zs 2001 ls irk
pyrk gS fd O;olkf;d ;kuS
dk;dZ rkvkas ¼lh ,l MCY;½w ds ikl
tkus okys ykxs kas eas T;knkrj viuh
ifRu;kas ds lk.k jgrs gSAa
Andhra Pradesh Karnataka Maharashtra Manipur
vkU/kz izns'k dukZVd
egkjk"Vª
ef.kiqj
Tamil Nadu
rfeyukMq
O;ogkj fujh{k.k losZ] 2001
10

2.2 Page 12

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HIV/AIDS IN INDIA
Hkkjr esa ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l
The classic way in which HIV spreads is from high risk behaviour groups, such as commercial sex workers, to a “bridge” population,
such as their married clients. The clients, in turn, infect their spouses. Although victims of HIV may experience discrimination, HIV itself
does not discriminate. The spread to the general population is borne out by the rising number of cases among pregnant women and
their infants.
vf/kd tkfs [kei.w kZ O;ogkj okys legw kas l]s tlS s fd O;olkf;d ;kuS dk;dZ rkvZ kas l]s loa kgd turk] tlS s fd fookfgr i:q "k rd ,p vkbZ oh QyS us dk
ikz .kfed rjhdk gAS blds cnys eas os viuh ifRu;kas dks lØa fer djrs gAS ,p vkbZ oh ihfMrkas ds vuHq ko eas vUrj gks ldrk gS yfs du ,p vkbZ oh
dkbs Z QdZ ugha djrkA vke ykxs kas eas lØa e.k ds QyS us ds dkj.k gh xHkoZ rh efgykvkas vkjS uotkr f'k'kvq kas eas lØa e.k c<+ jgk gAS
High-risk behaviour
populations
• Sex workers
• Trafficked women
• Men who have sex
with men
• Needle-sharing drug
users
General population
• Married women
• Babies and children
• Youth
• Men
Bridge populations
• Clients of sex workers
• Migrant/mobile populations
• Truck drivers
• .amilies of high-risk
behaviour people
• Populations in conflict
vf/kd tksf[keiw.kZ O;ogkj
okys yksx
• ;kuS dk;dZ rkZ
• ngs &O;kikj eas /kdys h xbZ efgyk;as
• i:q "k tks i:q "k ls ;kuS lEcU/k
cukrs gSa
• lbq Z }kjk u'kk djus okys ykxs
vke yksx
• fookfgr efgyk;as
• f'k'kq vkjS cPps
• ;qok
• iq:"k
laokgd yksx
• ;kuS dk;dZ rkvZ kas ds xkz gd
• xfr'khy@[kkukcngk's k ykxs
• Vdª pkyd
• vf/kd tkfs [kei.w kZ O;ogkj
okykas ds ifjokj
• fgla k eas Qla s ykxs
11

2.3 Page 13

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HIV/AIDS IN INDIA
Hkkjr esa ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l
When HIV prevalence among high-risk groups (commercial sex workers, intravenous drug users, patients in sexually transmitted disease
clinics and men who have sex with men) is five percent or more and one percent or more among the low risk group (women in antenatal
clinics), a state is considered high prevalence. HIV prevalence of five percent or more in the high-risk groups but less than one percent in
the low risk group is medium prevalence. All other states are low prevalence.
The maps depict the gradual spread of HIV throughout India. In 1986, the first case of HIV was detected in Chennai and the second in
Mumbai. By 1994, NACO identified Maharashtra and Manipur as states of high prevalence. Other states soon followed. NACO now
considers six states as high prevalence states: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Manipur, Nagaland and Tamil Nadu. Together,
these states have 45 of the country’s 49 high prevalence districts.
The HIV/AIDS Epidemic in India: 1986-2002
1986
1990
1994
.irst case of HIV
detected in Chennai
,p vkbZ oh dk igyk
dsl psUubZ esa ik;k x;k
High prevalence state
vf/kd lØa fer jkT;
Maps not to scale
Medium prevalence state
e/;e lØa fer jkT;
12
1.74 million infected
17-4 yk[k laØfer
Low prevalence state
de lØa fer jkT;

2.4 Page 14

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HIV/AIDS IN INDIA
Hkkjr esa ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l
tc vf/kd tkfs [kei.w kZ O;ogkj okys legw kas ¼O;olkf;d ;kuS dk;dZ rkvZ k]as lbq Z }kjk u'kk djus okys ykxs k]as ;kuS tfur jkxs kas ds funku dUs nz ds jkfs x;kas vkjS
i:q "kkas ls ;kuS lEcU/k cukus okys i:q "kk½as eas lØa e.k dh nj dh ikp¡ ;k mlls vf/kd ifz r'kr gks r.kk de tkfs [kei.w kZ O;ogkj okys legw kas ¼ilz oiow Z
n[s kHkky okys dUs nkz as eas efgyk;s½a dk ifz r'kr ,d ;k mlls vf/kd gks rks ,ls s jkT; dks vf/kd laØfer ekuk tkrk gAS vf/kd tkfs [kei.w kZ O;ogkj okys
legw kas eas ikp¡ ;k mlls vf/kd ifz r'kr r.kk de tkfs [ke i.w kZ O;ogkj okys legw kas eas ,d ifz r'kr ls de lØa e.k e/;e :i ls laØfer jkT; gAS vU;
lHkh jkT; de laØfer jkT; gAS
ijw s Hkkjr eas pj.kð ,p vkbZ oh ds foLrkj dks uD'ks eas fn[kk;k x;k gAS lu~ 1986 eas ,p vkbZ oh dk igyk dls pUs ubZ eas ik;k x;k vkjS nlw jk
eEq cbZ eAas 1994 rd jk"Vhª ; ,M~l fu;=a .k lxa Bu us egkjk"Vª ,oa ef.kijq dks vf/kd lØa fer jkT; ekukA vU; jkT;kas eas Hkh rjq Ur gh ik;s tkus yxAs
;s lxa Bu vc vkU/kz inz 's k] dukVZ d] egkjk"V]ª ef.kijq ] ukxky.S M vkjS rfeyukMq tlS s N% jkT;kas dks gh vf/kd lØa fer jkT; ekurk gAS n's k ds 49 vf/kd
lØa fer ftykas eas ls dyq feykdj 45 ftys bu jkT;kas ls gAS
Hkkjr esa ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l egkekjh% 1986&2002
1998
2001
2002
3.50 million infected
35-0 yk[k laØfer
High prevalence state
vf/kd lØa fer jkT;
◊ÊŸÁøòÊ ¬Ò◊ÊŸ ∑§ •ŸÈ‚Ê⁄U Ÿ„UË¥
3.97 million infected
39-7 yk[k laØfer
Medium prevalence state
e/;e lØa fer jkT;
4.58 million infected
45-8 yk[k laØfer
Low prevalence state
de lØa fer jkT;
13

2.5 Page 15

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HIV/AIDS IN INDIA
Hkkjr esa ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l
The presence of sexually
transmitted diseases (STDs), such
as gonorrhea or herpes, makes a
person more vulnerable to HIV.
Testing for infection at sexually
transmitted disease clinics has
revealed an alarming situation in
many states. Even in Kerala, which
is not considered a high prevalence
state, more than two out of one
hundred STD patients tested
positive for HIV. In some states, this
figure was more than one in ten,
and, in Andhra Pradesh, it was very
high — three in ten. This clearly
demonstrates the need to reach
those with STDs or at risk of
contracting a STD about their
increased vulnerability to HIV
infection.
Percent of STD Patients Testing Positive for HIV/AIDS, 2002
,p vkbZ oh@,M~l laØfer ik;s x;s ;kSu tfur jksfx;ksa dk izfr'kr] 2002
Andhra Pradesh
30.4
vkU/kz izns'k
Tamil Nadu
rfeyukMq
14.7
Karnataka
dukZVd
Goa
xksvk
Manipur
ef.kiqj
Maharashtra
egkjk"Vª
Gujarat
xqtjkr
13.6
11.3
9.6
7.8
6.2
Rajasthan
jktLFkku
6.0
Delhi
fnYyh
3.2
Mizoram
fetksje
2.6
Kerala
dsjy
2.5
Nagaland
ukxkyS.M
2.4
Madhya Pradesh
e/;izns'k
2.4
Pondicherry
2.0
ik.Mhpsjh
Bihar
fcgkj 1.6
Punjab
1.6
iatkc
Tripura
1.4
f=iqjk
Haryana
gfj;k.kk
1.1
Jammu & Kashmir 1.0
tEew ,oa d'ehj
xkus kfs j;k ;k gilZ ~ tlS s ;kuS tfur jkxs h
dks ,p vkbZ oh dk T;knk [krjk jgrk
gAS ;kuS tfur jkxs ksa ds funku dUs nkz as eas
ijh{k.k }kjk vuds jkT;kas eas [krjukd
fL.kfr dk irk pyrk gAS djs y] ftls
vf/kd lØa fer okyk jkT; ugha ekuk
tkrk] eas lkS ;kuS tfur jkfs x;kas eas ls
nks jkxs h ,p vkbZ oh lØa fer ik;s x;As
dNq jkT;kas eas nl eas ,d vkjS vkU/kz
inz 's k eas cgrq vf/kd] nl eas rhu] jkxs h
ik;s x;As ;g crkrk gS fd ;kuS tfur
jkfs x;kas ds ,p vkbZ oh ls [krjs dks
n[s krs g,q vkjS ;kuS tfur jkfs x;kas rd
igp¡q us dh t:jr gAS
jk"Vªh; ,M~l fu;U=.k laxBu
14

2.6 Page 16

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HIV/AIDS IN INDIA
Hkkjr esa ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l
In India, the early cases of
HIV/AIDS were concentrated
primarily in Chennai and Mumbai.
The disease soon spread to other
parts of the country, often following
the path of major highways and
labour migrants. By mid-2003,
Tamil Nadu had nearly half of the
reported number of cases of AIDS.
Taken together, Mumbai and the
rest of Maharashtra now have
about 21 percent of all reported
cases. But cases in other states are
rising. The current understanding of
the spread of HIV/AIDS in India is
likely incomplete. The officially
reported number of cases greatly
underestimates the extent of the
epidemic. Most people who have
HIV are unaware of it and have not
been tested.
Distribution of Reported AIDS Cases by State
through August, 2003
vxLr 2003 rd jkT;okj ntZ fd;s x;s ,M~l dslksa
dk fooj.k
West Bengal 1.7%
if'pe caxky
Madhya Pradesh 1.9%
e/; izns'k
Manipur 2.2%
ef.kiqj
Karnataka 3.2%
dukZVd
Delhi 1.5%
fnYyh
Nagaland 0.6%
ukxkyS.M
Others 8.4%
vU;
Mumbai 4.7%
eqEcbZ
Gujarat 6.5%
xqtjkr
Andhra Pradesh 7.9%
vkU/kz izns'k
Tamil Nadu 44.7%
rfeyukMq
Maharashtra less Mumbai 16.7%
eqEcbZ jfgr egkjk"Vª
jk"Vªh; ,M~l fu;U=.k laxBu
Hkkjr eas ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l ds 'k:q ds
dls T;knkrj pUs ubZ ,oa eEq cbZ eas ik;s
x;As blds rjq Ur ckn] e[q ;r% jktekxkZs
,oa L.kku cnyus okys dkexkjkas }kjk
;g n's k ds vU; Hkkxkas eas rts h ls QyS
x;kA 2003 ds e/; rd n's k eas ntZ
dyq ,M~l ds dls ks eas ls vk/ks
rfeyukMq jkT; eas ntZ g,q A vc rd
dyq ntZ ,M~l dls kas eas ls 21 ifz r'kr
dls eEq cbZ vkjS 'k"s k egkjk"Vª ls gSAa
fdUrq nlw js jkT;kas eas dls c<+ jgs gSAa
Hkkjr eas ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l ds QyS us
dh le> vHkh v/kjw h gAS vf/kdkfjd
:i ls ntZ dls kas dh l[a ;k egkekjh ds
Lrj dks de vkda rs gAS T;knkrj ,p
vkbZ oh lØa fer ykxs vHkh vufHkK gSa
vkjS mudh tkp¡ ugha gbq Z gAS
At the prime ages for contracting
the disease (ages 15–44), reported
AIDS cases among males still
outnumber those of females 3:1. As
the epidemic becomes more
advanced, the number of infected
women will rise. In many of the
worst-hit countries in Africa, for
example, women living with
HIV/AIDS outnumber men.
Distribution of Reported AIDS Cases by Sex
in India through August, 2003
vxLr 2003 rd Hkkjr esa fyaxokj ,M~l
dslksa dk forj.k
Male 74%
iq:"k
Female 26%
efgyk
jk"Vªh; ,M~l fu;U=.k laxBu
,M~l dls kas dh ikz .kfed vk;q ¼15&44
vk;½q eas i:q "k efgykvkas ls 3%1 dh nj
ls dgha vkxs gAS tlS &s tlS s egkekjh
c<+sxh] lØa fer efgykvkas dh l[a ;k
c<+xs hA cjq h rjg iHz kkfor dbZ n's kkas e]as
mnkgj.k ds fy, vÝhdk e]as ,p vkbZ
oh@,M~l lØa fer efgykvkas dh l[a ;k
i:q "kkas ls vf/kd gAS
15

2.7 Page 17

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HIV/AIDS IN INDIA
Hkkjr esa ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l
In India, HIV moves through society
primarily through sexual contact.
However, as the disease becomes
more widespread, it is also
transmitted through blood
transfusions and from mother to
child. Thus, it becomes a disease
that affects everyone and not just
those whose behaviour is higher-
risk. As the disease spreads to the
general public, it is important to
combat AIDS on many fronts, from
the education of young people to
the maintenance of a safe and
secure blood supply.
How Does HIV Spread in India? Reported AIDS
Cases by Cause through August 2003
Hkkjr esa ,p vkbZ oh dSls QSyrk gS\\ vxLr 2003 rd
ntZ ,M~l dslksa ds dkj.k
Sexual 85.3%
;kSu lEcU/k
Mother-to-child 2.7%
ek¡ ls cPps dks
Blood and blood
products 2.7%
jDr ,oa jDr mRikn
Needle-sharing
drug users 2.4%
lqbZ }kjk u'kk ysus ls
Unknown 6.9%
vU; vutku dkj.k
jk"Vªh; ,M~l fu;U=.k laxBu
Percent of High-risk Groups Testing Positive for HIV/AIDS, 2002
,p vkbZ oh@,M~l laØfer vf/kd tksf[keiw.kZ O;ogkjksa okys
lewgksa dk izfr'kr] 2002
Gaurabai Clinic, Mumbai
(sex workers)
54.5
xkSjkckbZ fDyfud] eqEcbZ
¼;kSu dk;ZdrkZ½
Vasco-da-Gama, Goa (sex workers)
24.0
okLdks&Mk&xkek] xksvk ¼;kSu dk;ZdrkZ½
Hkkjr e]as ,p vkbZ oh ikz .kfed :i ls
;kuS lEcU/kkas }kjk lekt eas QyS rk gAS
fQj Hkh] pfwa d ;g chekjh rts h ls QyS
jgh g]S ;g jDr p<+kus }kjk vkjS ek¡
}kjk cPps eas Hkh QyS jgh gAS vr%
;g chekjh flQZ tkfs [kei.w kZ O;ogkj
okykas dks gh ugha cfYd lHkh dks
iHz kkfor djrh gAS pfwa d ;g chekjh
vke ykxs kas eas QyS rh g]aS vr% ;oq kvkas
dks f'k{kk vkjS ljq f{kr jDr mRiknkas dh
O;oL.kk lfgr dbZ ekps kZs ij ,M~l dh
jkds .kke vko';d gAS
Imphal, Manipur (drug users)
bEQky] ef.kiqj ¼u'kk djus okys½
Hamsafar Trust Clinic, Mumbai
(men who have sex with men)
gelQj VªLV fDyfud] eqEcbZ
¼iq:"k ls ;kSu lEcU/k cukus okys iq:"k½
Sankalp Project, Mumbai
(drug users)
ladYi ifj;kstuk] eqEcbZ
¼u'kk djus okys½
51.6
16.8
39.4
jk"Vªh; ,M~l fu;U=.k laxBu
16

2.8 Page 18

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THE HARD-HIT STATES
vR;kf/kd laØfer jkT;
Among the hard-hit states, Tamil
Nadu continues to account for the
largest share of officially reported
HIV/AIDS cases, followed by
Maharashtra. Andhra Pradesh
accounts for nearly 10 percent of
cases among these states.
Manipur, where injecting drug use
is a major issue, has 2.8 percent of
cases, despite having only 0.8
percent of the hard-hit states’
population. Altogether, the six
hard-hit states have 80 percent of
all reported HIV/AIDS cases in the
country.
Share of Reported AIDS Cases among Hard-hit States
through August 2003
vxLr 2003 rd cqjh rjg izHkkfor jkT;ksa esa ntZ ,M~l
dslksa dk Hkkx
Andhra Pradesh 9.8%
vkU/kz izns'k
Karnataka 4.0%
dukZVd
Tamil Nadu 55.8%
rfeyukMq
jk"Vªh; ,M~l fu;U=.k laxBu
Maharashtra 26.8%
egkjk"Vª
Nagaland 0.8%
ukxkyS.M
Manipur 2.8%
ef.kiqj
cjq h rjg iHz kkfor jkT;kas e]as vf/kdkfjd
:i ls ntZ ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l dls kas eas
rfeyukMq ds ckn egkjk"Vª dh lcls
vf/kd fgLlns kjh tkjh gAS bu jkT;kas eas
vkU/kz inz 's k dh fgLlns kjh 10 ifz r'kr
gAS cjq h rjg iHz kkfor jkT;kas dh dyq
tul[a ;k ds 0-8 ifz r'kr tul[a ;k ds
lk.k] ef.kijq eas 2-8 ifz r'kr dls gaS
tgk¡ ij lbq Z }kjk u'kk yus k iez [q k
dkj.k gAS dyq feykdj] ntZ ,p vkbZ
oh@,M~l dls kas dk 80 ifz r'kr dls ]
cjq h rjg iHz kkfor N% jkT;kas eas gAS
17

2.9 Page 19

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THE HARD-HIT STATES
vR;kf/kd laØfer jkT;
Percent HIV Positive at STD Sites by Occupation
Andhra Pradesh, 2001
vkU/kz izns'k esa O;olk;okj ,l Vh Mh dsUnzksa
esa ,p vkbZ oh laØfer dsl] 2001
Business
fctusl
Unemployed
csjkstxkj
Driver/cleaner
Mªkboj@Dyhuj
Agriculture/unskilled
d`f"k@vdq'ky etnwj
Housewife
x`g.kh
Hotel staff
gksVy deZpkjh
Industry/factory worker
m|ksx@QSDVªh etnwj
Service class
ukSdjhis'kk
Student
2.4
fo|kFkhZ
37.0
35.2
32.0
30.7
28.7
26.3
23.8
15.9
National AIDS Control Organisation
jk"Vhª ; ,M~l fu;=a .k lxa Bu
Percent HIV Positive at STD Sites by Occupation
Karnataka, 2001
dukZVd esa O;olk;okj ,l Vh Mh dsUnzksa
esa ,p vkbZ oh laØfer dsl] 2001
Business
fctusl
Unemployed
csjkstxkj
Driver/cleaner
Mªkboj@Dyhuj
Agriculture/unskilled
d`f"k@vdq'ky etnwj
Housewife
x`g.kh
Hotel staff
gksVy deZpkjh
Industry/factory worker
m|ksx@QSDVªh etnwj
Service class
ukSdjhis'kk
Student
fo|kFkhZ
16.8
17.1
21.9
20.0
12.5
17.4
17.5
23.3
10.2
National AIDS Control Organisation
jk"Vhª ; ,M~l fu;=a .k lxa Bu
Percent HIV Positive at STD Sites by Occupation
Maharashtra, 2001
egkjk"Vª esa O;olk;okj ,l Vh Mh dsUnzksa
esa ,p vkbZ oh laØfer dsl] 2001
Business
fctusl
Unemployed
csjkstxkj
Driver/cleaner
Mªkboj@Dyhuj
Agriculture/unskilled
d`f"k@vdq'ky etnwj
Housewife
x`g.kh
Hotel staff
gksVy deZpkjh
Industry/Factory worker
m|ksx@QSDVªh etnwj
Service class
ukSdjhis'kk
Student
fo|kFkhZ
7.6
2.8
16.2
21.1
23.4
19.2
26.9
13.8
15.8
National AIDS Control Organisation
jk"Vhª ; ,M~l fu;=a .k lxa Bu
HIV/AIDS often first affects those population groups with frequent contact with customers and clients, such as those in the hotel and
transportation sector. Although drivers and the unemployed may still be among the hardest-hit segments of the population, HIV/AIDS
prevalence levels in other occupation groups are rising. The latest findings from many states confirm that no group is immune to HIV/
AIDS. The high proportion of housewives infected with HIV in some states shows that the illness has reached the general population.
18

2.10 Page 20

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THE HARD-HIT STATES
vR;kf/kd laØfer jkT;
Percent HIV Positive at STD Sites by Occupation
Manipur, 2001
ef.kiqj esa O;olk;okj ,l Vh Mh dsUnzksa
esa ,p vkbZ oh laØfer dsl] 2001
Business
fctusl
12.5
Unemployed
csjkstxkj
Driver/cleaner
Mªkboj@Dyhuj
19.0
33.3
Agriculture/unskilled
d`f"k@vdq'ky etnwj
Housewife
x`g.kh
8.9
7.5
Hotel staff
gksVy deZpkjh 0.0
Industry/factory worker
m|ksx@QSDVªh etnwj 0.0
Service class
ukSdjhis'kk
6.5
Student
8.7
fo|kFkhZ
National AIDS Control Organisation
jk"Vhª ; ,M~l fu;=a .k lxa Bu
Percent HIV Positive at STD Sites by Occupation
Nagaland, 2001
ukxkyS.M esa O;olk;okj ,l Vh Mh dsUnzksa
esa ,p vkbZ oh laØfer dsl] 2001
Percent HIV Positive at STD Sites by Occupation
Tamil Nadu, 2001
rfeyukMq esa O;olk;okj ,l Vh Mh dsUnzksa
esa ,p vkbZ oh laØfer dsl] 2001
Business
fctusl
12.0
Business
10.9
fctusl
Unemployed
7.1
csjkstxkj
Driver/cleaner
Mªkboj@Dyhuj
Unemployed
csjkstxkj
20.0
Driver/cleaner
Mªkboj@Dyhuj
12.5
17.9
Agriculture/unskilled 0.0
d`f"k@vdq'ky etnwj
Agriculture/unskilled
d`f"k@vdq'ky etnwj
9.2
Housewife
3.6
x`g.kh
Housewife
11.4
x`g.kh
Hotel staff 0.0
gksVy deZpkjh
Industry/factory worker 0.0
m|ksx@QSDVªh etnwj
Hotel staff
gksVy deZpkjh
40.0
Industry/factory worker
m|ksx@QSDVªh etnwj
10.1
Service class
4.6
ukSdjhis'kk
Service class
ukSdjhis'kk
9.4
Student
10.0
fo|kFkhZ
Student
5.3
fo|kFkhZ
National AIDS Control Organisation
jk"Vhª ; ,M~l fu;=a .k lxa Bu
National AIDS Control Organisation
jk"Vhª ; ,M~l fu;=a .k lxa Bu
,p vkbZ oh@,M~l T;knkrj ml legw ij vlj Mkyrk gS tks xkz gdkas ds yxkrkj lEidZ eas jgrs g]S tlS s fd tks ykxs gkVs y ,oa ifjogu ds {k=s eas dke djrs gAaS
Mkª boj ,oa cjs kts xkj oxZ cjq h rjg iHz kkfor gkus s ds ckotnw ] ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l ds QyS us dk Lrj vU; O;olk;kas eas c< jgk gAS gky gh v/;;u }kjk irk pyrk
gS fd dkbs Z Hkh O;olk; oxZ ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l ls cp ugha ldrkA dbZ jkT;kas eas xg` f.k;kas ds ,p vkbZ oh lØa fer gkus s ls irk pyrk gS fd ;g chekjh vke
tul[a ;k rd igp¡q pdq h gAS
19

3 Pages 21-30

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3.1 Page 21

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THE HARD-HIT STATES
vR;kf/kd laØfer jkT;
The HIV/AIDS epidemics in the six hard-hit states began among those whose behaviour makes them more vulnerable to infection. Chief
among these groups are commercial sex workers (CSWs), intravenous drug users (IDUs) who share needles and those infected with
sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Recent findings show that more than half of intravenous drug users and commercial sex workers
are testing positive at some testing sites. These results lend new urgency to the need for effective measures to prevent and treat
sexually transmitted diseases, to prevent drug addiction and to reduce needle sharing among users.
,p vkbZ oh@,M~l egkekjh dh 'k:q vkr cjq h rjg iHz kkfor N% jkT;kas eas mu ykxs kas ls gkrs h gS ftudks vius O;ogkj ds dkj.k lØa e.k gkus s dk tkfs [ke gkrs k gAS bu
legw kas eas O;olkf;d ;kuS dk;dZ rk]Z lbq Z }kjk u'kk djus okys ykxs ] tks vkil eas lbq Z bLres ky djrs gS vkjS ;kuS tfur jkxs kas okys jkxs h e[q ; gSAa gky gh ds ijh{k.k
crkrs gSa fd dNq tkp¡ dUs nkz as eas vk/ks ls Hkh vf/kd lbq Z }kjk u'kk djus okys ykxs vkjS O;olkf;d ;kuS dk;dZ rkZ ijh{k.k eas lØa fer ik;s x;As bu ifj.kkekas us ;kuS
tfur jkxs kas dh jkds .kke vkjS funku] u'kk jkds us vkjS u'kk djus okykas eas vkil eas lbq Z ckWVus dks de djus tlS s u;s iHz kkoi.w kZ rjhdks dh t:jr ij cy fn;k gAS
Percent of High-risk Groups Testing Positive at Sentinel
Sites in the Hard-hit States, 2002
cqjh rjg izHkkfor jkT;ksa ds j{kk dsUnzksa ¼tkap dsUnzksa½ esa vf/kd
tksf[keiw.kZ O;ogkj okys laØfer yksxksa dk izfr'kr] 2002
Gaurabai Clinic, Mumbai (CSW)
xkSjkckbZ fDyuhd] eqEcbZ ¼lh ,l MCY;w½
54.5
Drug De-addiction Centre, Churachandpur, Manipur (IDU)
50.8
u'kk mUewyu dsUnz] fc'kuiqj] ef.kiqj ¼vkbZ Mh ;w½
Civil Hospital, Tuensang, Nagaland (IDU)
24.6
flfoy vLirky] V~;wulsax] ukxkyS.M ¼vkbZ Mh ;w½
Madras Medical College, Chennai (IDU)
33.8
enzkl esfMdy dkWyst] psUubZ ¼vkbZ Mh ;w½
KR Hospital, Mysore (STD)
ds vkj vLirky] eSlwj ¼,l Vh Mh½
21.6
Govt. Medical College, Sangli (STD)
ljdkjh esfMdy dkWyst] lkaxyh ¼,l Vh Mh½
20.0
S.V. Medical College, Triputi, Andhra Pradesh (STD)
,l oh esfMdy dkWyst] frjqifr] vkU/kz izns'k ¼,l Vh Mh½
39.2
jk"Vªh; ,M~l fu;U=.k laxBu
20

3.2 Page 22

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AWARENESS AND KNOWLEDGE O. HIV/AIDS
,p vkbZ oh@,M~l dh tkudkjh vkSj tkx:drk
Awareness of HIV/AIDS has
increased in recent years, but is still
not universal, according to the
Behavioural Surveillance Survey
2001 (BSS), a nationwide study of
HIV/AIDS knowledge and
behaviour. Only about 70 percent of
women and people living in rural
areas have ever heard of HIV/
AIDS. These figures are of concern
because having heard of HIV/AIDS
is only a first step. People must
also understand how to prevent the
disease, along with where to go for
testing and treatment.
Percent of Adults Who Have Heard of HIV/AIDS
India, 2001
Hkkjr esa ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l dk uke lqus O;Ldksa dk izfr'kr
2001
89.4
82.4
70.0
72.3
Male
iq:"k
O;ogkj fujh{k.k losZ] 2001
Female
efgyk
Urban
'kgjh
Rural
xzkeh.k
jk"Vhª ; Lrj ds v/;;u] O;ogkj fujh{k.k
loZs 2001 ds vulq kj] ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l
ij vk/kkfjr tkudkjh gky ds o"kkZs eas c<+h
g]S yfs du vHkh Hkh O;kid ugha gAS xkz eh.k
{k=s kas eas jgus okyh flQZ 70 ifz r'kr
efgykvkas vkjS ykxs kas us ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l
dk uke luq k gAS ;g vkda Ms fpUrktud gS
D;kfas d ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l dk uke luq uk
flQZ igyk dne gAS ykxs ;g Hkh le>as
fd blls dlS s cp ldrs gSa vkjS tkpa
r.kk mipkj ds fy, dgkWa tk ldrs gS Aa
Awareness of HIV/AIDS varies
greatly by state. The very low
awareness of the disease in
heavily-populated states is a
danger sign. About three out of four
rural women in Bihar, Gujarat and
Uttar Pradesh had never heard of
the illness at the time of the BSS
study. Without even basic
awareness, people are defenceless
against avoiding HIV/AIDS.
Women Who Have Heard of HIV/AIDS, Selected States, 2001
p;fur jkT;ksa esa ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l dk uke lquh efgyk;sa] 2001
90.2
62.8
61.6
77.5
69.2
94.3
83.7
64.1
45.0
21.5
25.0
27.6
Bihar Gujarat
fcgkj xqtjkr
O;ogkj fujh{k.k losZ] 2001
Maharashtra Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Uttar Pradesh
egkjk"Vª jktLFkku rfeyukMq mRrj izns'k
Urban
'kgjh
Rural
xzkeh.k
jkT;kas ds Lrj ij ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l dh
tkudkjh eas cgrq QdZ gAS vf/kd tul[a ;k
okys jkT;kas eas bl chekjh ds ifz r de
tkudkjh [krjukd y{k.k gAS ch ,l ,l
v/;;u ds nkjS ku fcgkj] xtq jkr vkjS mÙkj
inz 's k ds xko¡ kas e]as pkj eas ls rhu efgykvkas us
bl jkxs ds ckjs eas dHkh ugha luq k .kkA
,p vkbZ oh@,M~l dh ikz .kfed tkudkjh ds
cxjS ykxs blds ifz r ljq f{kr ugha gkxs Aas
21

3.3 Page 23

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AWARENESS AND KNOWLEDGE O. HIV/AIDS
,p vkbZ oh@,M~l dh tkudkjh vkSj tkx:drk
Awareness of how HIV spreads is a
key requirement in avoiding the
disease. In India, sexual contact is
the predominant method of
transmission in most states.
Awareness of this is high among
urban dwellers in some states,
approaching 100 percent in Kerala
and Manipur. By contrast, barely
more than half of women in Bihar,
Gujarat, and Uttar Pradesh are
aware of sexual contact as a way to
become infected, quite low for
urban populations.
Percent in Urban Areas Who Know That HIV/AIDS Can Be Spread
through Sexual Contact, India and Selected States, 2001
Hkkjr vkSj p;fur jkT;ksa esa] 'kgjh yksxksa dk izfr'kr tks tkurs gS fd
,p vkbZ oh@,M~l ;kSu lEca/kksa ls QSy ldrk gS] 2001
97.7 97.4 97.6 95.8
89.0
80.3
83.8
83.7 86.6
54.8
81.0
58.5
71.5
59.1
INDIA
Hkkjr
Kerala Manipur Gujarat Andhra Bihar Uttar Pradesh
dsjy ef.kiqj xqtjkr Pradesh fcgkj mRrj izns'k
vkU/k izns'k
O;ogkj fujh{k.k losZ] 2001
Male
Female
iq:"k efgyk
,p vkbZ oh ds QyS us dh tkudkjh] jkxs
ij jkds yxkus ds fy, t:jh gAS Hkkjr
ds dbZ jkT;kas eas lØa e.k dk iez [q k dkj.k
;kuS lEcU/k gh gAS dNq jkT;kas ds 'kgjh
ykxs kas eas bldh vf/kd tkudkjh gS tcfd
djs y vkjS ef.kijq eas 100 ifz r'kr dks
bldh tkudkjh gAS blds foijhr] fcgkj]
xtq jkr vkjS mÙkj inz 's k dh cefq 'dy
vk/ks ls vf/kd efgykvkas dks tkudkjh gS
fd lØa e.k dk ,d rjhdk ;kuS lEcU/k
g]S tks fd 'kgjh tul[a ;k ds fygkt ls
de gAS
India’s rural population is a vast
group, numbering some 750 million.
India’s rural residents comprise the
second largest “country” in the
world. The low knowledge in rural
areas in many states is a cause for
serious concern. In Bihar, among
rural females, a mere 18.7 percent
were aware of HIV and that it could
be spread by sexual relations.
Stopping the spread of HIV/AIDS
requires an intensive program of
education lest the disease spread
further throughout the rural areas.
Percent in Rural Areas Who Know That HIV/AIDS Can Be Spread
through Sexual Contact, India and Selected States, 2001
Hkkjr vkSj p;fur jkT;ksa esa] xzkeh.k yksxksa dk izfr'kr tks tkurs gSa
fd ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l ;kSu lEcU/kksa ls QSy ldrk gS] 2001
98.0 97.6
91.1
89.4
80.4
80.6
74.6
59.8
63.5
55.8
46.6
22.7
18.7
24.3
INDIA
Hkkjr
Kerala Manipur Gujarat Andhra Bihar Uttar Pradesh
dsjy ef.kiqj xqtjkr Pradesh fcgkj mRrj izns'k
vkU/k izns'k
O;ogkj fujh{k.k losZ] 2001
Male
iq:"k
Female
efgyk
Hkkjr dh yxHkx 7500 yk[k dh xkz eh.k
vkcknh] ,d cgrq cM+k legw gAS fo'o eas
xkz eh.k vkcknh ds ekeys eas Hkkjr nlw js
uEcj dk n's k gAS dbZ jkT;kas ds xkz eh.k
{k=s kas eas tkudkjh dh deh ,d xEHkhj
fpUrk dk fo"k; gAS fcgkj dh xkz eh.k
efgykvkas eas flQZ 18-7 ifz r'kr gh
,p vkbZ oh ds ckjs eas tkudkjh j[krh gSa
fd ;kuS lEcU/kkas ls lØa e.k QyS ldrk
gAS ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l ds lØa e.k dks
jkds us ds fy, ijw s xkz eh.k {k=s kas eas jkxs dks
QyS us ls jkds us dh f'k{kk dh t:jr gAS
22

3.4 Page 24

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AWARENESS AND KNOWLEDGE O. HIV/AIDS
,p vkbZ oh@,M~l dh tkudkjh vkSj tkx:drk
HIV can be contracted through
blood transfusion. Overall, the
majority of BSS respondents were
aware of this risk. However, less
than 30 percent of women in the
rural areas of several major states
were aware of this risk: Bihar,
Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, and West
Bengal.
Percent Who Know That HIV/AIDS Can Be Spread by
Blood Transfusion, India, 2001
Hkkjr esa] ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l dk laØe.k jDr p<kus ls Hkh
gks ldrk gS] tkuus okys yksxksa dk izfr'kr] 2001
79.1
72.5
65.9
90.8
86.3 81.8
75.8
68.3
61.0
jDr p<+kus ds nkjS ku Hkh ,p vkbZ oh dk
lØa e.k gks ldrk gAS dyq feykdj
O;ogkj fujh{k.k loZs ds lHkh mÙkjnkrk bl
tkfs [ke ds ckjs eas tkurs .kAs gkykfa d dNq
jkT;kas ds xkz eh.k {k=s kas dh 30 ifz r'kr ls
de efgyk;as bl tkfs [ke ds ckjs eas tkurh
.kh]a tlS s fd fcgkj] xtq jkr] mÙkj inz 's k
vkjS if'pe cxa kyA
Television and radio, followed by
friends and relatives, were the most
common ways in which married
women received information about
HIV/AIDS. The very low proportion
that received information from a
health worker or teacher points to a
serious deficiency in HIV education.
This emphasizes the difficulty in
reaching poor, rural people without
regular access to the mass media.
INDIA
Hkkjr
O;ogkj fujh{k.k losZ] 2001
Urban
'kgjh
Both Sexes
nksuksa
Rural
xzkeh.k
Male Female
iq:"k efgyk
Where Did Married Women Hear of HIV/AIDS?
(percent)
fookfgr efgykvksa dks ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l dh tkudkjh dk lzksr?
¼izfr'kr½
Television
78.8
Vsfyfotu
Radio
jsfM;ks
41.5
Friend/relative
fe=@fj'rsnkj
30.9
Print media
lapkj ds fizaVsM lk/ku
26.8
Poster/hoarding
12.5
iksLVj@gksaMhZx
Cinema
8.1
flusek
Other
vU;
6.4
Health worker
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ
3.6
School teacher
Ldwy ds f'k{kd
1.0
Adult education
izkS< f'k{kk
0.5
jk"Vªh; ifjokj LokLF; losZ 1998&99 ¼dHkh Hkh fookfgr efgykvksa 15&49 vk;q oxZ] dk losZ½
fe=kas vkjS fj'rns kjkas ds vykok jfs M;ks vkjS
Vfs yfotu T;knkrj fookfgr efgykvkas dks
,p vkbZ oh@,M~l dh tkudkjh nus s ds
e[q ; lkz rs .kAas ,p vkbZ oh f'k{kk eas deh
ds ckjs eas bl ckr ls irk pyrk gS fd
cgrq de ykxs kas us tkudkjh dk lkz rs
LokL.; dk;dZ rkZ v.kok f'k{kd dks
crk;kA xjhc ,oa xkz eh.k ykxs kas }kjk lpa kj
ds lk/kukas dh fu;fer lfq o/kk u gkus s ls
bl dfBukbZ dk irk pyrk gAS
23

3.5 Page 25

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AWARENESS AND KNOWLEDGE O. HIV/AIDS
,p vkbZ oh@,M~l dh tkudkjh vkSj tkx:drk
HIV can be transmitted to an infant
during pregnancy, labour and
delivery. Large numbers of women
are unaware of mother-to-child
transmission. Couples must be
informed that mothers can infect
their children if they are
HIV-positive. The risk of mother-to-
child transmission can be greatly
reduced by measures such as
antiviral drugs.
Percent of Women Who Know that HIV Can Be Passed by an Infected
Pregnant Woman to Her Child, India and Selected States, 2001
Hkkjr vkSj pqus gq, jkT;ksa es] laØfer xHkZorh ek¡ }kjk cPps dks
laØe.k gks ldrk gS] tkuus okyh efgykvksa dk izfr'kr] 2001
INDIA
Hkkjr
Goa
xksvk
Maharashtra
egkjk"Vª
Orissa
mM+hlk
Bihar
fcgkj
77.8
58.7
92.4
84.2
82.1
63.4
68.9
46.9
58.7
20.1
Urban
'kgjh
Rural
xzkeh.k
,d uotkr f'k'kq dks ilz o vkjS xHkkoZ L.kk
ds nkjS ku ,p vkbZ oh dk lØa e.k gks
ldrk gAS ek¡ ls cPps dks lØa e.k ds ckjs
eas T;knkrj efgyk;as ugha tkurhAa nEifÙk;kas
dks ;g crk;k tkuk pkfg;s fd ;fn ek¡
,p vkbZ oh lØa fer gS rks vius cPpkas dks
lØa fer dj ldrh gAS ek¡ ls cPps dks
gkus s okys lØa e.k dks ,UVhokbjy nokb;Z kas
}kjk vPNs <xa ls jkds k tk ldrk gAS
O;ogkj fujh{k.k losZ 2001
Percent of Women Who Know that an Infected Mother Can Pass HIV
to Her Child by Breastfeeding, India and Selected States, 2001
HIV can also be transmitted to an
infant through breastfeeding. Up to
half of maternal transmission of HIV
to a child can be due to
breastfeeding. In India, only about
two-thirds of women in urban areas
and half in rural areas were aware
of the risk of transmission posed by
breastfeeding. The use of breast
milk substitutes can lower the risk
of HIV transmission to the child.
Hkkjr vkSj pqus gq, jkT;ksa esa] laØfer ek¡ vius cPps dks Lruiku }kjk
laØfer dj ldrh gS] tkuus okyh efgykvksa dk izfr'kr] 2001
INDIA
Hkkjr
Goa
xksvk
63.2
49.7
75.9
73.4
Maharashtra
egkjk"Vª
Orissa
mM+hlk
Bihar
fcgkj
57.1
56.8
62.1
44.4
Urban
'kgjh
50.9
Rural
19.4
xzkeh.k
,p vkbZ oh cPps dks Lruiku djkus ls
Hkh QyS ldrk gAS ,p vkbZ oh dk
lda z e.k vk/ks ls T;knk cPpkas eas ek=
Lruiku ls gh gkrs k gAS Hkkjr eas dos y
nk&s frgkbZ efgyk,a 'kgjkas eas vkjS vk/kh
xko¡ kas eas tkurh gaS fd Lruiku ls ,p vkbZ
oh lda z e.k gkrs k gAS Lruiku dh ctk;s
nlw js ink.kZ cPpkas dks nus s ls ,p vkbZ oh
dk lda z e.k de gks ldrk gAS
O;ogkj fujh{k.k losZ 2001
24

3.6 Page 26

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AWARENESS AND KNOWLEDGE O. HIV/AIDS
,p vkbZ oh@,M~l dh tkudkjh vkSj tkx:drk
Awareness of the increased risks
posed by sexually transmitted
diseases (STDs) in spreading
HIV/AIDS is crucial. Many people,
however, still lack basic knowledge
of STDs. Only one-third of people in
India had ever heard of STDs such
as gonorrhea and herpes,
according to the Behavioural
Surveillance Survey 2001.
Percent Who Had Ever Heard of Sexually Transmitted Diseases
other than HIV/AIDS, India and Selected States, 2001
Hkkjr vkSj pqus x;s jkT;ksa esa] ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l ds vykok ;kSu
tfur jksxksa ds ckjs esa lqus x;s yksxksa dk izfr'kr] 2001
61.5
58.1
41.7
32.1
36.0
34.3
19.8
14.1
;kuS tfur jkxs kas }kjk ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l ds
lØa e.k ds vf/kd tkfs [ke ds ifz r
tkudkjh dh fL.kfr cgrq fodV gAS
T;knkrj ykxs ,l Vh Mh dh ikz .kfed
tkudkjh ugha j[krAs O;ogkj fujh{k.k lo]Zs
2001 ds vulq kj Hkkjr eas flQZ ,d frgkbZ
ykxs gh xukfs j;k vkjS gilZ tlS s ;kuS
tfur jkxs kas ds ckjs eas tkurs gAS
INDIA Gujarat Andhra Haryana Tamil Delhi Uttar Rajasthan
Hkkjr xqtjkr Pradesh gfj;k.kk Nadu fnYyh Pradesh jktLFkku
vkU/kz izns'k
rfeyukMq
mRrj izns'k
O;ogkj fujh{k.k losZ] 2001
Just one in five survey respondents
knew that sexually transmitted
diseases increased the risk of HIV
infection. As a result, people may
continue engaging in risky sexual
behaviour even after STD
symptoms appear. Awareness was
somewhat higher than average
among people in Andhra Pradesh,
but under 30 percent in most of the
states. Education about STDs and
HIV must go hand in hand to
prevent the spread of both.
Percent Who Were Aware that STDs Made Contracting
HIV More Likely, India and Selected States, 2001
Hkkjr vkSj pqus x;s jkT;ksa esa] ;kSu tfur jksxksa }kjk ,p vkbZ oh laØe.k
gksus dh vf/kd lEHkkouk dh tkudkjh okys yksxksa dk izfr'kr] 2001
41.1
20.7
22.5
28.6
25.7
23.9
10.6
9.2
INDIA Gujarat Andhra Haryana Tamil Delhi Uttar Rajasthan
Hkkjr xqtjkr Pradesh gfj;k.kk Nadu fnYyh Pradesh jktLFkku
vkU/kz izns'k
rfeyukMq
mRrj izns'k
O;ogkj fujh{k.k losZ] 2001
loZs ds ikpa eas ls flQZ ,d mÙkjnkrk gh
tkurk .kk fd ;kuS tfur jkxs ] ,p vkbZ
oh lØa e.k ds tkfs [ke dks c<+krk gAS
ifj.kke Lo:i] ;kuS tfur jkxs kas ds y{k.k
ds ckotnw ykxs tkfs [kei.w kZ O;ogkj tkjh
j[k ldrs gS Aa vklS r tkudkjh dh vi{s kk
vkU/kz inz 's k eas ykxs kas dks vf/kd tkudkjh
.kh] fdUrq T;knkrj jkT;kas eas tkudkjh 30
ifz r'kr ls Hkh de .khA ,p vkbZ oh vkjS
,l Vh Mh dh jkds .kke ds fy, nkus kas dh
f'k{kk cgrq t:jh gAS
25

3.7 Page 27

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AWARENESS AND KNOWLEDGE O. HIV/AIDS
,p vkbZ oh@,M~l dh tkudkjh vkSj tkx:drk
Accurate information on how to
avoid HIV/AIDS is critical if people
are to avoid the disease.
Interpersonal communication can
play an important role in deepening
someone’s understanding of the
disease. .ace-to-face
communication with a health worker
or clinic staff person can allow for
questions and answers, resulting in
better understanding.
Percent of Adults Who Had Received Interpersonal Communication
on STDs or HIV/AIDS, India and Selected States, 2001
Hkkjr vkSj p;fur jkT;ksa esa] ,l Vh Mh vFkok ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l ij
vUrZO;SfDrd laokn }kjk tkudkjh izkIr djus okys O;Ldksa dk izfr'kr] 2001
27.4
25.3
19.5
14.3
12.5 11.8 11.4 10.0
6.6
5.4
;fn ykxs bl chekjh ls cpuk pkgrs gSa
rks ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l ij Li"V tkudkjh]
lkps uh; gAS chekjh ds ckjs eas fdlh dh
le> cukus eas vUrOZ ;fS Drd loa kn dh
egRoi.w kZ Hkfw edk gAS LokL.; dk;dZ rkZ
v.kok LokL.; dUs nz ds depZ kjh ls vkeus
lkeus fd;s i'z ukÙs kj ds ifj.kke Lo:i]
ykxs kas eas cgs rj le> cuxs hA
INDIA Manipur
Gujarat
Andhra
PradesUhttar
Pradesh
HaryanaTamil NaduMaharashtra
Delhi Karnataka
O;ogkj fujh{k.k losZ] 2001
Overall, very few people, 14
percent, received any face-to-face
communication on sexually
transmitted diseases or HIV/AIDS.
About 10 percent received any
interpersonal communication on the
role of condom use in preventing
diseases. Statewise, Manipur and
Gujarat performed better than other
states in ensuring that people
received face-to-face
communication about these
important issues.
Percent of Adults Who Had Received Interpersonal Communication
on Condom Use for STD/HIV/AIDS Prevention
India and Selected States, 2001
Hkkjr vkSj p;fur jkT;ksa esa] dUMkse ds iz;ksx ls ,l Vh Mh@,p vkbZ oh@,M~l
ij jksd yxkus ds fy, vUrZO;SfDrd laokn }kjk tkudkjh izkIr djus okys
O;Ldksa dk izfr'kr] 2001
22.0
16.1
12.8
10.9
9.6
8.0
8.4
9.8
5.1 5.1
INDIAHkkjrManipeufr.kiqjGujaArxnaqttdhjkrra PrvadkUe/sUkzhtitaznrs'Pk ramdRresjhizns'HkaryagnfjaT;ak.mkkil NrafdeuMyauhkMaqrashetgrakjk"Vª DelhfinYKyahrnatakdaukZVd
O;ogkj fujh{k.k losZ] 2001
dyq feykdj cgrq de ykxs kas dh] 14
ifz r'kr] ;kuS tfur chekfj;kas ;k ,p
vkbZ oh@,M~l ij vkeus lkeus ckrphr
gbq AZ yxHkx 10 ifz r'kr ykxs kas dh
dUMkes dh Hkfw edk ij vUrOZ ;fS Drd
loa kn gbq AZ bu iez [q k enq ~nkas ij ykxs kas
dks vkeus lkeus loa kn djkus ds ekeys
e]as vU; jkT;kas dh vi{s kk] ef.kijq vkjS
xtq jkr us cgs rj dke fd;kA
26

3.8 Page 28

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KNOWLEDGE O. THE VALUE O. A CONDOM
dUMkse ds egRo dh tkudkjh
Sexual relations with a single, uninfected partner is a highly effective way to prevent HIV infection. However, when sexual behavior does
present risks, the role of the condom is important. Knowledge about the protective properties of the condom is far from universal in India.
Three out of ten men were unaware of its value, as were about half of women. As with other aspects of HIV/AIDS prevention, awareness
of the value of a high-quality condom is but a first step. One must also know where condoms can be obtained and be able to do so without
incurring embarrassment or social stigma. .or many men, even obtaining condoms without cost may be troublesome if the clinic staff is
female.
,p vkbZ oh lØa e.k jkds us dk iHz kkoi.w kZ rjhdk gS lØa e.k jfgr ,d gh ;kuS lk.khA gkykfa d tc tkfs [kei.w kZ ;kuS lEcU/kkas dk [krjk gk]s rks dUMkes dk bLres ky
cgrq gh egRoi.w kZ gAS fo'oHkj eas dUMkes ds ljq {kkRed x.q kkas dh tkudkjh dh vi{s kk] Hkkjr eas de tkudkjh gAS nl eas ls rhu i:q "k blds x.q kkas ls vifjfpr .ks
vkjS vk/kh vkjS rs blls vifjfpr .khAa ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l dh jkds .kke vU; mik;kas dh vi{s kk] dUMkes ds x.q kkas dh tkudkjh nus k igyk dne gkxs kA f>>d vkjS
lkekftd dyda dh lkps ds fcuk] O;fDr dks ;g irk gkus k pkfg;s fd bldh miyC/krk dgka ls gkxs hA LokL.; dUs nz eas ;fn efgyk depZ kjh gks rk]s dbZ i:q "kkas
dk]s e¶q r eas dUMkes yus k Hkh ij's kku dj ldrk gAS
Percent of Males Who Know that Consistent
Condom Use Can Prevent HIV, India, 2001
Hkkjr esa] dUMkse ds yxkrkj iz;ksx ls ,p vkbZ oh ls cpk tk
ldrk gS] tkudkjh j[kus okys iq:"kksa dk izfr'kr] 2001
Knows condom can
prevent HIV
70.0%
tkurs gS] dUMkse
,p vkbZ oh ls
cpk ldrk gS
Does not know
condom can prevent
HIV
30.0%
ugha tkurs]
dUMkse ,p vkbZ oh
ls cpk ldrk gS
O;ogkj fujh{k.k losZ] 2001
Percent of Females Who Know that Consistent
Condom Use Can Prevent HIV, India, 2001
Hkkjr esa] dUMkse ds yxkrkj iz;ksx ls ,p vkbZ oh ls cpk tk ldrk gS]
tkudkjh j[kus okyh efgykvksa dk izfr'kr] 2001
Knows condom can
prevent HIV
48.1%
tkurh gS] dUMkse
,p vkbZ oh ls
cpk ldrk gS
Does not know
condom can prevent
HIV
51.9%
ugha tkurh] dUMkse
,p vkbZ oh ls
cpk ldrk gS
O;ogkj fujh{k.k losZ] 2001
27

3.9 Page 29

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KNOWLEDGE O. THE VALUE O. A CONDOM
dUMkse ds egRo dh tkudkjh
Percent of Females Who Know that Condom Use Can Prevent HIV
India and Selected States, 2001
Hkkjr vkSj pqus x;s jkT;ksa esa] dUMkse ds bLrseky ls ,p vkbZ oh ls cpk ldrk gS
tkudkjh j[kus okyh efgykvksa dk izfr'kr] 2001
76.7 74.5
67.0 65.3
57.1 54.4
48.1
46.2
45.1
41.3
40.5
39.3
29.4
23.3 21.2 20.8
16.9
INDIAHkkjr
Himachal
Pfgraedkpesyh
izns'k
Punjabiatkc
Goa xksvk
ManipurAefn.dkihqrja
PradekUs/hkz
v
izns'k
Haryangafj;k.kTkamil NardfueyukMMq aharashtreagkjk"VªKarnatakdaukZVd RajasthjakntLFkku
Assamvle
Uttar
PradmeÙskjh
izns'k
OrissamM+hlk
GujaratxqtjWkrest Bief'npgael caxky
Bihar fcgkj
O;ogkj fujh{k.k losZ] 2001
Among women, knowledge of the value of condom use varies considerably by state. Such knowledge ranged from three out of four
women in states such as Himachal Pradesh and Punjab to one out of five or less in Bihar, Gujarat and West Bengal. Educating people
about condoms and their benefits is important in preventing the spread of HIV/AIDS. Higher awareness among women may enable some
to insist on condom use during higher-risk sexual encounters. Most women, however, are probably not in a position to negotiate condom
use with their partners. In general, current preventive measures are inadequate for many women to protect themselves from HIV/AIDS.
efgykvkas eas dUMkes ds x.q kkas dh tkudkjh jkT;okj vyx&vyx gAS ;g tkudkjh fgekpy inz 's k vkjS ita kc tlS s jkT; eas pkj eas ls rhu efgykvkas dks .kh rk]s
fcgkj] xtq jkr vkjS if'pe cxa ky tlS s jkT; eas ikp¡ eas ls ,d efgyk dks tkudkjh .khA ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l dks c<us ls jkds us ds fy, ykxs kas eas dUMkes vkjS mlds
ykHk dh tkudkjh@f'k{kk t:jh gAS efgykvkas eas vf/kd tkudkjh] mudks tkfs [kei.w kZ ;kuS O;ogkjkas ds le; blds i;z kxs eas l{ke cuk;xs hA gkykfa d] 'kk;n dbZ
efgyk;as vius lkf.k;kas ds lk.k dUMkes r; djus dh fL.kfr eas ugha gkrs hA lkekU;r% oreZ ku ds ljq {kkRed mik; dbZ efgykvkas dks ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l ls mUgs cpkus
ds fy, i;kIZ r ugha gAS
28

3.10 Page 30

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KNOWLEDGE O. THE VALUE O. A CONDOM
dUMkse ds egRo dh tkudkjh
The time it takes to obtain a
condom can be an important factor
influencing its use. .our out of five
survey respondents had heard of
the condom, but the time taken to
obtain one can be an obstacle for
many. About three out of ten adults
reported that it would take more
than 30 minutes to acquire a
condom. Knowledge of the
condom’s value must be
supplemented by a more
accessible supply.
Percent of Adults Who Have Heard of the Condom and
the Time Taken to Obtain One, India, 2001
Hkkjr esa] dUMkse ds ckjs esa tkudkjh ,oa ,d dUMkse dks izkIr djus esa
yxus okys le; dh tkudkjh okys O;Ldksa dk izfr'kr] 2001
Heard of condom,
more than 30 minutes
to obtain
30%
dUMkse ds ckjs esa lquk
gS] izkIr djus esa
30 feuV ls vf/kd le;
O;ogkj fujh{k.k losZ 2001
Never heard of condom
20%
dUMkse ds ckjs esa
dHkh ugha lquk
Heard of condom,
less than 30 minutes
to obtain
50%
dUMkse ds ckjs esa lquk gS]
izkIr djus esa 30 feuV
ls de le;
,d dUMkes dks ikz Ir djus eas yxus okyk
le; gks ldrk gS blds bLres ky dks
iHz kkfor djrk gkAs loZs ds vulq kj ikpa eas
ls pkj mRrjnkvkas us dUMkes ds ckjs luq k
g]S fdUrq bldks ikz Ir djus eas yxus okyk
le;] db;Z kas ds fy, :dkoV gks ldrk
gAS nl eas ls rhu O;Ldkas us crk;k] ,d
dUMkes dks ikz Ir djus eas 30 feuV ls
vf/kd dk le; yxrk gAS vklku ifw rZ
}kjk dUMkes ds egRo dh tkudkjh dks
c<k;k tk ldrk gAS
Percent of Adults Who Know Various Means
of Avoiding HIV Infection, India, 2001
In addition to awareness of the
condom’s protective value, the
realization that abstinence and a
single, uninfected partner are
effective means of prevention
should be universal. One out of four
males and one out of three females
were not aware of the value of
abstinence. About one-third of
males and about half of females did
not know that they could avoid HIV
by sticking to a single, uninfected
partner. Expanding the awareness
of preventive measures is key in
preventing the further spread of
HIV/AIDS in India.
Hkkjr esa ,p vkbZ oh laØe.k jksdus ds rjhdks ds ckjs esa
tkudkjh j[kus okys O;Ldksa dk izfr'kr] 2001
Sexual abstinence
;kSu lEcU/kksa esa la;e
77.6
64.9
Use of the condom
dUMkse dk iz;ksx
70.0
48.1
Uninfected single sex partner
laØe.kjfgr ,d gh ;kSu lkFkh
Uninfected single sex partner
and consistent condom use
laØe.kjfgr ,d gh ;kSu lkFkh vkSj
dUMkse dk yxkrkj iz;ksx
O;ogkj fujh{k.k losZ 2001
62.4
51.8
55.5
38.3
Male
iq:"k
Female
efgyk
dUMkes ds ljq {kkRed ykHk dh tkudkjh
ds lk.k&lk.k l;a e r.kk lØa e.k jfgr ,d
gh ;kuS lk.kh dk ,glkl Hkh jkds .kke dk
iHz kkoi.w kZ rjhdk g]S ;s lcdks ekyew gkus k
pkfg;As l;a e ds egRo dh tkudkjh pkj
eas ,d i:q "k r.kk rhu eas ,d efgyk dks
ugha .khA yxHkx ,d frgkbZ i:q "k ,oa
vk/kh efgyk;as ugha tkurh .kha fd lØa e.k
jfgr ,d gh ;kuS lk.kh ls lEcU/k cuk;s
j[kdj] os ,p vkbZ oh ls cp ldrs gSAa
Hkkjr eas ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l ds foLrkj dks
jkds us ds fy,] tkudkjh dks c<kuk ,d
eyw e=a gAS
29

4 Pages 31-40

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4.1 Page 31

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HIGH-RISK BEHAVIOUR
tksf[keiw.kZ O;ogkj
Risky sexual behaviour is a major
cause of HIV infection globally, as it
is in India. Nationally, almost 12
percent of males, ages 15-49,
reported having had sex with non-
regular partners in the 12 months
prior to the BSS. This ranged from
a very high 19.2 percent in Andhra
Pradesh to a low of 3.8 percent in
West Bengal. A major way HIV
spreads today is clear: men who
use the services of sex workers
often carry infection to their regular
partners.
If men used a condom consistently
and correctly during sex with non-
regular partners, the chance that
they would transfer HIV to their
regular partner would be lower —
but many don’t. Only about half of
men in India reported doing so.
This may result from a lack of
appreciation of a condom’s
protective value, the local shame
incurred from buying one, the time
taken to obtain one, or a lack of
funds if no free supply is easily
available.
Percent of Males Reporting Sex with any Non-regular
Partner in the Past Year, India, 2001
Hkkjr esa] fiNys o"kZ vfu;fer ;kSu lkFkh ls ;kSu lEcU/k cuk;k]
crkus okys iq:"kksa dk izfr'kr] 2001
19.2 18.8
15.0
11.8
11.5
7.9
7.9
6.6
3.8
INDIA
Andhra
PraMdeasdhhya
PradeshMaharashtra
Bihar Karnataka
Delhi
Tamil
Nadu
West
Bengal
O;ogkj fujh{k.k losZ] 2001
Percent of Males Reporting Condom Use with Last
Non-regular Partner in the Past Year, India, 2001
Hkkjr esa] fiNys o"kZ vfUre vfu;fer ;kSu lkFkh ls lEcU/k ds le;
dUMkse dk bLrseky fd;k] crkus okys iq:"kksa dk izfr'kr] 2001
77.0
51.2 51.6
27.0
48.0 45.4
36.3 37.2
40.0
INADndIAhHrkakjPrravMdkeaUs/dkhhz iyzans'Pkradee/s;Mhiaznhs'akrashetrgakjk"Vª BiharfcKgakjrnatakdaukZVd DelhifTnaYmyhil NradfWeuyeusktMBiq fe'npgealcaxky
O;ogkj fujh{k.k losZ] 2001
Hkkjr eas Hkh] fo'oHkj dh rjg] tkfs [kei.w kZ
;kuS O;ogkj ,p vkbZ oh lØa e.k dk e[q ;
dkj.k gAS jk"Vhª ; Lrj ij] ch ,l ,l ls
12 ekg iow ]Z 15&49 vk;q oxZ ds yxHkx
12 ifz r'kr i:q "kkas us vfu;fer ;kuS
lkf.k;kas ls ;kuS lEcU/k djuk crk;kA ;g
vkU/kz inz 's k eas 19-2 ifz r'kr rd
vf/kdre vkjS if'pe cxa ky eas 3-8
ifz r'kr rd U;uw re .kkA vkt ,p vkbZ
oh lØa e.k dk e[q ; dkj.k Li"V g%S os
i:q "k tks ;kuS dk;dZ rkvZ kas dh los k yrs s gS
vius fu;fer ;kuS lk.kh dks lØa fer djrs
gSA
;fn i:q "k vfu;fer ;kuS lk.kh ls
lEcU/k cukrs le; ge's kk lgh <xa ls
dUMkes dk i;z kxs dj]as rks vius fu;fer
;kuS lk.kh dks lØa e.k nus s dk [krjk de
gks tkrk g]S tks fd T;knkrj ykxs ugha
djrAs dos y yxHkx vk/ks i:q "kkas us crk;k
fd os ,ls k djrs gAS ilS kas dh deh ls
e¶q r vkifw rZ vklkuh ls miyC/k u gk]s
ikz Ir djus eas yxus okyk le;] [kjhnus eas
vkus okyh 'keZ ;k dUMkes ds ljq {kkRed
egRo eas deh tlS s ifj.kke gkxs Aas
30

4.2 Page 32

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HIGH-RISK BEHAVIOUR
tksf[keiw.kZ O;ogkj
NACO has set a goal to establish
a voluntary, confidential counseling
and testing centre (VCCTC) in
every district of India. Currently,
however, few Indians know of a
place where they can go to be
tested — despite feeling that it is
possible. Confidential testing is the
key. The stigma associated with
being tested serves as a major
obstacle in the fight against
HIV/AIDS. Those infected with HIV
can receive treatment and live
useful, productive and social lives.
Percent of Adults Saying Possible to Receive Confidential HIV Testing
in Their Area and Knowing of Such a Facility
India and Selected States, 2001
Hkkjr vkSj p;fur jkT;ksa esa] vius {ks= esa ,p vkbZ oh ds xksiuh; tkap dsUnz
vkSj ,slh lqfo/kk tkurs gS crkus okys o;Ld yksxksa dk izfr'kr] 2001
Testing possible in their area
79.9
vius {ks=ksa esa tkap lEHko gS
70.6
65.9
58.6
Knew of testing facility in their area
vius {ks= esa tkap lqfo/kk dsUnz tkurs gS
49.0
50.9
36.2
17.9
18.8
10.4
11.4
11.0
7.9
12.0 14.9 12.7
6.1
0.7
INDIA
Hkkjr
Delhi Karnataka Tamil Maha-
fnYyh dukZVd Nadu rashtra
rfeyukMq egkjk"Vª
Manipur Madhya Andhra West
ef.kiqj Pradesh Pradesh Bengal
e/; izns'k vkU/kz izns'k if'pe
caxky
O;ogkj fujh{k.k losZ] 2001
jk"Vhª ; ,M~l fu;=a .k lxa Bu us Hkkjr ds
iRz ;ds ftys eas LofS PNd] xkis uh; ijke'kZ
vkjS tkpa dUs nkz as dh L.kkiuk dks y{;
cuk;k gAS gkykfa d oreZ ku e]as ;g tkuus ds
ckotnw fd ;g lEHko g]S dNq Hkkjrh; mu
L.kkukas ds ckjs eas tkurs gSa tgk¡ os tkpa ds
fy, tk ldrs gSAa tkpa eas xkis uh;rk e[q ;
gAS tkpa djkus ls gkus s okys dyda dh
Hkkouk ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l ds f[kykQ
yM+kbZ eas :dkoV gAS ftudks ,p vkbZ oh
dk lØa e.k g]S bykt ikz Ir dj ldrs gSa
vkjS egRoi.w k]Z iHz kkoiw .kZ ,oa lkekftd
thou th ldrs gSAa
Knowing someone who has HIV/
AIDS or who has died from the
disease can act as a strong
motivation to avoid it. This type of
knowledge was highest in the
states with the highest prevalence
but quite low in other states. In
states where personal experience
with HIV is low, it can be expected
that the disease will not be seen
as a significant threat. It is also
likely that the very socio-cultural
stigma associated with the disease
keeps knowledge of it from
spreading. The result is a growing
epidemic in an unsuspecting
general population.
Percent of Adults Aware of Someone with HIV/AIDS or Who
Died from AIDS, India and Selected States, 2001
Hkkjr vkSj p;fur jkT;ksa esa mu o;Ldksa dk izfr'kr tks
tkurs gSa fd dksbZ ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l ls laØfer gS
;k fdlh dh e`R;q ,M~l ls gqbZ gSa] 2001
37.037.5 36.7
31.2
8.7 9.0
20.8
18.4
17.1
17.3
15.0
14.4
Aware of someone
with HIV/AIDS
fdlh dks ,p vkbZ oh@
,M~l gS tkurs gSa
Aware of someone
who died from AIDS
,M~l ls fdlh dh e`R;q
gqbZ tkurs gSa
INDIA
Hkkjr
Manipur Andhra Tamil Karnataka Maha-
ef.kiqj Pradesh Nadu dukZVd rashtra
vkU/kz izns'k rfeyukMq
egkjk"Vª
2.2 2.0
Delhi
fnYyh
1.9 1.6
West
Bengal
if'pe
caxky
0.7 0.4
Bihar
fcgkj
O;ogkj fujh{k.k losZ] 2001
;g tkuuk fd fdlh dks ,p vkbZ
oh@,M~l gS ;k fdlh dh eR` ;q bl chekjh
ls gbq Z g]S ,d etcrw ijsz d dk dke
djrk gAS vf/kd lØa fer jkT;kas eas bl
tkudkjh dk Lrj vf/kd .kk fdUrq vU;
jkT;kas eas de .kkA ftu jkT;kas eas ,p vkbZ
oh dk O;fDrxr vuHq ko de g]S ogk¡
bl chekjh dks cM+k [krjk ugha ekuuk
pkfg;As ;g Hkh lEHko gS fd chekjh ls
lEcfU/kr lkekftd dyda bldh
tkudkjh dks c<us ls jkds rk gAS lkekU;
tul[a ;k eas ifj.kke Lo:i ;g egkekjh
c<+ jgh gAS
31

4.3 Page 33

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HIGH-RISK BEHAVIOUR
tksf[keiw.kZ O;ogkj
The clients of commercial sex
workers are at risk of contracting
HIV and spreading the disease to
the general population. When these
clients use drugs or alcohol, they
are less likely to use condoms. In
some cases, clients engage in
additional higher-risk behaviours
such as having sex with men
without using a condom.
Many clients do not consistently
use condoms with either sex
workers or their wives. Overall, 57
percent reported consistent
condom use with sex workers and
about seven percent with their
regular female partner. These
figures varied by state, but in
general, fewer than 20 percent
reported condom use with their wife
or regular partner.
Programmes promoting safer
sexual behaviour are crucial and
can be effective. An intervention
programme in Sonagachi, Kolkata,
for example, helped increased
condom use from zero in 1992 to
more than 70 percent in 1998.
Although HIV was not entirely
eliminated, fewer than five percent
of commercial sex workers in
Sonagachi have tested positive for
HIV in recent years.
Percent of Clients of Female Sex Workers with Risky
Behaviour, India and Selected States, 2001
Hkkjr vkSj p;fur jkT;ksa esa] efgyk ;kSu dk;ZdrkZ ds tksf[keiw.kZ
O;ogkj djus okys lqfo/kkizkIrdrkZvksa dk izfr'kr] 2001
INDIA
Hkkjr
Orissa
mM+hlk
Punjab
iatkc
Manipur
ef.kiqj
Tamil Nadu
rfeyukMq
2.0
21.7
32.8
10.8
2.5
52.5
31.9
8.3
2.6
40.3
27.9
27.1
11.3
37.5
46.1
7.1
3.0
19.9
39.7
13.9
Injected drugs in
past 12 months
fiNys 12 eghuksa esa lqbZ
}kjk u'kk fd;k
Ever tried drugs
MªXl dk dHkh bLrseky
fd;k
Drinks at least once
a week
g¶rs esa ,d ckj 'kjkc
ihuk
Ever had sex with a
male partner
iq:"k ds lkFk dHkh ;kSu
lEcU/k cuk;k
O;ogkj fujh{k.k losZ 2001
Percent of Clients of Female Sex Workers Reporting
Consistent Condom Use and with Their Regular Female
Partner, India and Selected States 2001
Hkkjr vkSj p;fur jkT;ksa esa] vius fu;fer efgyk vkSj
;kSu dk;ZdrkZ ds lkFk yxkrkj dUMkse dk iz;ksx djus
dh ckr crkus okys lqfo/kkizkIrdrkZvksa dk izfr'kr] 2001
77.4
67.4 64.3 63.3
57.3
56.6
48.1 44.2
34.6
18.4
6.8
8.6
2.6
6.2
2.1
6.0
3.0
6.2
INDIAMaharashtra
O;ogkj fujh{k.k losZ] 2001
Goa
Tamil
Nadu
Andhra
PHraimdeaschhal
Pradesh
Punjab Rajasthan
Assam
With sex workers
;kSu dk;ZdrkZ ds lkFk
With regular female partner
fu;fer efgyk lkFkh ds lkFk
O;olkf;d ;kuS dk;dZ rkZ ds lfq o/kk
ikz IrdrkvZ kas }kjk ,p vkbZ oh lØa e.k ikz Ir
dj lkekU; tula [;k eas bl chekjh dks
QyS kus dh vf/kd lEHkkouk gkrs h gAS
'kjkc v.kok u'khyh nokb;Z kas ds los u ds
i'pkr~ dUMkes dk bLres ky de gkrs k gAS
dHkh&dHkh] ;s ykxs ] dUMkes ds fcuk
i:q "kkas ls gh ;kuS lEcU/k cukus tlS s
vfrfjDr tkfs [kei.w kZ O;ogkj Hkh djrs gAS
T;knkrj ykxs ] u rks ;kuS dk;dZ rkZ ds lk.k
vkjS u gh viuh ifRu ds lk.k] dUMkes
dk i;z kxs djrs gAaS dyq feykdj 57
ifz r'kr ykxs kas us crk;k fd os ;kuS
dk;dZ rkZ ls lEcU/k cukrs le; dUMkes
dk yxkrkj i;z kxs djrs gS vkjS yxHkx
lkr ifz r'kr vius fu;fer lk.kh ds lk.kA
jkT;okj ;s vkda M+s vyx&vyx gS fdUrq
lkekU;r% 20 ifz r'kr ls de ykxs kas us
crk;k fd os vius fu;fer lk.kh v.kok
ifRu ds lk.k lEcU/k cukrs oDr dUMkes
dk i;z kxs djrs gSAa
ljq f{kr ;kuS O;ogkj ds dk;ØZ e tfVy gSa
ij iHz kkoi.w kZ cuk;s tk ldrs gSAa mnkgj.k
ds fy,] lkus kxkNh] dydÙkk eas pyk;h xbZ
fo'k"s k ifj;kts uk }kjk] dUMkes i;z kxs ds
1992 eas 'kUw ; vkda Ms ls 1998 eas 70
ifz r'kr ls vf/kd gks x;kA gky ds o"kkZs
e]as gkya kfd ,p vkbZ oh dks ijw h rjg
lekIr ugha fd;k tk ldk gS vkjS ikpa
ifz r'kr ls Hkh de O;olkf;d ;kuS
dk;dZ rkZ lkus kxkNh eas lØa fer ikbZ xbZ gAS
32

4.4 Page 34

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HIGH-RISK BEHAVIOUR
tksf[keiw.kZ O;ogkj
If one does not feel threatened by
HIV, the likelihood that proper
precautions will be taken
decreases. Relatively few clients of
sex workers feel that they are at
moderate or high risk of HIV. Yet, in
some cities, more than half of sex
workers are HIV positive. Until
these clients understand their risk
and use condoms 100 percent of
the time, the disease will continue
to spread.
Do Clients of Sex Workers Believe They Are Risking HIV?
India, 2001
D;k ;kSu dk;Zdrkvksa ds lqfo/kkizkIrdrkZ ekurs gS fd mudks
,p vkbZ oh dk [krjk gS\\ Hkkjr] 2001
"No Chance of HIV" 35.0%
,p vkbZ oh dh dksbZ lEHkkouk ugha
"Very high risk" 12.9%
cgqr vf/kd [krjk
"Low risk" 31.5%
de [krjk
;fn fdlh dks ,p vkbZ oh dk Mj ugha gS
rk]s lgh n[s kHkky dh lEHkkouk de gks
tkrh gAS ;|fi ;kuS dk;dZ rkZ ds dNq gh
lfq o/kkikz IrdrkZ ekurs gSa fd mudks ,p
vkbZ oh dk e/;e vkjS vf/kd [krjk gAS
fQj Hkh vHkh] dNq 'kgjkas e]as ;kuS
dk;dZ rkvkas ds vk/ks ls T;knk
lfq o/kkikz IrdrkZ ,p vkbZ oh lØa fer gSAa
tc rd ;s lfq o/kkikz IdrkZ vius [krjs dks
le> dj 100 ifz r'kr dUMkes dk i;z kxs
ugha djr]s chekjh yxkrkj c<rh jgxs hA
O;ogkj fujh{k.k losZ 2001
"Moderate risk" 20.6%
e/;e [krjk
Instituting widespread HIV/AIDS
testing and counseling is a critical
step in stopping its spread. Testing
allows for counseling and
treatment, which helps prevent an
infected person from spreading
HIV/AIDS to others. Despite its
importance, few people have been
tested, even among those at
higher-risk of the disease such as
the clients of sex workers. Only
about one in ten clients has ever
had a test for HIV. In most states,
however, more than half of these
men know that confidential testing
is possible. Reducing the obstacles
to testing, such as stigma and
discrimination, is key.
Percent of Clients of Sex Workers Saying HIV Testing Is Possible
and Who Actually Were Tested, India and Selected States, 2001
Hkkjr vkSj p;fur jkT;ksa esa] ,p vkbZ oh tk¡p lEHko gS vkSj mudh tk¡p gqbZ]
;g crkus okys ;kSu dk;Zdrkvksa ds lqfo/kkizkIrdrkZvksa dk izfr'kr] 2001
85.2
83.7
80.5
76.2
68.9
67.3
59.5 57.0
43.8
42.6
32.6
22.2
10.4
10.8 7.7
2.1
9.6
4.6
INDIA Maha- Goa Tamil Delhi Gujarat Bihar Kerala West
Hkkjr rashtra xksvk Nadu fnYyh xqtjkr fcgkj dsjy Bengal
egkjk"Vª
rfeyukMq
if'pe caxky
Says confidential testing possible
xksiuh; tk¡p lEHko gS
Ever had HIV test
dHkh ,p vkbZ oh tk¡p gqbZ
O;ogkj fujh{k.k losZ] 2001
,p vkbZ oh@,M~l tkpa vkjS ijke'kZ dh
lLa .kkvkas dh chekjh dks jkds us eas vf/kd
Hkfw edk gAS tkp¡ ] mipkj ,oa ijke'k]Z
lØa fer O;fDr }kjk nlw jkas dks ,p vkbZ
oh@,M~l lØa e.k ls jkds us eas lgk;d gAS
ckotnw bld]s ;kuS dk;dZ rkvkas ds
lfq o/kk ikz Irdrkvkas tlS s vR;f/kd
tkfs [kei.w kZ O;ogkj okys cgrq de ykxs kas
dh tkp¡ gbq Z gAS nl eas ls flQZ ,d
lfq o/kk ikz IrdrkZ dh ,p vkbZ oh grs q tkp¡
gbq Z gAS gkykfa d] T;knkrj jkT;kas e]as vk/ks
ls T;knk i:q "k bl ckr dks tkurs gSa fd
xkis uh; tkp¡ lEHko gAS dyda vkjS
Hkns Hkko tlS h :dkoVkas dks de djuk cgrq
t:jh gAS
33

4.5 Page 35

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INDIA RESPONDS TO HIV/AIDS
,p vkbZ oh@,M~l ds izfr Hkkjr dk tokc
.irst Phase
After the first cases of HIV were
reported in 1986, India established
a high-level National AIDS
Committee. Despite this, a climate
of denial prevailed in many states –
“it can’t happen here.”
Second Phase
National AIDS Control Programme-I
1992-1999 (NACP-I)
Recognizing that HIV/AIDS had
become a growing problem in India,
the National AIDS Control
Organisation (NACO) was
established in 1992 as a part of
NACP-I. NACO promoted HIV/AIDS
awareness and, most importantly,
set up state-level programmes to
fight the disease. HIV interventions,
however, remained largely a public
health function. Testing for HIV
prevalence at sentinel sites to
measure the true extent of infection
began in 1994.
National AIDS Control Programme-II
1999-2004 (NACP-II)
NACP-I established that HIV was,
in fact, growing in India and would
become an Africa-level epidemic if
a sweeping national campaign were
not begun. This phase involved
empowering State AIDS Control
Societies (SACS) and greater
involvement of local organizations,
such as NGOs, youth groups and
local government (Panchayati Raj).
Testing at Sentinel Sites
In order to estimate the degree to
which HIV/AIDS has spread in
India, testing of high-risk groups at
sentinel sites in suspected high
prevalence areas began in 1994.
Number of HIV/AIDS Sentinel Testing Sites, 1998 - 2003
455
384
320
232
180 180
Prevalence among these groups,
such as those being treated for
STDs, sex workers, and needle-
sharing drug users provided an
“early warning” sign. In later years,
more pregnant women in antenatal
care centers, a low risk group, were
tested to assess how far HIV had
spread to the population as a
whole.
The Behavioural Surveillance
Survey
In 2001, the first of a series of
surveys to measure attitudes and
behaviours regarding HIV/AIDS
was conducted. The 2001 National
Baseline General Population
Behavioural Surveillance Survey
(BSS) found that a great deal of
work remained to be done
throughout India to raise levels of
understanding of the disease. The
survey interviewed members of the
general population, sex workers
and their clients, intravenous drug
users, and men who have sex with
men. Subsequent surveys will
measure how much progress has
been made and where problem
areas remain.
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
34

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INDIA RESPONDS TO HIV/AIDS
,p vkbZ oh@,M~l ds izfr Hkkjr dk tokc
iz.ke pj.k
1986 eas ,p vkbZ oh ds i.z ke dls ik;s
tkus ds ckn] Hkkjr us ,d mPp Lrjh;
jk"Vhª ; ,M~l deVs h cuk;hA blds vykok]
dbZ jkT;kas eas udkjkRed fL.kfr ik;h x;h&
^^,ls k ;gk¡ ugha gks ldrk**
f}rh; pj.k
jk"Vhª ; ,M~l fu;=a .k dk;ØZ e&1
1992&1999 ¼,u , lh ih&1½
Hkkjr eas ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l dk]s mHkjrh
g;q h leL;k ds :i eas ekurs g,q ] jk"Vhª ;
,M~l fu;=a .k lxa Bu ¼ukdk½s us ,l , lh
ih&1 dks 1992 eas ,d Hkkx ds :i eas
L.kkfir fd;kA ukdks us ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l
dh tkudkjh dks c<kok fn;k vkjS lcls
egRoi.w kZ bl chekjh ls yM+us ds fy,
jkT; Lrjh; dk;ØZ e r;S kj fd;As oLrrq
,p vkbZ oh lEcU/kh dk;]Z T;knkrj
lkenq kf;d LokL.; ds dk;Z cudj jg
x;As j{kk dUs nkz as eas ,p vkbZ oh lØa e.k
Lrj dh tkp¡ r.kk lØa e.k ds okLrfod
foLrkj dk ekiu 1994 ls 'k:q gvq kA
jk"Vhª ; ,M~l dk;ØZ e&2
1999&2004 ¼,u , lh ih&2½
,u , lh ih&1 dh L.kkiuk ls ;g irk pyk
fd ,p vkbZ oh Hkkjr eas rts h ls c< jgk
gAS ;fn jk"Vhª ; Lrj ij dkbs Z vfHk;ku ugha
'k:q fd;k x;k rks ;g Hkkjr eas Hkh vÝhdk
Lrj ij egkekjh dk :i ys ldrk gAS bl
eas jkT; ,M~l fu;=a .k lfefr ¼,l , lh
,l½ r.kk cMs L.kkuh; lxa Bukas dks xBu
'kkfey fd;k x;k tlS &s Lo;a los h lLa .kk;]as
;oq d legw vkjS L.kkuh; ljdkj ¼ipa k;rh
jkT;½
j{kk dsUnzksa esa tk¡p
Hkkjr eas ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l ds foLrkj dk
vueq ku yxkus ds fy,] lUngs kLin
tkfs [kei.w kZ {k=s kas e]as vR;f/kd tkfs [kei.w kZ
legw kas dh tkpa grs q 1994 eas j{kk dUs nkz as
,p vkbZ oh@,M~l ds j{kk dsUnzksa dh la[;k 1998&2003
455
384
320
232
180 180
dh 'k:q vkr dh x;hA ,l Vh Mh ds
mipkj fd;s x;s jkxs h] ;kuS dk;dZ rkZ vkjS
lbq Z }kjk u'kk djus okys legw bueas
'kkfey .ks ftUgkuas s 'k:q vkrh [krjs dk
lda rs fn;kA blds ckn ds o"kkZs e]as ijw h
tul[a ;k eas ,p vkbZ oh lØa e.k dks
ekius ds fy, de tkfs [ke okys legw kas
l]s ilz oiow Z n[s kHkky dUs nkz as eas xHkoZ rh
efgykvkas dh tkp¡ dh x;hA
O;ogkfjd fujh{k.k losZ
2001 eas ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l ls lEcfU/kr
O;ogkj dks ekius ds fy, loZs dk i.z ke
pj.k 'k:q fd;k x;kA ch ,l ,l 2001
eas ik;k fd Hkkjr Hkj eas chekjh dh le>
ds Lrj dks c<+k;s tkus dk dk;Z 'k"s k gAS
loZs eas lkekU; tul[a ;k] ;kuS dk;dZ rkZ
vkjS muds lfq o/kkikz Irdrk]Z ulks eas lbq Z
}kjk u'kk djus okys vkjS ,ls s i#q "k tks
i#q "kkas ds lk.k ;kuS lEcU/k cukrs gS]a dk
bUVjO;w fy;k x;kA blds ckn ds loZs }kjk
;g irk pyxs k fd fdl {k=s eas leL;k gS
vkjS mleas dlS s l/q kkj fd;k tk ldrk gAS
1998 1999 2000
jk"Vªh; fu;a=.k ,M~l laxBu
2001
2002
2003
35

4.7 Page 37

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CARING .OR HIV/AIDS VICTIMS
Stigma
G The stigma attached to HIV/
AIDS must be ended.
Stigma is one the greatest
obstacles in the campaign
against the disease.
G Discrimination against HIV/
AIDS victims takes many
forms. Children are
dismissed from school,
women put out of the
household and health care
is denied.
G Misconceptions and
baseless fears must be
eliminated by a nationwide
education programme in
schools, health clinics and
community groups.
G People must learn that HIV
is not a contagious disease,
save for the most intimate
contact. Socializing and
sharing meals with HIV/
AIDS victims does not
transmit the disease.
,p vkbZ oh@,M~l ihfM+rksa dh ns[kHkky
Voluntary Counseling and Testing
G Testing for HIV not only
allows counseling and
treatment of patients, but
also helps ensure that the
epidemic will not spread to
their families and children.
G Counseling of youth –
before they become
sexually active —should be
a priority.
G Training for HIV counselors
is urgently needed.
G Accurate HIV information
should be provided to clients
at family planning clinics
and integrated with
information on the
avoidance of both HIV and
STDs.
G Counseling also encourages
more open discussion on
sensitive matters in
communities and between
partners.
Treatment, Care and Support
G HIV/AIDS patients can live
useful lives if the disease is
detected early enough –
and they receive the needed
drugs.
G Public policies are needed
to support care of people
living with HIV/AIDS,
particularly the use of
antiretroviral drugs. Such
policies would also reduce
the stigma of HIV,
encouraging more
widespread testing and
treatment.
G Drugs should be provided
free of charge given the
expense to individuals.
G Treatment can also greatly
reduce the risk of mother-to-
child transmission.
G Testing centres should be
designed so as to ensure
complete confidentiality,
encouraging people to
come.
36

4.8 Page 38

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CARING .OR HIV/AIDS VICTIMS
dyad
G ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l tlS k dyda
[kRe gkus k pkfg,A chekjh ds
f[kykQ vfHk;ku eas ;g dyda
,d cgrq cM+h ck/kk gAS
G ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l ls xfz lr
O;fDr;kas ds lk.k vyx&vyx
rjg dk Hkns Hkko fd;k tkrk gAS
cPpkas dks Ldyw ls fudky fn;k
tkrk gS vkjS rkas dks ?kjkas ls
fudky fn;k tkrk gS r.kk LokL.;
los kvkas ds fy, euk dj fn;k
tkrk gAS
G lkenq kf;d cBS d] LokL.; dUs nkz as
vkjS Ldyw kas eas jk"Vhª ; Lrj ij
'kfS {kd dk;ØZ e pykdj fujk/kkj
Hk; r.kk Hkkz fUr;kas dks njw fd;k
tk ldrk gAS
G ykxs kas dks ;g tkuuk t:jh gS fd
,p vkbZ oh Nuw s ls QyS us okyh
chekjh ugha g]S 'kkjhfjd lEcU/kkas
ls cpAs ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l ihfMr
O;fDr ds lk.k [kkuk [kkuas r.kk
lkekftd lEcU/k cukus ls ;g
ugha QyS rkA
,p vkbZ oh@,M~l ihfM+rksa dh ns[kHkky
LoSfPNd ijke'kZ r.kk tkap
G ,p vkbZ oh tkp¡ ejht dks flQZ
ijke'kZ vkjS mipkj gh ugha cfYd
muds ifjokj ,oa cPpkas eas ;g
chekjh ugha QyS xs h ;g lfq uf'pr
djus eas lgk;rk djrk gAS
G ;oq kvkas eas ;kuS lfØ;rk ls igys
ijke'kZ inz ku djus dks ikz .kfedrk
inz ku dh tk ldrh gAS
G ,p vkbZ oh ijke'knZ krkvkas ds
fy, ifz 'k{k.k 'kh?kz vko';d gAS
G ikz .kfed LokL.; dUs nkz as eas lfq o/kk
ikz Ir drkZ dks ,p vkbZ oh dh
lgh tkudkjh feyuh pkfg, vkjS
,p vkbZ oh r.kk ,l Vh Mh ls
cpko dh tkudkjh dks bleas tkMs +
nus k pkfg,A
G lenq k; r.kk lkf.k;kas eas bl
loa ns u'khy fo"k; ij
vf/kd ls vf/kd ppkZ r.kk
ijke'kZ dks c<+kok fn;k tkuk
pkfg,A
mipkj ns[kHkky vkSj lqj{kk
G ;fn bl chekjh dh tkudkjh
i.z ke voL.kk eas gks tk;s r.kk
vko';d nokb;Z kWa ikz Ir dh tk
ldas rks ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l dk
ejht mi;kxs h ftUnxh th ldrk
gSA
G ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l ls xfz lr ykxs kas
ds lg;kxs ds fy, tufgr
;kts ukvkas dh t:jr g]S fo'k"s kdj
,Us Vh jVs kª os k;jy nokb;kas dk
bLres kyA ,ls h ;kts uk;as ,p vkbZ
oh ds dyda dks de djxs h]
vf/kd ykxs tkp¡ o funku ds
fy, mRlkfgr gkxs As
G nokb;Z kWa fu'kYq d miyC/k djk;h
tk ldrh gS r.kk O;fDrxr [kpZ
Hkh fn;k tk ldrk gAS
G mipkj ds }kjk ek¡ ls cPps dks
gkus s okys lpa kfjr tkfs [ke dks
de fd;k tk ldrk gAS
G tkp¡ dUs nkz as dks bl idz kj cuk;k
tk; fd xkis uh;rk cjdjkj jgs
r.kk ykxs vkuas dks mRldq gkAas
37

4.9 Page 39

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GLOSSARY
'kCndks'k
AIDS
ANC
ARV
BSS
CSW
HIV
IDUs
MSM
NACO
NACP
N.HS
PLWHA
SACS
STD
STI
UNAIDS
VCCTC
WHO
Acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome
Antenatal clinic
Anti-retroviral drugs
Behavioural Surveillance Survey
Commercial sex worker
Human immuno-deficiency virus
Injecting (intravenous) drug users
Men who have sex with men
National AIDS Control Organisation
National AIDS Control Programme
National .amily Health Survey
People living with HIV/AIDS
State AIDS Control Society
Sexually transmitted disease
Sexually transmitted infection
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS
Voluntary confidential counseling and testing centre
World Health Organization
,M~l
,,ulh
,vkjoh
ch,l,l
lh,lMCY;w
,p vkbZ oh
vkbZ;wMh
,e,l,e
ukdks
,u,lhih
,u,Q,p,l
ih,yMCY;w,p,
,l,lh,l
,lVhMh
,lVhvkbZ
;,w u,M~l
ohlhlhVhlh
MCY;,w pvks
,Dok;MZ bE;uw kas Mfs Qfl;Us lh flMa kª es
izloiwoZ n[s kHkky dUs nz
,UVh&jVs kª os k;jy MXª l
O;ogkj fujh{k.k loZs
O;olkf;d ;kuS dk;dZ rkZ
g;ew u bE;uw kas Mfs Qfl;Us lh ok;jl
ulksa ij lbq Z yxkdj u'kk djus okys
vkneh] tks vkneh ds lk.k ;kuS lEcU/k cuk;s
jk"Vhª ; ,M~l fu;=a .k lxa Bu
jk"Vhª ; ,M~l fu;=a .k dk;ØZ e
jk"Vhª ; ifjokj LokL.; loZs
,p vkbZ oh] ,M~l ls xfz lr ykxs
jkT; ,M~l fu;=a .k lkls k;Vh
;kSu lpa kfjr jkxs
;kSu lpa kfjr lØa e.k
,p vkbZ oh@,M~l ij l;a Dq r jk"Vª dk l;a Dq r dk;ØZ e
LofS PNd xkis uh; ijke'kZ ,oa ijh{k.k dUs nz
fo'o LokL.; lxa Bu
38

4.10 Page 40

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STATISTICAL APPENDIX
lka[dh; ifjf'k"V
HIV Prevalence Levels and Officially Reported AIDS Cases
,p vkbZ oh laØe.k Lrj vkSj vkf/kdkfjd :i ls lwfpr ,M~l dsl j{kk dsUnzksa esa ,p vkbZ oh
Percent Testing Positive for HIV at
Sentinel Sites, 2002
laØfer ik;s x;s yksxksa dk izfr'kr] 2002
Percent Testing Positive for HIV at
Sentinel Sites, 2002
laØfer ik;s x;s yksxksa dk izfr'kr] 2002
State/Union territory
jkT;@dUs nz 'kkflr inz 's k
Patients at
sexually
transmitted
disease
clinics
;kuS lpa kfjr
jkxs dUs nkz as
eas ejht
Pregnant Patients at
women at intravenous
antenatal drug users
clinics
clinics
xHkoZ rh lbq Z ls u'kk
efgykvkas ds djus okys
fy, ilz oiow Z ykxs kas dh
n[s kHkky n[s kHkky ds
dUs nz
fy, dUs æ
Officially
reported AIDS
cases (as of
3l Aug. 2003)*
vkf/kdkfjd :i
ls lfw pr dls
¼31 vxLr
2003 rd½*
State/Union territory
jkT;@dUs nz 'kkflr inz 's k
Patients at
sexually
transmitted
disease
clinics
;kuS lpa kfjr
jkxs dUs nkz as
eas ejht
Pregnant Patients at
women at intravenous
antenatal drug users
clinics
clinics
xHkoZ rh lbq Z ls u'kk
efgykvkas ds djus okys
fy, ilz oiow Z ykxs kas dh
n[s kHkky n[s kHkky ds
dUs nz
fy, dUs æ
Officially
reported AIDS
cases (as of
3l Aug. 2003)*
vkf/kdkfjd :i
ls lfw pr dls
¼31 vxLr
2003 rd½*
Andhra Pradesh
30.4
1.3
—
Arunachal Pradesh 0.0
0.0
—
Assam
0.8
0.0
—
Bihar
1.6
0.3
—
Chhattisgarh
0.8
0.3
—
Delhi
3.2
0.3
7.2
Goa
11.3
1.4
—
Gujarat
6.2
0.4
—
Haryana
1.1
0.4
—
Himachal Pradesh
0.4
0.0
—
Jammu & Kashmir
1.0
0.1
—
Jharkhand
0.1
0.0
—
Karnataka
13.6
1.8
2.3
Kerala
2.5
0.4
—
Madhya Pradesh
2.4
0.0
—
Maharashtra
7.8
1.0
39.4
Mumbai
14.8
0.8
39.4
Manipur
9.6
1.1
39.1
4,339 vkU/kz inz 's k
Meghalaya
0.9
0.0
0.0
0 v:.kkpy inz 's k
Mizoram
2.6
1.5
1.6
171 vle
Nagaland
2.4
1.3
10.3
155 fcgkj
Orissa
0.8
0.3
—
— NÙkhlx<+
Punjab
1.6
0.5
—
821 fnYyh
Rajasthan
6.0
0.5
—
308 xkos k
Sikkim
0.0
0.1
—
3,562 xtq jkr
Tamil Nadu
14.7
0.9
33.8
313 gfj;k.kk
Tripura
1.4
0.0
—
114 fgekpy inz 's k
Uttar Pradesh
0.8
0.3
—
2 tEew vkjS d'ehj
Uttaranchal
0.3
0.2
—
— >kj[k.M
West Bengal
0.5
0.0
1.5
1,790 dukVZ d
A & N Islands
2.6
0.0
—
267 djs y
Chandigarh
0.8
0.3
—
1,024 e/; inz 's k
D & N Haveli
—
1.0
—
11,829 egkjk"Vª
Daman & Diu
—
0.2
—
2,595 eEq cbZ
Lakshadweep
0.0
0.0
—
1,238 ef.kijq
Pondicherry
2.0
0.3
—
8
51
343
128
248
826
8
24,667
4
1,083
—
930
32
750
0
1
0
157
e?s kky;
fet+ kjs e
ukxky.S M
mMh+ lk
ita kc
jktL.kku
flfDde
rfeyukMq
f=ijq k
mÙkj inz 's k
mÙkjkpa y
if'pe cxa ky
, ,.M ,u }hi legw
pMa hx<+
Mh ,.M ,u goys h
neu ,.M nh;w
y{;}hi
ikf.Mpjs h
Source: National AIDS Control Organisation
— not availabloe
*Experts believe these cases represent only a small portion of actual cases of AIDS in the country
L=krs % jk"Vhª ; ,M~l fu;=a .k lxa Bu
— miyC/k ugha
*fo'k"s kKkas dk ekuuk gS fd ;g vkda Ms n's k eas ik;s x;s ,M~l jkfs x;kas dh l[a ;k dk ,d NkVs k lk fgLlk Hkj inz f'krZ djrs gAS
39

5 Pages 41-50

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5.1 Page 41

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STATISTICAL APPENDIX
lka[dh; ifjf'k"V
State
jkT;
Ever heard
of AIDS (%)
,M~l ds ckjs eas
luq k ¼%½
,p
Knows that an
uninfected,
faithful partner
and consistent
condom use can
prevent
HIV/AIDS (%)
tkurs gS fd
vlaØfer]
fo'oluh; lk.kh
vkjS fujk/s k dk
yxkrkj i;z kxs
,p vkbZ oh@,M~l
ls cpk
ldrk gS ¼%½
HIV/AIDS Awareness and Behaviour, 2001
vkbZ oh@,M~l dh tkudkjh vkSj O;ogkj.k 2001
Knows that an
infected pregnant
woman can
transmit HIV to her
unborn child (%)
tkurs gS fd
laØfer
xHkoZ rh ek¡
vius vtUe
cPps dks
,p vkbZ oh
lpa kfjr dj
ldrh gS ¼%½
State
jkT;
Had sex with
a non-regular
partner
in the last
12 months (%)
fiNys
12 eghukas
eas vfu;fer
;kuS lk.kh
ls lEcU/k
cuk;k ¼%½
Reported
condom use
each time
with all non-
regular partners
in the last
12 months (%)
fiNys
12 eghukas
eas vfu;fer
;kuS lk.kh ls
lEcU/k ds le;
dUMkes i;z kxs
fd;k ¼%½
Aware
of any
HIV/AIDS
testing
facility in
their area (%)
{ks= ds fdlh
,p vkbZ oh
tkp¡ dUs æ
ds ckjs
eas tkurs
gaS ¼%½
Male .emale Male .emale
i:q "k efgyk i:q "k efgyk
India
82.4 70.0 55.5 38.3
Andhra Pradesh
95.1 97.4 53.4 47.9
Assam
74.5 60.8 23.4 11.5
Bihar
53.7 26.9 33.7 14.2
Delhi
90.6 85.9 76.6 64.3
Goa
97.0 90.2 76.4 54.7
Gujarat
74.3 37.5 64.0 17.7
Haryana
85.8 69.8 70.4 47.8
Himachal Pradesh 91.5 89.6 73.3 65.8
Jammu & Kashmir 87.6 75.4 73.1 46.8
Karnataka
89.1 78.9 55.7 36.5
Kerala
99.2 98.7 60.8 63.0
Madhya Pradesh
69.0 42.9 44.0 28.7
Maharashtra
86.6 77.3 52.3 36.1
Manipur
97.1 92.0 68.5 56.1
Orissa
75.4 58.6 35.3 11.4
Other Northeastern 80.7 70.6 39.6 28.0
Punjab
96.0 88.0 80.9 61.2
Rajasthan
74.6 52.5 52.9 30.5
Sikkim
72.6 70.8 51.4 40.7
Tamil Nadu
91.0 87.4 61.6 40.4
Uttar Pradesh
66.9 34.9 46.8 21.5
West Bengal
66.2 50.1 27.3 13.6
Source : Behavioural Surveillance Survey 2001
L=krs % O;ogkj fujh{k.k loZs 2001
Male .emale
i:q "k efgyk
71.2 63.1 Hkkjr
81.3 87.4 vkU/kz inz 's k
63.1 54.3 vle
43.0 25.2 fcgkj
78.1 75.7 fnYyh
92.4 87.6 xksok
61.1 30.8 xqtjkr
78.8 65.7 gfj;k.kk
83.6 83.8 fgekpy inz 's k
80.5 72.6 tEew vkjS d'ehj
80.1 73.2 dukZVd
84.7 89.7 dsjy
59.4 38.8 e/; inz 's k
78.1 70.6 egkjk"Vª
79.8 81.4 ef.kiqj
56.8 49.8 mM+hlk
73.0 62.3 vU; mRrjiow Z
86.9 83.0 iatkc
61.7 46.5 jktL.kku
62.9 58.7 flfDde
81.3 80.8 rfeyukMq
52.9 30.3 mRrj inz 's k
48.4 36.9 if'peh cxa ky
Male .emale Male .emale Male .emale
i:q "k efgyk i:q "k efgyk i:q "k efgyk
India
11.8
Andhra Pradesh
19.2
Assam
9.8
Bihar
11.5
Delhi
7.9
Goa
16.1
Gujarat
18.1
Haryana
8.6
Himachal Pradesh
6.0
Jammu & Kashmir 12.5
Karnataka
7.9
Kerala
10.8
Madhya Pradesh
18.8
Maharashtra
15.0
Manipur
4.8
Orissa
5.2
Other Northeastern 16.0
Punjab
11.5
Rajasthan
4.7
Sikkim
13.7
Tamil Nadu
6.6
Uttar Pradesh
8.3
West Bengal
3.8
2.0 33.6 26.6 13.0
7.8 Hkkjr
7.4 25.9 22.2 15.4 10.0 vkU/kz inz 's k
1.8 17.4 15.1* 0.0
0.0 vle
4.2 22.9
5.0
0.3
0.1 fcgkj
0.4 32.9 25.0* 21.1 14.9 fnYyh
1.1 79.8 28.0* 8.6
5.8 xkos k
0.8 44.3
0.0* 13.6
3.4 xtq jkr
1.6 21.6 17.7* 16.5 10.3 gfj;k.kk
0.5 56.4
4.5* 22.5 12.5 fgekpy inz 's k
2.6 34.7 30.5 18.7
9.0 tEew vkjS d'ehj
1.3 14.7 25.6* 17.9
4.7 dukVZ d
2.9 59.0 40.9 17.8 18.6 djs y
0.5 14.8 11.1* 19.1
4.9 e/; inz 's k
7.3 62.6 54.8 13.3
8.6 egkjk"Vª
0.6 15.5
6.7* 8.8
7.0 ef.kijq
0.4 10.7
0.0* 2.6
2.5 mMh+ lk
2.3 34.9 20.8
0.0
0.0 vU; mRrjiow Z
1.3 43.0 55.7* 40.9 26.7 ita kc
0.6 26.5 21.0* 13.7
8.6 jktL.kku
1.5 27.8 11.4* 0.1
0.0 flfDde
0.7 27.5 41.2* 20.0 17.7 rfeyukMq
0.4 15.9 50.1* 15.0
4.3 mRrj inz 's k
1.0 29.2 13.7* 1.1
0.4 if'peh cxa ky
Source : Behavioural Surveillance Survey 2001 *.igure based on 25 or less respondents
L=krs % O;ogkj fujh{k.k loZs 2001
*25 ;k mlls de mRrjnkrkvkas esa vkdMk+ as ij vk/kkfjr
40

5.2 Page 42

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ß‚ ëÊÊ≈¸U’È∑§ ∑§Ë •ÁÃÁ⁄UQ§ ¬˝ÁÃÿÊ¥ ∑§ Á‹∞ ¬Êڬȋ‡ÊŸ »§Ê©¢U«U‡ÊŸ •ÊÚ»§ ßÁá«UÿÊ ‚ ÁŸ◊AÁ‹Áπà ¬Ã ¬⁄U ‚ê¬∑¸§ ∑§⁄¥U–
»Ò§Ä≈U‡ÊË≈UÊ¥ ∑§Ë { •àÿÁœ∑§ ‚¢∑˝§Á◊à ⁄UÊÖÿÊ¥ ∑§Ë üÊ΢π‹Ê (•Êãœ˝ ¬˝Œ‡Ê, ∑§ŸÊ¸≈U∑§, ◊„UÊ⁄UÊC˛ÔU, ◊ÁáʬÈ⁄U, ŸÊªÊ‹Òá«U ÃÕÊ
ÃÁ◊‹ŸÊ«ÈU) •¢ª˝¡Ë ÃÕÊ ⁄UÊÖÿÊ¥ ∑§Ë ÷Ê·Ê ◊¥ ©U¬‹éœ „Ò¥U– ÿ„U ¬˝∑§Ê‡ÊŸ √ÿÁQ§ªÃ ÃÕÊ ‚¢ª∆UŸÊ¥ ∑§Ê ÁŸ‡ÊÈÀ∑§ ©U¬‹éœ „Ò¥U–
¬Êڬȋ‡ÊŸ »§Ê©¢U«U‡ÊŸ •ÊÚ»§ ßÁá«UÿÊ
’Ë-w}, ∑ȧÒ ßãS≈UË≈K͇ʟ‹ ∞Á⁄UÿÊ, ÃÊ⁄UÊ ∑˝Ò§‚ã≈U, Ÿß¸ ÁŒÀÀÊË-vvÆ Æv{
Telephone: 91-11-2686 7080 .ax: 91-11-2685 2766
www.popfound.org
e-mail: popfound@sify.com
¬Êڬȋ‡ÊŸ ⁄U»§⁄Uã‚ éÿÍ⁄UÊ
v}|z ∑§ŸÒÄ≈UË∑§≈U ∞flãÿÍ, ŸÊÕ¸flS≈U, ‚Í≈U zwÆ, flÊÁ‡Ê¢ª≈UŸ-«UË‚Ë wÆÆÆ~
Telephone: (202) 483-1100 .ax: (202) 328-3937 e-mail: popref@prb.org
www.prb.org
ÁŸœË Á’‹ ∞á«U ◊Á‹ã«UÊ ª≈˜U‚ »§ÊÚ©¢U«U‡ÊŸ ∑§ ‚ÊÒ¡ãÿ ‚ ¬˝ÊåàÊ „ÈU߸–
÷Ê⁄Uà ◊¥ •¡ãÃÊ •ÊÚ»§‚≈U ∞á«U ¬Ò∑§Á¡¢Ç‚ Á‹Á◊≈U«U, ÁŒÀÀÊË mÊ⁄UÊ ◊ÈÁº˝Ã– Ÿflê’⁄U wÆÆx
.or additional copies of this chartbook, please contact the Population .oundation of India at
the address below. A series of factsheets on the six hard-hit HIV/AID states (Andhra
Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Manipur, Nagaland and Tamil Nadu) is also available in
English and the respective state language. These publications are free of charge to
individuals and organisations.
Population .oundation of India
B-28, Qutab Institutional Area, Tara Crescent, New Delhi 110 016
Telephone: 91-11-2686 7080 .ax: 91-11-2685 2766 e-mail: popfound@sify.com
www.popfound.org
Population Reference Bureau
1875 Connecticut Ave., NW, Suite 520, Washington, DC 20009
Telephone: (202) 483-1100 .ax: (202) 328-3937 e-mail: popref@prb.org
www.prb.org
.unding was provided through the generosity of the Bill & Melinda Gates .oundation.
Printed in India at Ajanta Offset & Packagings Ltd., Delhi. November 2003.
41

5.3 Page 43

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HIV/AIDS
INin DIA
÷Ê⁄UÃ
◊¥
∞ø •Ê߸ flË/∞«U˜‚