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Yuwaon Ke Liye Sandarbh Pushtika %28Youth Guideline%29 Hindi |
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1 Pages 1-10 |
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1.1 Page 1 |
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POPULATION
FOUNDATION
OF INDIA
ifj;kstuk
gekjh vkokt+ gekjh ÁkFkfedrk
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1.2 Page 2 |
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2
;oq kvkas ds fy, lUnÒZ iqfLrdk
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1.3 Page 3 |
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fo"k; lwph
i`"BHkwfe
5
fcgkj esa ;qokvksa dh fLFkfr
6
fd'kksjkoLFkk
8
jk"Vªh; fd'kksj LokLF; dk;ZØe
16
;qok usr`Ro
16
lkeqnk; vkèkkfjr fuxjkuh o fu;kstu
18
layXud &1 leqnk; Lrjh; iwNrkN gsrq midj.k @ çi= ¼VwYl½
21
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1.4 Page 4 |
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4
;qokvksa ds fy, lUnÒZ ifq Lrdk
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1.5 Page 5 |
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i"` BHkfw e
Hkkjro"kZ dh dqy vkcknh dk rhljk fgLlk ;qokvksa ¼10&24 o"kZ½ dk gSA
;qokvksa dh c<+rh tula[;k ns'k ,oa ljdkj ds fy, tgka ,d volj
çnku djrh gS ogÈ dà lkjh pqukSfr;k¡ Hkh lkFk ykrh gSA bl fy, gekjh
;s ft+Eesnkjh curh gS fd bu ;qokvksa dh dq'kyrkvksa dks fu[kkjs rkfd
mudh ;ksX;rk dk ykHk ns'k dks feys ldsA
bl fn'kk esa vkxs c<+us ds fy, ns'k dh thMhih dk vkSj bl ckr dks è;ku esa j[kus dh t:jr gS fd tks loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku
,d eq[; fgLlk ;qokvksa dh f'k{kk] LokLF; ,oa lkewfgd Hkh ;kstuk,¡ cukà tk,¡ og nwjn'kÊ lksp] lkekftd jk"Vªh; ekè;fed f'k{kk vfHk;ku
fodkl esa yxkuk gksxkA bl oxZ ds fy, bl rjg
vkSj vkÆFkd lPpkb;ksa dks è;ku esa j[k dj cukà tk,¡A us'kuy fLdy MsoyiesUV fe'ku
fd;s tkus okys fuos'k ls ;qokvksa ds dk;ZØe gsrq
lcyk ;kstuk
etcwrh feysxh] ftlls ns'k dh vkÆFkd mRikndrk ,oa bl oxZ ds LokLF; ,oa lia .w kZ fodkl ds fy, rFkk muds jk"Vªh; fd'kksj LokLF; dk;ZØe] vkfn
lkekftd fodkl ds dà rjg ds jkLrs tYn [kqyus vfèkdkjkas dh j{kk djus ds fy, dà egRoi.w kZ Çcnvq kas ij
'kq# gks tk,axsA vHkh ;s ns[kk tk jgk gS fd ;qokvksa Hkkjr us viuh çfrc)rk nkgs jk;h gAS bl çfrc)rk
dh vkcknh dk ,d cM+k fgLlk vius fodkl dks ys dks veyh tkek igukus ds fy, fiNys dqN lkyksa esa
dj Çpfrr gS] ¼fo'ks"k :i ls ncs&dqpys vkSj lekt dà rjg dh ;kstuk;sa cukà xà rFkk mudks t+ehuh
ds fupys rcd+s ds yksx½ ftlds dà dkj.k gSa tSls Lrj ij ykxw fd;k x;kA ftlds dqN mnkgj.k bl
<kapkxr xjhch] lkekftd HksnHkko] dqçFkk] ypj f'k{kk çdkj gSa%
O;oLFkk]tYn vkSj tcju dh tkus okyh 'kknhA
us'kuy i‚iqys'ku i‚fylh 2000
bu lkjh pqukSfr;ksa dks volj esa cnyus dh t+:jr gS] us'kuy ;wFk i‚fylh 2014
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1.6 Page 6 |
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6
;oq kvkas ds fy, lUnÒZ iqfLrdk
fcgkj eas ;qokvdkas h fLFkfr
tula[;k ds vkadM+ksa ds fglkc ls fcgkj] ns'k dk rhljk lcls cM+k çns'k gS]
ftlesa 23 çfr'kr vkcknh fd'kksj ,oa ;qok oxZ ¼10 & 19 o"kZ½ dh gS ¼jftLVªkj
tujy ,oa tux.kuk vk;qä] Hkkjr] 2015½A
fcgkj esa ;qokvksa dh fLFkfr dkQh fujk'kktud gS] vkSj
;g fLFkfr vusd ekudksa ,oa lwpdksa ls ifjyf{kr gksrh
gS tSls( f'k{kk dh [kjkc gkyr] Ldwy o d‚yst ds
ukekadu esa yM+ds&yM+fd;ksa ds eè; c<+rk varj] c<+rh
gqà csjkst+xkjh ¼fo'ks"k :i ls efgykvksa esa½] ;kSu vkSj
çtuu LokLF; ds ekeyksa esa laosnughurk] [kqn ds
Hkfo"; ds fy, fu.kZ; ysus dh {kerk dk vHkko gksuk&
[k+kl rkSj ls fd'kksfj;ksa esa] rFkk LokLF; lsokvksa rd
vi;kZIr igq¡p bR;kfnA
gky gh esa IIPS }kjk fd;s x;s ,d vè;;u ls irk
pyrk gS fd 12-2% efgyk,a] 19 lky ;k mlls de
mez dh ek¡ gSaA ;s vè;;u vkxs crkrk gS fd bl lewg
dh efgykvksa esa xHkZfujksèkd dk bLrseky ek= 4-3% gS]
tks ;g Li"V djus ds fy, i;kZIr gS fd efgyk,a cgqr
gh de mez esa ek¡ cu tkrh gSaA o"kZ 2017 esa LokLF;
vkSj ifjokj dY;k.k ea=ky; }kjk xfBr d‚eu fjO;q
fe'ku crkrk gS fd ;qokvksa] fo'ks"k :i ls fd'kksjkoLFkk
vk;q oxZ ds fy, lcls çeq[k dk;ZØe jk"Vªh; fd'kksj
LokLF; dk;ZØe dk fcgkj esa U;wure fØ;kUo;u ns[kk
x;k] rFkk dà lEiUu ftyksa es ;qokvksa ds fy, leÆir
fd'kksj vuqdwy LokLF; Dyhfud ¼,s,Q,plh Dyhfud½
esa ls ,d frgkà gh lqpk: :i ls py jgs gSaA ogÈ
nwljh rjQ UDAYA dh LVMh fjiksVZ ls ;s lkeus
vkrk gS fd flQZ 44-3% vfookfgr fd'kksfj;ksa dks gh
fdlh çdkj dh ;kSu ,oa çtuu lEcafèkr tkudkjh
feyh gSA tgk¡ ,d rjQ gj pkSFkh fd'kksjh us ;g ekuk
gS fd os ;kSu ,oa çtuu lcaèkh LokLFk leL;kvksa ls
xzflr gSa] ogÈ muesa ls flQZ 15% fd'kksfj;ksa us gh
fdlh rjg dh LokLF; lsok,a yh gSaA
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1.7 Page 7 |
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fcgkj esa ;qokvksa dh fLFkfr
7
fd'kksjksa dh dqN fof'k"V lkekftd&tulkaf[;dh; fo'ks"krk,a1
lkekftd&tulkaf[;dh; ladsrd
fd'kksj ¼mez 10&19½ tula[;k] 2011 ¼fefy;u½
23‐4
fd'kksj yM+dksa ds chp lk{kjrk nj] 2011 ¼%½2
83‐9
fd'kksfj;k¡ ds chp lk{kjrk nj] 2011 ¼%½2
77‐4
xzkeh.k yM+dksa ds chp csjkstxkjh dh nj ¼mez 15&19½] 2011&12
19‐5
'kgjh yM+dksa ds chp csjkstxkjh dh nj ¼mez 15&19½] 2011&12 3
17‐3
xzkeh.k yM+fd;ksa ds chp csjkstxkjh dh nj ¼mez 15&19½] 2011&12 3
42‐5
'kgjh yM+fd;ksa ds chp csjkstxkjh dh nj ¼mez 15&19½] 2011&12 3
100‐0
efgykvksa ¼mez 20&24½ dh 'kknh 18 lky dh mez gqÃ] 2015&16 ¼%½
39‐1
efgyk,a ¼mez 15&19½ ftUgksaus cPps iSnk djus 'kq: dj fn, gSa] 2015&16 ¼%½ 4
12‐2
yM+ds ¼mez 15&19½ ftUgsa ,pvkÃoh @ ,M~l dk O;kid Kku Fkk] 2005&06 ¼%½
24‐3
yM+fd;ka ¼mez 15&19½ ftUgsa ,pvkÃoh @ ,M~l dk O;kid Kku Fkk] 2005&06 ¼%½5
12‐8
fookfgr yM+fd;ksa ¼mez 15&19½ us xHkZfujksèkd lkèku viuk;s] 2005&06 ¼%½5
4‐3
fcgkj jkT; ljdkj us dà jkT; Lrjh; uhfr;ksa es
mPp f'k'kq e`R;q nj fo'ks"k :i ls fd'kksjkoLFkk oxZ
fd'kksjksa ds LokLF; ,oa fodkl dks c<+kok nsus ds
dh ekrkvksa esa
fy, çfrc)rk fn[kkà gSA lkFk gh jkT; ljdkj
;qokvksa esa ;kSu ra= laØe.k ls gksus okyh chekjh dk
fuEufyf[kr leL;kvksa dk Hkh jk"Vªh; fd'kksj LokLF;
foLrkj] HIV@AIDS lfgr vU; chekfj;k¡
dk;ZØe ds varxZr lekèkku djus ds fy, ç;kljr gS % ;kSu 'kks"k.k@Çglk rFkk vupkgh ;kSu çfØ;k
dqiks"k.k vkSj vuhfe;k
nq?kZVuk] pksV] ,oa Çglk dk [krjk
vokafNr xHkZ@vlqjf{kr xHkZikr
ekufld LokLF; lacaèkh leL;k
mPp ekr` e`R;q nj fo'ks"k :i ls fd'kksjkoLFkk oxZ
dh ekrkvksa esa
10 mPp çkFkfedrk okys ftyksa esa jk"Vªh; fd'kksj
LokLF; dk;ZØe ds varxZr fd'kksjksa ds vuqdwy
Dyhfud ftls ;qok Dyhfud ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk
gS] ftyk vLirkyksa] LokLF; dsaæksa] çkFkfed LokLF;
dsaæksa ¼PHCs½ vkSj lHkh leqnk;ksa esa ifjpkyu dj jgs
gSaA vU; ftyksa esa os dsoy ftyk vLirky esa py jgs
gSa] vkSj] vc rd] jkT; esa yxHkx 180 ;qok Dyhfud
py jgs gSa A blds vykok] 361 fpfdRlk vfèkdkfj;ksa
dks ekLVj Vªsuj ds :i esa vkSj 441 ,,u,e dks
ijke'kZnkrk ds :i esa lsok nsus ds fy, çf'kf{kr fd;k
x;k gS A jkT; esa 50 çfr'kr Cy‚dksa esa lgdeÊ f'k{kd
;kstuk 'kq: dh xà gSA blds vfrfjä] jkT; esa 10
ftyksa ds 144 Cy‚dksa esa lsusVjh uSifdu forj.k ;kstuk
py jgh gS A n ohdyh vk;ju ,aM Qksfyd ,flM
¼WIFS½ dk;ZØe] bl rjg ls fMt+kbu fd;k x;k gS
fd og 'kgjh o xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa] ljdkj vFkok ljdkj
}kjk lgk;rk çkIr@uxj ikfydk Ldwyksa ¼d{kk 6 &12
ds Nk= &Nk=kvksa ds fy,½ ds }kjk ykxw fd;k tk
lds rFkk vkaxuckM+h dsUæksa }kjk Ldwy u tkus okyh
fd'kksfj;ksa ds fy, ykxw fd;k tk ldsA dk;ZØe dk
y{; fcgkj jkT; ds yxHkx 20-4 fefy;u fd'kksjksa rd
igqapuk gS A
1. Understanding the lives of adolescents and young adults (UDAYA) in Bihar, India, Population Council of India
2. Office of the Registrar General of India and Census Commissioner, India, 2013.
3. National Sample Survey Organisation,2014
4. IIPS,2017a
5. IIPS and Macro international,2007
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1.8 Page 8 |
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8
;qokvksa ds fy, lUnÒZ iqfLrdk
fd'kksjkoLFkk
fd'kksjkoLFkk] ckY;koLFkk vkSj çkS<+koLFkk ds chp gksus okys egRoiw.kZ ifjorZuksa dh ,d voLFkk
gSA ;s ifjorZu 'kkjhfjd] ekufld o ckSf)d gksrs gSaA ,d fd'kksjkoLFkk ds fodkl dks rhu
pj.kksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS& çkjafHkd] eè; vkSj fd'kksjkoLFkk dh vafre voLFkk A
¼1½ çkjafHkd fd'kksjkoLFkk ¼10 ls 14 o"kZ½ &
bl pj.k esa] yM+ds&yM+fd;ka cPps dh vkfJr]
lqjf{kr Hkwfedk NksM+us vkSj [kqn dks vf}rh;
O;fä;ksa ds :i esa LFkkfir djus ds vius igys
ç;kl djrs gSaA rsth ls 'kkjhfjd fodkl vkSj
vkRe&voèkkj.kkvksa dk è;ku vDlj muds 'kkjhfjd
vkSj bldh Lohdk;Zrk ij gksrk gSA fd'kksj ;gka
ewMh gksrs gSa] 'kCnksa dh rqyuk esa ,D'ku }kjk vfèkd
O;ä djrs gSa] ekrk&firk ij de è;ku nsrs gSa vkSj
vius ekrk&firk ds vykok vU; yksxksa dks I;kj
djus ds fy, [kkstrs gSaA dHkh&dHkh cpiu ds
O;ogkj esa ykSVus dh ço`fÙk Hkh gksrh gSA
¼2½ eè; fd'kksjkoLFkk ¼14 ls 17 o"kZ½ &
;g fd'kksjkoLFkk dh ewy voLFkk gksrh gSA bl
voLFkk esa uohu lksp] uohu vkn'kZ] uohu dkS'ky
o fu.kZ; {kerk fodflr gksus yxrh gSA foijhr
Çyx vkSj gemez ds çfr vkd"kZ.k c<+rk gSA LFkkfir
ekudksa o Hkwfedkvksa ls ijs uohu jksy e‚My ;k
vkn'kZ [kksts tkrs gSaA os lekt esa vius vfLrRo
dks le>uk pkgrs gSa o viuk ;ksxnku Hkh nsuk
pkgrs gSa vkSj bl çfØ;k esa mudh ekufld fLFkfr
tfVy gks tkrh gSA ekrk&firk vkSj ,d gn rd
lekt Hkh mudks viuh Lora=rk esa ckèkd yxrk
gSA ,d rjQ ekrk&firk }kjk r; vkn'kZ vkSj
nwljh rjQ mldk vius vkn'kZ ds vuq:i thou
dks cukus ds eè; foæksg gksrk gSA ;g foæksg vkSj
la?k"kZ O;oLFkkiu lEcUèkh leL;k,a [kM+h djrk gSA
bl voLFkk esa laosxksa ¼Øksèk] Hk;] lgkuqHkwfr] çse]
n;k] ?k`.kk] LièkkZ] mÙkstuk vkfn½ dh vfèkdrk bruh
rhoz gksrh gS fd mlij fu;a=.k dfBu gks tkrk gSA
;g pj.k ç;ksxksa o lkgl ls Hkjk gksrk gSA
¼3½ fd'kksjkoLFkk dh vafre voLFkk ¼17 ls 19 o"kZ½ &
;g pj.k o;Ld Hkwfedkvksa ds fy, vafre rS;kjh
dks fpfàr djrk gSA os vius O;kolkf;d y{;ksa dks
Li"V djus vkSj O;fäxr igpku dh Hkkouk
LFkkfir djus dk ç;kl djrs gSaA lkfFk;ksa ds
vuqeksnu dh vko';drk de gks tkrh gS o fe=ksa
ds p;u dh ço`fÙk c<+ tkrh gSA bl voLFkk eas os
cMs+ ieS kus ij vius ekrk&firk ls Hkh eukos KS kfud
:i ls Lor=a gks tkrs gAaS os vc fopkjk]as LFkkfir
ekU;rkvkas ;k dgas fd nfq u;knkjh dks viuh rjg
ls lkspus esa leFkZ gksus yxrs gSaA lgh vkSj xyr
ewY;ksa dh igpku o uSfrdrk dh Hkkouk dk fodkl
gksrk gSA vc muds ikl rkÆdd :i ls ifjiw.kZ
–f"V vkSj nwljksa ds fy, viuh Çprk O;ä djus
dh {kerk fodflr gksus yxrh gSA os vc xaHkhj
lacaèkksa] O;fäxr xfjek vkSj vkRe&lEeku ds çfr
vfèkd Çpfrr jgrs gSa vkSj mls vfèkd egRo çnku
djrs gSaA os vius y{; ds çfr leiZ.k fn[kkrs gSa o
mldh çkfIr ds fy, ifjokj o lekt dk leFkZu
pkgrs gSaA
ge viuh ft+Unxh es dà rjhdksa ds yksxks
ls feyrs gSa vkSj muls çHkkfor Hkh gksrs gSa A
fd'kksjkoLFkk ,d ,slk nkSj gS tc ge ekufld]
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1.9 Page 9 |
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fd'kkjs koLFkk
9
HkkoukRed vkSj 'kkjkfjd :i ls fodflr gks jgs
gksrs gSa A bl nkSjku fd'kksj ds thou esa ehfM;k]
ifjokj] Ldwy] lgdeÊ o iM+ksl egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
fuHkkrs gSa vkSj bu ifjos'kksa ls fd'kksj fofHkUu çdkj
ds O;ogkj lh[krs gSa tks udkjkRed ;k ldkjkRed
gks ldrs gSaA
mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij %
çHkkoh ikyu&iks"k.k] ftlesa Li"V vkSj lqlaxr
vuq'kklu 'kkfey gksrk gSA ;g udkjkRed O;ogkjksa
dks jksd ldrk gS vkSj vuq'kkflr O;ogkj vkSj
ewY;ksa dks Hkh c<+kok ns ldrk gSA ;g cPpksa dks
fofHkUu n{krkvksa dks fodflr djus esa Hkh enn
djrk gS tks lqj{kkRed Hkh gksrh gSaA ifjokj ds
lnL;ksa esa ,d nwljs ds çfr fojksèkh Hkko gksuk vkSj
,d nwljs dh ckrksa dks vPNs ls le> u ikuk
vkfn O;ogkj ikyu&iks"k.k vkSj ikfjokfjd lacaèkksa
dks ckfèkr djrs gSa] cPpksa dh HkkoukRed lqj{kk dks
de djrs gSa vkSj] vkØkedrk o ikjLifjd 'k=qrk
dh Hkkouk dks etcwr djrs gSaA
bl nkSjku ] fd'kksj vius laxh&lkfFk;ksa ds lkFk
,d etcwr fj'rk cukdj j[krs gSa vkSj cgqr lkjs
QSlys muls çHkkfor gksdj ysrs gSa A ;g çHkko
ldkjkRed o udkjkRed gks ldrs gSa A vxj
ge udkjkRedrk dh ckr djsa rks fd'kksj Çglk
o u'khyh nokvksa ds lsou dh rjQ vkdÆ"kr gks
ldrs gSa A
vktdy] fd'kksjksa ds ikl ehfM;k & jsfM;ks] Vhoh]
baVjusV] eksckby bR;kfn dh vklkuh ls igq¡p
gSA ehfM;k dk Hkh fd'kksjksa ij ldkjkRed vkSj
udkjkRed nksuksa rjg dk çHkko gSA geus ns[kk
gS fd gekjh fQYeksa esa vfèkd Çgld] nqO;Zogkj]
mRihM+u] vlqjf{kr ;kSu O;ogkj fn[kk;k tkrk gS
vkSj 'kh"kZ vfHkusrkvksa }kjk çpkfjr Hkh fd;k tkrk
gSA fd'kksj bu çfl) vfHkusrkvksa dh udy djrs
gSa vkSj og O;ogkj muds thou ij udkjkRed
çHkko Mkyrk gS A
blfy, ljdkjh dk;ZØe fd'kkjs ksa dks lHkh
udkjkRed çHkko ls cpkus vkSj LoLFk
thou 'kyS h ds fy,] uhps fn, x, 11
fo"k;ksa ij è;ku dsafær dj jgs gaSA
;qokvksa ds lexz fodkl gsrq 11 fo"k;xr Çcnq
fd'kksjksa vkSj ;qokvksa dh vko';drk dks iwjk djus ds
fy, fuEufyf[kr 11 fo"k;xr Çcnqavks ij è;ku dsafær
djds muds lexz fodkl dh fn'kk esa dke djuk
egRoiw.kZ gS%
1- fd'kksjkoLFkk esa 'kkjhfjd cnyko &
fd'kksjkoLFkk esa dà rjg ds 'kkjhfjd] lkekftd
o HkkoukRed cnyko gksrs gSaA bu lkjh pht+ksa dks
vPNs ls le>us ds fy, ;qokvksa dks vius vanj
vk;s bl cnyko dks vPNs ls Lohdkj djuk
gksrk gS vkSj vius vanj bl rjg ds dkS'ky dks
fodflr djuk gksrk gS ftlls fd lkekftd
ekunaMksa o :f<+oknh fopkjksa ls yM+k o cpk tk
ldsA tkudkjh u dsoy mUgsa [kqn dks egRo nsuk
fl[kkrh gS cfYd fd'kksjkoLFkk dks ysdj vklikl
ekStwn feFkd o xy+ r èkkj.kkvksa dks [kR+ e djus eas
Hkh enn djrh gAS blfy, bl voLFkk eas lgh
tkudkjh dk lkz rs gkus k vR;ra egRoi.w kZ o vko';d
gSA bl voLFkk ds nkSjku] fd'kksj fd'kksfj;ksa esa
'kkjkfjd cnyko 10 ;k 11 lky dh mez esa ns[ks
tkrs gSa] tSls( psgjs ij eqgkals fudyuk] cxy esa]
;kSu vaxks ij vkSj tk¡?kksa ds chp cky vkuk] ;kSu
vaxks vkSj mlds vklikl dk jax xgjk gksukA ;g
cnyko 'kjhj esa mifLFkr dqN gkeksZu ds dkj.k
gksrs gSaA
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1.10 Page 10 |
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10
;qokvkas ds fy, lUnÒZ iqfLrdk
fd'kksfj;ks esa cnyko
vfèkdrj yM+fd;k¡ 9&16 o"kZ dh vk;q ds chp
vius 'kjhj esa ifjorZu vuqHko dj ldrh gSaA dqN
yM+fd;ksa esa ;s ifjorZu vU; yM+fd;ksa dh rqyuk esa
tYnh 'kq# gks ldrs gSaAvkids 'kjhj esa igys ckgjh
fodkl 'kq# gksxkA 'kq# esa vki] ,dk,d vius
'kjhj esa cnyko gksrs ns[ksxsa ]tSls dh cgqr de
le; esa T;knk yEckà c<+ukA
fd'kksjkoLFkk ds nkSjku yM+fd;ksa ds Lru ,oa dwYgs
c<+us yxrs gSaA ;s cnyko LokHkkfod gSaA ;s cnyko
gekjs 'kjhj esa mifLFkr dqN gkeksZu ¼var% lzkoh
æO;½] [kku iku ,oa vuqokaf'kd ?kVdksa ls çsfjr
gksrs gSa ftlesa lkaL—frd i`"BHkwfe Hkh 'kkfey gSA
lkekU;r% ;g ifjorZu 17&18 o"kZ dh vk;q rd
lekIr gks tkrs gSa vkSj yM+dh dk 'kjhj ,d
o;Ld efgyk ds #i esa fodflr gks tkrk gSA
vfèkdrj yM+fd;k¡ 9&16 o"kZ dh vk;q ds chp
vius 'kjhj esa ifjorZu vuqHko dj ldrh gSaA
dksà Hkh nks yM+fd;k¡ ,d tSlh ugÈ gksrh gSaA
bldk vFkZ gS fd dqN yM+fd;ksa dk ekfld èkeZ
nwljksa ls igys 'kq# gks ldrk gSA çtuu vaxks ds
fodkl dh dM+h esa yM+dh dk vaMk'k;@fMEcxzafFk
¼vksojh½ gj eghus ,d v.Mk@fMEc ¼vksoe½ mRiUu
djrk gSA ;fn bl nkSjku efgyk&iq#"k ;kSu laidZ
gksrk gS rks iq#"k oh;Z ls fudys 'kqØk.kq efgyk
fMEcxzafFk ls fudys v.Ms ls fMEcokgh ufydk
¼Qsyksfi;u Vîwc½ esa feyrs gSaA ;g çfØ;k fu"kspu
¼QÆVykbts'ku½ dgykrh gSA fu"ksfpr vaMk xHkkZ'k;
esa vkrk gS vkSj ;gk¡ fLFkj gksdj Hkzw.k esa fodflr
gksrk gS A ;g xHkZèkkj.k dgykrk gSA 'kqØk.kq ugÈ
feyus ij xHkZèkkj.k ugÈ gksrkA gj eghus xHkkZ'k;
dh vanj dh nhokj ij [kwu dh ijr Hkzw.k dks
LFkkfir djus gsrq curh gSA xHkZèkkj.k ugÈ gksus
dh voLFkk esa ;g ijr [kwu dh cwanks vkSj drjksa
ds :i esa ckgj vk tkrh gS ftls ekgokjh vkuk]
ekfld èkeZ] ekfld lzko gksuk] ;k ihfj;M~l gksuk
dgk tkrk gSA
fd'kksjksa esa cnyko
vfèkdka'k yM+ds ikrs gSa fd muds 'kjhj esa yxHkx
9 ls 15 lky dh mez esa cnyko vkus 'kq# gks
tkrs gSaA dqN yM+dksa esa fd'kksjkoLFkk nwljs yM+dksa
ls tYn 'kq# gksrh gS vkSj tYn iwjh gks tkrh gSA
yM+dksa ds 'kjhj esa ckgjh cnyko vkus 'kq# gksrs
gSaA 'kq# esa mudk dn rst+h ls c<+rk gS vFkkZr~
FkksM+s fnuksa esa gh mudh yEckà c<+ tkrh gSA
dHkh&dHkkj bl dn c<+us ls igys otu Hkh c<+
ldrk gSA fd'kksjkoLFkk esa] yM+dksa dh vkokt+ Hkkjh
¼xaHkhj½ gks tkrh gS] mudh ekalisf'k;ka et+cwr gks
tkrh gSa vkSj daèks pkSM+s gks tkrs gSaA ;s lHkh cnyko
vke ckr gS] vkSj ;s gkeksZUl ds dkj.k gksrs gSaA
O;fä ds [kku&iku] oa'kkoyh ¼ekrk&firk ls çkIr
xq.kksa½ vkSj tkrh; i`"BHkwfe ds dkj.k Hkh buij
vlj iM+ ldrk gSA vke rkSj ij fd'kksjkoLFkk 18
;k 19 o"kZ dh mez rd lekIr gks tkrh gS] rc
rd vkidk 'kjhj ,d o;Ld 'kjhj esa cny pqdk
gksrk gSA
fd'kksjkoLFkk esa igys yM+dksa esa muds vaMdks"k cM+s
gksrs gSa mlds ckn ÇyxA 'kq#vkr esa Çyx eksVk
gksrk gS mlds ckn yackA vfèkdka'k yM+dksa esa 15
o"kZ dh mez rd muds Çyx viuk iwjk vkdkj ys
ysrs gSaA 11 vkSj 16 o"kZ dh mez ds chp dHkh Hkh
yM+dksa dk igyk oh;Zikr gks ldrk gS ftlesa Çyx
ls jaxghu ;k lQsn fpifpik æo ckgj fudyrk
gS] ftls oh;Z dgrs gSaA
2- HkkoukRed ,oa ekufld LokLF; &
;s LokLF; dh oSlh fLFkfr gS fd ftlesa gj O;fä
viuh {kerk ,oe dfe;ksa ds çfr tkx:d gksuk
lh[krk gS A ft+Unxh esa fnu& çfrfnu gksus okys
rukoksa dk lkeuk djuk lh[krk gS] ,oe muds
ckotwn lqpk: :i ls Hkyh Hkkafr viuk dke dj
ldrk gSA ;s vius eu ds vanj mRiUu gksus okyh
vyx vyx rjg dh Hkkoukvksa dks tkuus&igpkuus
dh tkx:drk vkSj lgefr] vlgefr] vlQyrk
vkSj vlarks"k O;ä djus tSls fopkjksa ls fuiVus dk
dkS'ky gSA
3- ySafxd ¼tsaMj½ lekurk &
tc ge fd'kksjkoLFkk es igqaprs gS rc lekt
fd'kksj fd'kksfj;ksa ij :f<+oknh fu;eksa dks Fkksius
yxrk gSA ;g fu;e yM+dksa ds fy, vyx vkSj
yM+fd;ksa ds fy, vyx cuk;s x, gSA tSls fd
yM+fd;ksa dks ekgokjh ds nkSjku ?kj ls ckgj ugÈ
fudyuk pkfg,] yM+fd;ksa dks [kkuk cukuk vkuk
pkfg, ftlls og 'kknh ds yk;d cus vkSj yM+dksa
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2 Pages 11-20 |
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2.1 Page 11 |
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fd'kkjs koLFkk
11
dks etcwr cuuk pkfg, vkSj ?kj dk [kpkZ mBkus
dh ft+Eesnkjh ysuh pkfg,A ,sls fu;e tks lekt us
Çyx ds vkèkkj ij cuk;s gS og fd'kksj&fd'kksfj;ksa
ds dkS'ky dks nckrk gS vkSj Çyx vlkeurk dks
c<+kok nsrk gS A ;g vlekurk,a fd'kksj&fd'kksfj;ksa
ds LokLF; ij udkjkRed çHkko Mkyrh gSaA
blfy, fd'kksj& fd'kksfj;ksa dks tsaMj lekurk
le>us dh t#jr gS ftlls og vius dkS'ky dks
le> ik, vkSj ekufld vkSj 'kkjhfjd :i ls
lekurk eglwl djrs gq, LoLFk jgsaA
4- ikjLifjd lacaèk &
ldkjkRed lacaèk LFkkfir djus dh {kerk dk
dkS'ky gksuk vR;ar gh vko';d gS] blds fcuk
euq"; vius vklikl jgus okys yksxksa ls vPNs
fj'rs cukus esa vleFkZ gks tkrk gS vkSj ;s dà uÃ
rjg dh ijs'kkfu;ksa dks tUe nsrk gSA vPNs fj'rs
balku ds thou dks fodflr djrs gSa o lkFk gh
lkFk ekufld ,oa lkekftd dY;k.k ds fy, Hkh
dkQh egRoiw.kZ gksrs gSaA ;qokoLFkk esa bl dkS'ky
dks fodflr u djus ls O;fä ges'kk ekufld
Dys'k ls xqtjrk jgrk gS ,oa thou esa LFkkf;Ro
çkIr ugÈ dj ikrkA
5- iks"kd vkgkj] LokLF; ,oa LoPNrk &
fd'kksjkoLFkk ds nkSjku vPNk ikSf"Vd vkgkj ugÈ
ys ikus dh otg ls ekrkvksa dks xHkkZoLFkk ds
nkSjku vkSj mlds ckn Hkh dà rjg dh leL;k
dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA fd'kksjkoLFkk ds nkSjku
[kjkc iks"k.k ckn esa fd'kksj ckyd&ckfydkvksa dh
dk;Z {kerk o mRikndrk ij vlj Mkyrk gSA
blds vykok vxj dksà yM+dh dqiksf"kr gS rks
mlds xHkkZoLFkk ds nkSjku dà rjg dh tfVyrkvksa
ds gksus dk [krjk c<+ tkrk gS vkSj ;s Hkh laHkkouk
gksrh gS fd og de ot+u okys cPps dks tUe nsA
bl rjg dqiks"k.k chekjh ds ,d u, pØ dks tUe
nsrh gSA blfy, ,d larqfyr vkgkj dk gksuk
vR;fèkd vko';d gS tks lkekU; :i ls LokLF;
dks vPNh rjg cuk, j[kus ds fy, vko';d ek=k
vkSj vuqikr esa lHkh iks"kd rRo ¼dkcksZgkbMªsV]
çksVhu] olk] foVkfeu vkSj [kfut½ çnku djrk
gksA
6- x+Sj lapkjh jksxksa ¼ u‚u dksE;qfudscy
fMtht& ,ulhMh½ dh jksdFkke &
fd'kksjkoLFkk dh igpku rst+ xfr ds 'kkjhfjd]
ekufld] lkekftd vkSj ;kSu fodkl ls gS ftleas
gemez ykxs k]as O;fäxr O;ogkj fodYik]as vkSj c<r+ s
tkfs [ke yus s okys O;ogkj dh egRoi.w kZ Hkfw edk gkrs h
gSA ;g ,ulhMh dks jkds us dk egRoi.w kZ le; gksrk
gSA bldh jksdFkke blh vofèk esa djus ls rhu
vyx&vyx le; ij çHkkfor gksus ls cpk tk
ldrk gS] tSls orZeku esa [kqn fd'kksjh dks] mlds
Hkkoh o;Ld thou dks rFkk mldh vxyh ih<+h
dksA ,ulhMh dk cPpksa vkSj fd'kksjksa ij dkQh
çHkko iM+rk gSA fo'ks"k :i ls( vLFkek] Vkbi 1
eèkqesg] Y;wdsfe;k vkSj vkeokrh] ân; jksx vkfn
;s lHkh mipkj ;ksX; jksx gSa fQj Hkh ;s chekfj;k¡
cPpksa esa e`R;q ds çeq[k dkj.k gSa ¼,ulhMh pkbYM
2014 fjiksVZ½A NksVs cPps vkSj fd'kksj tks de
vkSj eè;e vk; okys ns'kksa esa ,ulhMh ls ihfM+r
gksrs gSa] nokvksa dh deh] nsj ls nok ds feyus ;k
lgh bykt ugÈ gksus dh otg ls le; ls cgqr
igys ej tkrs gSaA dà ckj os yEcs le; rd
fdlh chekjh ls tw>rs jgrs gSa vkSj fdlh ,slh
fodykaxrk ds f'kdkj gks tkrs gSa ftldk mipkj
laHko ugh gksrk ¼,ulMh pkbYM 2014 fjiksVZ½A
oSfÜod Lrj ij fd'kksjksa ¼10&19 o"kZ½ dks gksus
okyh chekjh esa ekufld chekjh lcls T+;knk gSA
volkn fd'kksjkoLFkk esa gksus okyh chekjh vkSj
fodykaxrk dk nwljk çeq[k dkj.k gS] vkSj [kqn
dks nnZ nsus okyh ekufld fLFkfr ¼lsYQ gkeZ½
ftlesa vkRegR;k o vkRegR;k ds bjkns ds fcuk
fd;s x, dk;Z ls gqà e`R;q Hkh 'kkfey gSA ;s FkksM+s
cM+s fd'kksjksa ¼15&19 o"kZ½ esa e`R;q dk rhljk çeq[k
dkj.k gSA
7- ekæd æO;ksa ds lsou dh jksdFkke &
ekæd æO;ksa dk eryc gS gkfudkjd ;k
[krjukd inkFkks± dk lsou tSls] 'kjkc ;k voSèk
MªXl vkfnA lkbdks,fDVo inkFkZ ds mi;ksx ls
ml ij fuHkZjrk c<+us yxuh gksrh gSA O;ogkj
djus] lkspus&le>us&lh[kus ds rkSj rjhdksa vkSj
'kkjhfjd lajpukvksa esa ,d vyx rjg dk cnyko
fodflr gks tkrk gSA O;fä ckj&ckj ogh u'kk
ysus dks foo'k gks tkrk gS] ftlls O;fä ds thou
esa leL;k,a [kM+h gks tkrh gSaA tSls &tSls O;fä
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2.2 Page 12 |
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12
;oq kvksa ds fy, lUnÒZ ifq Lrdk
bu pht+ks dk lsou c<+krk tkrk gS] ifjokj vkSj
nksLrksa ls nwj gksrk tkrk gSA dk;kZy; fo|ky;
esa dk;Z fu"iknu fxjrk tkrk gS vkSj LokLF; Hkh
[k+jkc gksrk tkrk gSA
8- Çglk ds f[kykQ lqj{kk &
Çglk dà rjg ls ifjHkkf"kr dh tk ldrh gSA
lkekU;r% Çglk dks] 'kkjhfjd cy ;k 'kfä dk
ç;ksx] tkucw>dj ;k vutkus esa] vius vki ds
f[kykQ ;k fdlh vU; O;fä ds f[kykQ] ,d
lewg ;k leqnk;ksa ds f[kykQ mi;ksx ds :i esa
ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS A ifj.kkeLo:i ;k rks
pksV yxus ;k e`R;q gksus dh laHkkouk gksrh gSA
ftlds QyLo:i euksoSKkfud gkfu] fouk'k rFkk
vU; çdkj dk uqdlku gksrk gSA fd'kksj oxZ bl
rjg Çglk ds eq[; ,oa vklku y{; gksrs gSaA dÃ
ckj vius vklikl ds okrkoj.k esa gks jgh Çglk
dks ns[k dj fd'kksj Hkh mlesa #fp ysus yx tkrs
gSa vkSj NksVh cM+h Çglk dks vatke ns nsrs gSaA
fd'kksj dks pkfg, fd og vius vklikl gks jgh
bl rjg ds Çglk ds nq"pØ dks rksM+sA ,slh fdlh
Çglk ls nwj jg ldsa o dHkh t+:jr iM+us ij
fu%ladksp lgk;rk dh ekax Hkh dj ldsA
9- ewY; vkèkkfjr f'k{kk &
ewY;ksa ij vkèkkfjr f'k{kk ,d ,slk –f"Vdks.k gS tks
dqN ewY;ksa tSls fd vknj] ilan] fofHkUurk] xkSjo
vkfn ds ckjs es f'k{kk çnku djrk gSA ;g euq";
dh 'kS{kf.kd miyfCèk dks c<+krk gSA ;g ,d ,slk
vkèkkj gS tks euq"; ds ân; es nwljksa ds çfr
lEeku] vknj] n;k rFkk uSfrdrk dks c<+krh
gSA ;g thou ds egRoiw.kZ ewY; gSa tks lekt es
thoksa ds çfr I;kj o 'kkafr dks LFkkfir djrh gSA
;g ,d lH; lekt ds fodkl esa egRowiw.kZ Hkwfedk
fuHkkrk gS] vkSj ,d lH; lekt gh ,d lH; ns'k
dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA ftl ns'k es lH; yksx gksaxs
ogka lH; lekt gksxk varr% og ns'k lH;rk dk
egRoiw.kZ dsaæ gksxkA
10- baVjusV vkSj lks'ky ehfM;k dk lqjf{kr
mi;ksx &
foKku o VsDuksy‚th ds bl nkSj esa fd'kksjksa ds
ikl eksckby] baVjusV] lks'ky usVoÉdx lkbV~l
ds ekè;e ls vklkuh ls tkudkjh igq¡p jgh gS]
ftlls os nqfu;k Hkj ds vyx&vyx yksxksa ls
fey o tqM+ ldrs gSaA ogÈ nwljh rjQ baVjusV
vkSj lks'ky ehfM;k esa fd'kksjksa dks ys dj gksus
okyh leL;kvksa ds fy, dksà :i js[kk ugÈ gSA
dqN egRoiw.kZ eqís tSls 'kjhj dh Nfo] Hkkstu dh
vknrksa] ySafxd ekunaMksa] eknd æO;ksa ds lsou ds
eqíksa ij feFkdksa vkSj xyr èkkj.kk dh Hkjekj gSA
fd'kksj lkbcjcqÇyx dk lkeuk Hkh djrs gSa tks
muds ekufld LokLF; dks çHkkfor djrs gSa vkSj
blfy, fd'kksjksa ds fy, baVjusV dk mi;ksx djrs
le; lqj{kk ds ckjs esa lh[kuk vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gSA
11- fd'kksj ;kSu vkSj çtuu LokLF; &
;kSu LokLF; ;kSfudrk ls lEcafèkr HkkSfrd]
ekufld] HkkoukRed vkSj lkekftd dY;k.k
dh çkfIr ls lEcafèkr gSA ;g egt 'kjhj esa
;kSu jksx dh vuqifLFkfr dk uke ugÈ gSA ;kSu
LokLF; ds fy, ySafxdrk vkSj ;kSu lEcUèkksa ds
fy, ldkjkRed –f"Vdks.k dk gksuk vko;'kd gS
lkFk gh lkFk ;kSu fØ;k dk vuqHko lqjf{kr vkSj
vkuna k;d gks ftl eas fdlh Hkh çdkj dk mRihMu+ ]
Hkns Hkko vkSj Çglk u gkAs ;kSu LokLF; çkIr djus
vkSj cuk, j[kus ds fy, ;s Hkh vko';d gS fd lHkh
O;fä;kas ds ;kSu vfèkdkjkas dk lEeku fd;k tk, A
¼lzkrs % MCy,w pvks Mªk¶V ifjHkk"kk] vDVcw j 2002½
çtuu LokLF; iw.kZ :i ls 'kkjhfjd] ekufld
vkSj lkekftd dY;k.k dh voLFkk gSA ;g flQZ
çtuu ç.kkyh ls lEcafèkr lHkh ekeyksa vkSj bldh
fØ;k ,oa çfØ;k esa fdlh chekjh dh vuqifLFkfr
dk gksuk ugÈ gSA blfy, çtuu LokLF; ls ;g
vfHkçk; gS fd yksx larks"kçn lqjf{kr ;kSu thou
thus esa l{ke gSa vkSj muesa cPps iSnk djus dh
{kerk gS rFkk ;s Hkh vko';d gS dh os tc vkSj
tSls pkgs bl ckjs esa fu.kZ; ysus ds fy, Lora=
gSaA bldk vFkZ gS fd efgykvksa vkSj iq#"kksa dks
viuh ilan ds ifjokj fu;kstu dh ,slh i)fr;ksa
dh tkudkjh çkIr djus dk vfèkdkj gks tksfd
lqjf{kr] çHkkoh vkSj Lohdk;Z gksaA tkudkjh ds lkFk
gh bldk mi;ksx djus dk vfèkdkj Hkh gksA blh
rjg tUenj dks fu;fer djus ds fy, mudh
ilan dh vU; i)fr;k¡ tks dkuwu ds fo#) ugÈ
gks] ds ckjs esa tkudkjh çkIr djus vkSj mi;ksx
djus dk Hkh vfèkdkj gSA ;s Hkh mudk vfèkdkj gS
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2.3 Page 13 |
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fd'kksjkoLFkk
13
fd mi;qä LokLF; lsokvksa rd mudh igq¡p gks
ftlls fd fo'ks"kdj] efgykvksa dks lqjf{kr xHkkZèkku
vkSj çlo dk volj çkIr gks vkSj ;ksX; nEifr dks
LoLFk f'k'kq feyus dh lokZfèkd laHkkouk gks ¼lzksr%
vkÃlhihMh çksxzke vkQ ,D'ku] 1994] iSjk 7-2
7-3½
jk"Vªh; fd'kksj LokLF; dk;ZØe%
fd'kksj vkSj fd'kksfj;ksa dh LokLF; lacaèkh eqíksa vkSj
vko'drkvks dks è;ku esa j[krs gq,] Hkkjr ljdkj us
„僆 es jk"Vªh; fd'kksj LokLF; dk;ZØe ¼vkj ds ,l
ds½ dks ykxw fd;k A ;g dk;ZØe fd'kksjksa ds 6 eqíksa
ij dsafær gS%
;kSu vkSj çtuu LokLF; esa fuEufyf[kr 'kkfey gSa
ysfdu bUgÈ ckrksa rd lhfer ugÈ gS %
ifjokj fu;kstu6
¼v½lqjf{kr xHkZikr
,l-Vh-vkà jksdFkke vkSj fu;a=.k
,p-vkÃ-oh jksdFkke vkSj ns[kHkky
gkfudkjd çFkk
efgykvksa vkSj iq#"kksa ds f[k+ykQ+ Çglk
Çyx&Hksn ekeys
;qodksa@;qofr;ksa ds LokLF;
ySafxdrk
lqjf{kr ekr`Ro
6 ifjokj fu;kstu ds fofHkUu LFkk;h ,oa vLFkkbZ lk/kuksa ij tkudkjh
Ikkfjokfjd vkSj iztuu thou dks LoLFk vkSj [kq'kgky cukus dk ewy lk/
ku ifjokj fu;kstu ds fy, viuk;k tkus okyk xHkZfujks/kd lk/ku gSA gekjs
thou ij gekjk gd gksuk pkfg,A gekjs }kjk fd;k tkus okyk iztuu gekjh
bPNk vkSj gekjh ;kstuk ds vuqlkj gksuk pkfg,A u fd vupkgs <ax ls ;k
fdlh ds ncko esa xHkZ/kkj.k vkSj iztuu gksA fu;ksftr <ax ls xHkZ/kkj.k vkSj
iztuu rHkh laHko gS tc ge eupkgs xHkZfujks/kd lk/kuksa dk lgh <ax ls
bLrseky djsaA xHkZfujks/kd lk/kuksa dh tkudkjh vkSj mldk bLrseky gelc
dk gd gSA vkbZ;s ge tkusa fd ;s
xHkZfujks/kd lk/ku D;k gSA
LFkkbZ lk/ku & efgyk ca/;kdj.k] iq:"k ulcanh
vLFkkbZ lk/ku & d.Mkse ¼fujks/k½] vkikrdkyhu xHkZfujks/kd xksyh] nSfud
xHkZfujks/kd xksyh] lkIrkfgd xHkZfujks/kd xksyh] xHkZfujks/kd lwbZ&varjk] vkbZ-;w-
lh-Mh- ¼dkWij&Vh½
1- iks"k.k]
2- fd'kksj ;kSu vkSj çtuu LokLF; ]
3- lapkjh vkSj xSj&lapkjh jksx ]
4- fyax vk/kkfjr fgalk]
5- eknd inkFkksaZ dk lsou
6- ekufld LokLF; lacaf/kr leL;k,sa
fd'kksj fd'kksfj;ksa ds LokLF; dk lqèkkj djus ds fy,]
vkjds,lds esa fuEufyf[kr j.kuhfr;k¡ viukà x;È gSa %
leqnk; ds Lrj ij gLr{ksi%
bl dk mís'; LokLF; lqfoèkk lsok ls ijs fd'kksjksa
vkSj ;qokvksa rd igqapuk vkSj mUgsa LokLF; tkudkjh
vkSj lsok,a çnku djuk gSA bl gLr{ksi esa 4 egRoiw.kZ
?kVd gSa] tks bl çdkj gSa %
lgdeÊ f'k{kd%
lgdeÊ f'k{kd ¼ih;j ,MqdsVj½ dk;ZØe dk
mís'; ;g lqfuf'pr djuk gS fd 10&19 o"kZ
dh vk;q ds chp ds fd'kksjksa o ;qokvksa dks iks"k.k]
;kSu vkSj çtuu LokLF;] lapkjh vkSj x+Sj lapkjh
jksx] eknd æO;ksa ds lsou] ekufld LokLF;] Çyx
vkèkkfjr Çglk] ds fy, fu;fer vkSj fujarj f'k{kk
ykHk feysA blls fd'kksjksa dh dkS'kyrk] Kku vkSj
leqnk; vk/kkfjr n`f"Vdks.k
lkIrkfgd vk/kkfjr Qksfyd ,sflM lIyhesaVs'ku
¼MCY;w-vkbZ-,Q-,l-½ izksxzke
jk"Vhª; fMofeZax Ms ¼,u-Mh-Mh-½ ds fnu
d`feuk'kd xksyh dk fooj.k
lSfuVjh uSifdu dk izko/kku
ih;j ,MqdsVj ¼ih-bZ½ }kjk fo|ky; u tkus okys
fd'kksjksa vkSj LokLF; tksf[ke okys fd'kksjksa gsrq
dk;Z
=Sekfld fd'kksj LokLF; fnol ¼,-,p-Mh-½
fd'kksj ÝSaMyh Dyc ¼,-,Q-lh-½
;ksX;rk esa lqèkkj gksxkA lgdeÊ f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk
;qokvksa dks x+yr ckrksa o vknrksa ds fy, ltx
o laosnu'khy cukuk rFkk jsQ+jy ds :i esa dke
djuk gksrk gSA çR;sd xk¡o ¼1000 tula[;k @
vk'kk fuokl½ esa pkj lgdeÊ f'k{kd ;kuh nks
fd'kksj vkSj nks fd'kksjh lgdeÊ f'k{kdksa dk p;u
vk'kk vkSj Ldwy f'k{kd dh flQkfj'k @ ukekadu
ds vkèkkj ij fd;k tk,xkA Ldwy vkSj Ldwy ds
ckgj nksuksa esa fd'kksjksa dh dojst lqfuf'pr djus
ds fy,] nks lgdeÊ f'k{kdksa ¼,d iq#"k vkSj ,d
efgyk½ dks Ldwy esa fd'kksjksa ds lkFk dke djus ds
fy, pquk tkrk gS A blh rjg] nks lgdeÊ f'k{kdksa
dks Ldwy ds ckgj ds fd'kksjksa ds lkFk dke djus
ds fy, pquk tkrk gSA çR;sd iq#"k vkSj efgyk
lgdeÊ f'k{kd fuEufyf[kr dk;Z djsaxs%
vius leqnk; ls Øe'k% 15&20 yM+dksa
vkSj yM+fd;ksa ds lewg dk xBu djsaxs vkSj
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2.4 Page 14 |
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14
;qokvksa ds fy, lUnÒZ iqfLrdk
lgdeÊ f'k{kd fdV dk mi;ksx djds
lkIrkfgd 1&2 ?kaVs dh Hkkxhnkjh l=
vk;ksftr djsaxs A lgdeÊ f'k{kd dks 50
#i, dh ekfld xSj ekSfæd çksRlkgu jkf'k nh
tk,xhA
fd'kksj LokLF; fnol esa Hkkx ysaxs rFkk
fd'kksj o ;qokvksa dks lwfpr o f'kf{kr djus
ds lkFk&lkFk muds ekrk firk dks Hkh ,sls
dk;ZØeksa esa lfEefyr djk,axsA
;qokvksa dks fd'kksj vuqdwy LokLF; Dyhfud
¼,,Q,plh Dyhfud½ ;k fd'kksj gsYiykbu
jsQj djsaxs vkSj fd'kksj LokLF; tk¡p ds fy,
fd'kksj LokLF; fnol dk vk;®tu djsaxsA
,,u,e ds ekxZn'kZu esa gj LokLF; mi&dsaæ
Lrj ij ,d LokLF; Dyc dk xBu djsaxsA
;s Dyc ekfld cSBd vk;ksftr djsaxsa ftuesa
lgdeÊ f'k{kd viuh vkus okyh leL;kvksa
dks ,,u,e ds lkFk ppkZ dj ldsaxsA
lgdeÊ f'k{kd dh fLFkjrk lqfuf'pr djus
ds fy,] lgdeÊ f'k{kdksa dks vk'kk ls tksM+k
tk,xk tks buds ekxZn'kZu ds lkFk &lkFk
l{ke okrkoj.k cuk,axsA
fd'kksj LokLF; fnol ¼,,pMh½%
fd'kksjksa] ekrk&firk] ifjokj vkSj vyx&vyx
fgrèkkjdksa dks fd'kksj LokLF; leL;k tSls
iks"k.k] ;kSu vkSj çtuu LokLF;] ekufld
LokLF;] pksV vkSj Çyx vkèkkfjr Çglk] eknd
inkFkks± ds lsou] lapkjh vkSj x+Sj lapkjh jksx
fd'kksj LokLF; fnol dk vk;kstu çR;sd xk¡o
ds ckjs esa ltx djuk o mudh tkudkjh
esa gj frekgh esa ,d lqfoèkktud fnu ¼lkekU;r%
c<+kukA
jfookj½ dks fd;k tk,xkA ;s oh,p,uMh @
fd'kksj LokLF; lacafèkr lsokvksa ds ckjs
vkjksX; fnol ds ckn vk;ksftr fd;k tk,xkA
esa tkudkjh nsuk eq[;r% fd'kksj vuqdwy
lcyk ftyksa esa] ;g vk;kstu ekStwnk fd'kksjh
LokLF; Dyhfud o gsYiykbu A
fnol ds lkFk esy [kkuk pkfg,A fd'kksj LokLF;
fnol ds vk;kstu ds fy, vkaxuckM+h dsUæksa ;k
blds vykok] fd'kksj LokLF; fnol ds nkSjku
lkeqnkf;d LFkkuksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
dkmalyj ;k çf'kf{kr fpfdRld @ ,,u,e
,,pMh ds nkSjku fuEufyf[kr lsok,a çnku dh
fuEufyf[kr tkudkjh çnku djus ds fy,
tk,xh%
ekrk&firk ds lkFk lewg l= vk;ksftr
lwpuk% iks"k.k ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF;]
djsaxsA
ekufld LokLF;] Çyx vkèkkfjr Çglk] x+Sj
fd'kksj LokLF; ls lacafèkr fo"k;ksa ij
lapkjh jksx] eknd inkFkks± ds lsou vkfn ds
tkudkjh% {ks= fo'ks"k ds fd'kksjksa vkSj
fy, vkÃblh- vkSj vkÃihlh]
vfHkHkkodksa ls muds eqís ij QhMcSd yh lkexzh% lSfuVjh uSifdu] vk;ju vkSj
tkuh pkfg, vkSj mudks bu eqíksa dks gy
Qksfyd ,flM ] vYcsaMktksy] ,aVh&LiSLeksfMd
djus ds ckjs esa tkudkjh ,d= djus esa
xksfy;ka vkSj xHkZfujksèkd lsok,¡
enn djuh pkfg,A
lsok,a% iathdj.k] lkekU; LokLF; tkap] ¼ch-
dkS'ky% fd'kksjksa ds lkFk laokn djus dh
,e- vkÃ] ,uhfe;k] mPp jäpki vkSj eèkqesg½]
ekrk&firk ds dkS'ky dks fodflr djus
@ c<+kus esa enn djus ds fy, ç;kl
fd, tkus pkfg,] tSls fd fd'kksjksa ds
fd'kksj vuqdwy LokLF; Dyhfud ds fy,
jsQjy ¼d‚malÇyx vkSj Dyhfudy lsokvksa ds
fy,½
lkFk lsDl ds ckjs esa ckr djuk] fd'kksjksa
dh Çprkvksa dks lquuk] ;k fcuk fpYyk,
ckr djuk vkfnA
leFkZu% fd'kksjksa ds eqíksa ds çcaèku esa
lgk;rk ds fy, miyCèk lalkèkuksa ij
ekrk&firk dks f'kf{kr vkSj laosnu'khy
cukuk
lkIrkfgd vk;ju vkSj Qksfyd ,flM
vuqiwjd dk;ZØe ¼MCyw vkà ,Q ,l½%
çtuu vk;q dh ,d frgkà efgyk;sa ,uhfe;k xzLr
vFkkZr [kwu dh deh ls ihfM+r gksrh gSaA ftlesa
muds jä esa gheksXyksfcu dh ek=k de gks tkrh
gSA blls Årdksa rd v‚Dlhtu ys tkus esa fnôr
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2.5 Page 15 |
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fd'kksjkoLFkk
15
gksus yxrh gS vkSj 'kjhj esa Fkdku c<+ tkrh gSA
xHkkZoLFkk esa ,uhfe;k dà udkjkRed ifj.kkeksa dk
dkj.k curk gS] ftlesa ekr` e`R;q nj] de otu
vkSj cPps dk le; ls igys tUe gksuk 'kkfey gSA
udkjkRed çHkko dks nwj djus vkSj fd'kksjksa dh
LokLF; fLFkfr esa lqèkkj ds fy,] fd'kksj yM+fd;ksa
¼10&19 o"kZ½ dks Ldwy esa vkSj Ldwy ds ckn
MCywvkÃ,Q,l ¼vk;ju dh xksyh½ dh lsok çnku
dh tkrh gSA
ekfld èkeZ LoPNrk ;kstuk ¼,e,p,l½%
xzkeh.k {ks= ds 13&19 o"kZ dh vk;q ds chp dh
fd'kksfj;ksa dks ekfld èkeZ LokLF; vkSj LoPNrk
ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nh tkrh gSA gj eghus] vk'kk
dk;ZdrkZ }kjk ekfld èkeZ vkSj LoPNrk ds ckjs
esa dk;Z'kkykvksa dk vk;kstu dj fd'kksfj;ksa dks
tkx:d fd;k tkrk gSA ÝaV ykbu LokLF; lsok
nsus okyh dk;ZdrkZ Hkh lSfuVjh uSifdu ds lVhd
o çHkkoh mi;ksx dks c<+kok nsrh gSA
LokLF; dsaæ vkèkkfjr gLr{ksi
fd'kksj vuqdwy LokLF; Dyhfud &
fd'kkjs vudq yw LokLF; Dyhfud dh LFkkiuk dk
mí's ; fd'kkjs kas dks ljq f{kr rFkk e=S hi.w kZ dkmalÇyx
vkSj Dyhfudy lsok,sa çnku djuk gSA fd'kksj
vuqdwy LokLF; Dyhfud xksiuh;rk çnku djus
ds lkFk & lkFk fd'kksj dh igpku dks mtkxj
ugÈ djrk gSA ;g LokLF; laLFkku ftyk Lrj ij
LFkkfir fd;k x;k gSA ;g dsoy fd'kksj LokLF;
LokLF; dsUnz vk/kkfjr n`f"Vdks.k
lykg ,ao LokLF; lsok,a iznku ds fy, fd'kksj
LokLF; fDyfud ¼,-,Q-,p-lh-½
ftyk vLirky esa fd'kksj LokLF; lalk/ku dsUnz
eqís ds fy, leÆir gSA ;gk¡ ij dkmalÇyx rFkk
Dyhfudy lsok nsus okys yksx fd'kksj eqíksa dks
laHkkyus ds fy, çf'kf{kr vkSj lqlfTtr gSaA ;gk¡
ij vkÃblh vkSj vkÃihlh ds ekè;e ls iks"k.k]
;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF;] ekufld LokLF;] Çyx
vkèkkfjr Çglk] x+Sj lapkjh jksx] eknd inkFkZ ds
nq"çHkkoksa dh tkudkjh o ijke'kZ çnku fd;k tkrk
gSA ;gka ls fd'kksj vkÃ,Q,] ,YcsaMktksy] lsusVjh
uSifdu] xHkZfujksèkd o vU; nok,a ys ldrs gSa rFkk
ch,evkà tkap o ,p- ch- ijh{k.k djok ldrs gSaA
xHkZorh fd'kksfj;ka çlo iwoZ ns[kHkky lsokvksa dk
mi;ksx Hkh dj ldrh gSaA
fd'kksj&vuqdwy Dyc &
ih;j ,tqdsVlZ ¼lgdeÊ f'k{kd½ ,,u,e ds lexz
ekxZn'kZu esa mi&dsaæ Lrj ij fd'kksj LokLF; Dyc
dk xBu djsaxsA ;s Dyc ih;j ,tqdsVlZ ds eqíksa
ij ppkZ djus vkSj ,,u,e ls leFkZu çkIr djus
ds fy, ekfld cSBd djsaxsA
fo|ky; Lrj ij gLr{ksi
gj fo|ky; ds nks f'k{kdksa dks LokLF; ,oa vkjksX;
nwrksa ds :i esa fuèkkZfjr fd;k tk;sxk] rkfd os
çfr lIrkg ,d ?kaVs dk le; LokLF; çksRlkgu
vkSj jksxksa ls cpko dh tkudkfj;ksa dks #fpdj
xfrfofèk;ksa ds :i es çLrqr djsaxs A
fd'kksj & fd'kksfj;ksa esa ,uhfe;k dh O;kidrk vkSj
xaHkhjrk dh pukSfr;ksa ls fuiVus ds fy, fo|ky;
LokLF; dk;ZØe ds ekè;e ls lkIrkfgd vk;ju
vkSj Qksfyd ,flM vkSj o"kZ esa nks ckj —fe uk'kd
xksfy;k nh tk;saxhA
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2.6 Page 16 |
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16
;oq kvksa ds fy, lUnÒZ iqfLrdk
;qok usrR` o
jkstj gkVZ7 dh Hkkxhnkjh lh<+h dh voèkkj.kk ds vuqlkj] ;qokvksa ds fy, dk;ZØeksa vkSj
uhfr;ksa dks fMtkbu djus esa ;qok usrkvksa dks fu.kZ; ysus esa leku :i ls Hkkx ysuk vkSj
o;Ldksa ds cjkcj 'kfä lk>k djuk cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSA
,slk djus ds fy,] gesa ;qokvksa dh {kerk dk fuekZ.k
djuk gksxk vkSj blds fy, muesa vius eqíksa dks
ifjHkkf"kr djus] usr`Ro djus] lekèkku [kkstus vkSj
dk;ZØeksa dh fuxjkuh djus ds fy, vko';d Kku vkSj
dkS'kyrk dk fodkl djuk gksxk A ;qokvksa dk] muds
fy, cuk, x, dk;ZØeksa esa lfØ; :i ls 'kkfey gksuk
egRoiw.kZ gSA
mijksä Hkkx esa] geus ;qokvksa ls lEcafèkr fo'ks"k :i
ls LokLF; dh vko';drkvksa vkSj mUgsa iwjk djus ds
fy, ljdkj }kjk pyk, tk jgs fofHkUu dk;ZØeksa ds
ckjs esa tkuk gSA ;g cgqr egRoiw.kZ gS fd ;qok usrk
bu dk;ZØeksa dh fuxjkuh djus dh {kerk j[ksa rkfd
og muls ykHkkfUor gksa vkSj bu lqfoèkkvksa dks csgrj
cukus ds fy, Hkh viuh ckr j[k ldsaA rks vkb,
mu rjhdksa@j.kuhfr;ksa ds ckjs esa ppkZ djsa tks ge
7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Hart
fØ;kfUor dj ldsa %
1- lqjf{kr okrkoj.k }kjk bl fo"k; ij
;qok usr`Ro vkSj Kku dk fuekZ.k &
;qok usrkvksa dks lqjf{kr LFkku8 çnku fd;k tkuk
pkfg, tgka og vius thou dks çHkkfor djus
okys eqíksa ij [kqydj ppkZ dj ldrs gSaA bl ls
mu esa ft+Eesnkjh dk vglkl gksxk rkfd og vius
leqnk; esa ifjorZu ykus ds fy, ,d okftc d+ne
mBk ldsaxsA ;qokvksa dks 'kkfey dj mUgsa çf'k{k.k
nsa fd fgrèkkjdksa ds lkFk&lkFk fof'k"V dkuwuksa]
uhfr;ksa vkSj LFkkuh; lanHkks± ij çHkkoh iSjoh vkSj
csgrj lEcUèk dSls cuk,a rkfd ,d vPNh uhfr dk
fuekZ.k gks ldsA
8 lqjf{kr LFkku & ,slk LFkku ;k okrkoj.k ftles fdlh Hkh Js.kh
dk O;fä ;g fo'okl dj ldrk gS fd muds lkFk dksbZ HksnHkko]
vkykspuk] mRihM+u ;k dksbZ vU; HkkoukRed ;k 'kkjhfjd uqdlku
ugha gksxkA
2- LokLF; lsokvksa vkSj lqfoèkkvksa dh
fuxjkuh &
;g vko';d gS fd og leqnk; esa tkus ls igys
vius vkRefoÜokl dks et+cwr djsa ,oa ;kSu o
çtuu LokLF; ls tqM+s dyad dks rksM+ dj LokLF;
lsokvksa rd igqap cuk,aA mUgsa ;g tkudkjh nh
tkuh pkfg, fd LokLF; ç.kkyh ¼System½ dSls
dke djrh gS vkSj mUgsa ,slk rS;kj djsa fd mUgsa
tkudkjh jgs fd lsokvksa dk mi;ksx djus ij
fdl fdl rjg dh pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk
iM+ ldrk gSA bl ls og [kqn mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa
dks laHkkyus ds fy, rS;kj jgsaxsA gj ;qok usrk dks
viuk ,tsaMk vkSj mís'; fuèkkZfjr djuk gksxk fd
mUgsa LokLF; lsokvksa ds fdl ?kVd dh fuxjkuh
djuh gSA tSlk fd ge tkurs gSa fd ;qok] fo'ks"k
:i ls vfookfgr ;qok tc ;kSu ,oa çtuu
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2.7 Page 17 |
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;oq k usrR` o
17
LokLF; lsokvksa dk mi;ksx djrs gSa rks mUgsa x+yr
èkkj.kk o vuqfpr O;ogkj dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk
gS vkSj dà ckj mu lc dkj.kksa ls og bu lsokvksa
dk mi;ksx ugÈ dj ikrs gSaA blfy, ;qok usrkvksa
dks fuEufyf[kr ladsrksa ds vkèkkj ij viuk y{;
fuèkkZfjr djuk pkfg, %
os bldh fuxjkuh D;ksa djuk pkgrs gSa\\
os D;k fuxjkuh djsaxs\\
os dgka vkSj fdu LokLF; lsokvksa dh fuxjkuh
djsaxs\\
os dSls fuxjkuh djsaxs\\
3- vius vuqHko lk>k djsa &
bu LokLF; lqfoèkkvksa dk nkSjk djus ds ckn]
lewg esa ,d lkFk cSB dj vius vuqHkoksa dks vius
lkfFk;ksa vkSj i;Zos{kd ds lkFk lk>k djsa A ,d
le; gks ldrk gS tc mUgsa pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk
djuk iM+s tks muds eukscy dks det+ksj dj
ldrk gS] lewg dks ,sls eqnksa ij cSBd dj ml
ij ppkZ djuh pkfg,A vius lgdeÊ dks lgk;rk
çnku djuh pkfg,A mUgsa ;g eglwl djkuk cgqr
egRoiw.kZ gS fd og O;fä vdsyk ugÈ gSa A ;g
bldk ,d igyw gS vkSj nwljk igyw ;g gks ldrk
gS fd ,d Vhe ds :i esa pqukSfr;ksa vkSj lqfoèkkvksa
esa deh ds ckjs esa ppkZ djuk vkSj ;g ns[kuk fd
D;k os okLro esa dk;ZØe dk ikyu dj jgs gSa \\
4- ,D'ku Iyku fodflr djsa &
tSls gh ;qok usrk vius fy, fMt+kbu dh xÃ
lqfoèkkvksa rd igq¡p esa vkus okyh pqukSfr;ksa] varjky
vkSj ckèkkvksa dk irk yxkrs gSa] vxyk dne bu
fo"k;ksa ij iSjoh dh j.kuhfr dks cukus dk gS
ftldk vFkZ gS%
dk;ZØe dk dkSu lk igyw Bhd ls dke ugÈ
dj jgk Fkk\\
ml lfq oèkk dh tk¡p djus okyk O;fä dkuS g\\S
ml O;fä dks dgka [kkstk tk,\\
dc vkSj dSls ,d Vhe ds :i esa ,d
vfèkdkjh ds le{k dk;ZØe dh deh çLrqr
djuk pkfg,\\
,D'ku Iyku çLrqr djus ls igys] ,d lewg ds fy,
;g cgqr t:jh gS fd %
og vius chp Hkwfedk vkSj ft+Eesnkfj;ksa dk
cVokjk djsa
dke dks iwjk djus ds fy, lewg dks le;
lhek cukuh pkfg,
;g lewg ds dke dks çHkkoh cukrk gS vkSj ;qokvkas dks
vius lewg ds çfr tokcnsg Hkh A
;qok lewg dks ;g Hkh dksf'k'k djuh pkfg, fd og
vius leqnk; es ,sls dqN çHkko'kkyh laLFkk ;k leku
lksp ds o;Ld yksxks dks igpkus vkSj vius xBcaèku
esa 'kkfey djs rkfd mudh vkokt etcwr gks lds
vkSj Cy‚d @ ftyk @ jkT; Lrj ij mudh iSjoh Hkh
etcwr gks A
vkb, ge vkidks vkids jkT; ls ,d mnkgj.k nsrs
gSa] tks ;qok usr`Ro dh lQyrk dh dgkuh gS %
uoknk ftys ds jtkSyh ç[k.M esa fd'kksj
LokLF; lsokvksa dh ekax
ekSle dqekjh] 2016 esa uoknk ftys esa fLFkr jtkSyh Cy‚d
ds gjfn;k iapk;r esa xfBr gq, fd'kksjh lewg esa ls ,d
lewg dh usrk gSaA og fd'kksj ;kSu çtuu LokLF; eqíksa ij
mUeq[khdj.k ys pqdh gS vkSj oks fu;fer :i ls lewg dh
cSBdsa vk;ksftr djk jgh gSA
ekfld /keZ LoPNrk ds egRo dks le>rs gq,] ljdkj
ls vkiwfrZ ugha gksus ds dkj.k gjfn;k esa bl lewg us
lkewfgd :i ls lSfuVjh iSM [kjhnus vkSj forfjr djus
ds fy, Lo;a iSls bdëk djus dk QSlyk fy;kA blds
vykok] bl lewg us ,,u,e vkSj vk'kk ds lkFk feydj
vk;ju Qksfyd ,flM VScysV forfjr djus vkSj oh-
,p- ,l- ,u- Mh- esa fd'kksjksa dks ,vkj,l,p lsokvksa dh
tkudkjh çnku djus ds fy, ppkZ,¡ dhA blh rjg ds
eqís nwljs xk¡oksa ls Hkh lkeus vk,] ftl ij lkewfgd dne
mBkuk vR;ar vko';d FkkA
flracj 2018 esa mi ftyk vLirky ¼,lMh,p½ jtkSyh
esa vk;ksftr tu laokn ¼lks'ky v‚fMV½ esa] ekSle us nks eqís
mBk, ¼v½ oh- ,p- ,l- ,u- Mh- vkSj LokLF; lqfo/kkvksa esa
;kSu vkSj fd'kksj LokLF; laca/kh eqíksa ij tkudkjh lykg
dh deh] vkSj ¼c½ lSfuVjh uSifdu dh xSj miyC/krk]
fo'ks"kdj] vkfFkZd :i ls fiNM+s leqnk; dh yM+fd;ksa
ds fy,A ftyk flfoy ltZu tks lks'ky v‚fMV iSuy
dk fgLlk Fks] mUgksaus fMIVh lqifjVsaMsaV vkSj Cy‚d gsYFk
eSustj dks ,lMh,p jtkSyh esa ,d fd'kksj LokLF; dsaæ dk
lapkyu djus ds funsZ'k fn;sA blds vykok] ,d çf'kf{kr
,,u,e dks uoacj 2018 esa lqfo/kk ij ijke'kZ lsok,a çnku
djus ds fy, cgky fd;k x;kA ;g fcgkj esa LokLF;
ç.kkyh esa cnyko dh fn'kk esa ,d NksVk ijUrq egRoiw.kZ
dne gS] tks vDlj fd'kksjksa vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls yM+fd;ksa
dh t:jrksa vkSj çkFkfedrkvksa ls vutku gksrk gSA
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2.8 Page 18 |
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18
;oq kvksa ds fy, lUnÒZ ifq Lrdk
lkenq k; vkèkkfjr fuxjkuh
o fu;kstu
;g ,d fu;kstu dh çfØ;k gS tks fd lqfuf'pr djrh gS fd lsok,a mu yksxkas rd igqaps
ftuds fy, mudk çkoèkku fd;k x;k gSA ;g ,d çdkj dh fØ;k gS tks fd le;≤ ij
losZ{k.k ,oa vè;;u] rFkk leqnk; vkèkkfjr fuxjkuh djrh gSA
LokLF; ds {k=s es tu lenq k; dh Hkkxhnkjh dks c<k+ us
rFkk lenq k; tfur xfrfofèk;kas dks çfs jr djus ds fy,
lkenq kf;d fuxjkuh dks egRoi.w kZ ekuk x;k gS A bleas
fu;kts u ,oa fuxjkuh lfefr;kas dk çkoèkku & çkFkfed
LokLF; dæas ] Cy‚d] ftyk rFkk jkT; lHkh Lrjkas ij
fd;k tkrk gAS tokcngs h dk ;g <kpa k dNq bl rjg
dk gS tks fu;fer :i ls ;g vkda yu djrk gS fd
lenq k; ds ykxs kas dh LokLF; vko';drk;as o LokLF;
lEcUèkh vfèkdkjkas dh irw Ê gks jgh gS ;k ugÈ( o ,ls k
djrs le; fofHkUu Lrjkas ij ykxw dh tkus okyh lenq k;
vkèkkfjr fu;kts u o fuxjkuh çfØ;k ds dæas Çcnq eas
lenq k; gh gkrs k gAS
LokLF; ds fy, lkeqnkf;d fuxjkuh
ds 6 pj.k%
1½ tkx:drk yk;sa% ;qokvksa lEcUèkh eq¶r ljdkjh
lsokvksa] LokLF; vfèkdkj] lsok çnkrkvksa dh
Hkwfedkvksa vkSj ft+Eesnkfj;ksa ds ckjs esa tkx:drk
yk;s ¼layXud 2½ A
;qokvksa dh Hkwfedk
;kstukvks ;k lsokvksa ds ckjs esa iwjh vkSj lgh
tkudkjh ysuk A
leqnk; esa tkudkjh dk çpkj çlkj djuk A
csgrj LoLF; ds fy, mfpr O;ogkj dks
c<+kok nsuk A
2½ xzke LokLF;] LoPNrk ,oa iks"k.k
lfefr;ksa dks etcwr djsa%
LokLF; dks csgrj cukus vkSj lkewfgd ç;kl dks
c<+kok nsus ds fy, xkao Lrj ij xzke LokLF;]
LoPNrk ,oa iks"k.k lfefr;ka cuk;È x;h gSaA ;g
fu;kstu] fØ;kUo;u vkSj mldh fuxjkuh esa
leqnk; dh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djrh gSA
;qokvkas dh Hkwfedk
LokLF;] LoPNrk ,oa iks"k.k lfefr;ksa dh
ekfld cSBd esa Hkkx ysuk A
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2.9 Page 19 |
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lkenq k; vkèkkfjr fuxjkuh o fu;kts u
19
fd'kksj fd'kksfj;ksa esa dqiks"k.k] vkSj lgh rjhds
ls u pyus okys mi&LokLF; dsaæ tSlh
leL;kvksa dks cSBd esa lkeus ykuk
LokLF; vfèkdkfj;ksa }kjk lsok,a u nsuk ;k
[kjkc O;ogkj dh ?kVukvksa dh lwpuk nsuk
eqä jkf'k dk lgh ç;ksx lqfuf'pr djuk
3½ lsokvksa dh fuxjkuh djsa% xkao vkSj LokLF;
dsaæ] nksuksa Lrjksa ij lsokvksa dh xq.koÙkk dh ij[k
vkSj fuxjkuh ljy çi=ksa&1]2]3]4 ¼layXud 1½ ds
mi;ksx ls dh tkrh gSA blls lkewfgd :i ls
dfe;ksa o eqíksa dks igpkuus vkSj LFkkuh; lekèkku
<wa<us ls enn feyrh gSA
;qokvksa dh Hkwfedk
fuxjkuh çfØ;k esa LokLF; ,oa iks"k.k lfefr;ksa
ds lnL;ksa dh enn djuk vkSj vius vuqHko
crkuk A
tgka Hkh vkidks ;k vU; yksxksa dks ;g lsok,a
ugÈ feyh] mu ?kVukvksa dh tkudkjh nsuk A
LokLF; çnkrkvksa ds ikl eq¶r nokvksa ;k
xHkZfujksèkdksa ;k vk¡xuckM+h dsaæ @ Ldwyksa esa
iks"kkgkj ;k tkudkjh u feyus ij lfefr dks
crkuk A
tgk¡ lsokvksa dh igqap ugÈ gS mu {ks=ks ds ckjs
esa lwpuk nsuk A
4½ xzke LokLF; ;kstuk cuk,a
fuxjkuh çfØ;k ds nkSjku igpkuh x;h dfe;ksa
vkSj eqíksa ds vkèkkj ij ekfld@ =Sekfld @
okÆ"kd xzke LokLF; ;kstuk fodflr djsaA ;g
;kstuk ftEesnkfj;ksa vkSj le; lhek ds lkFk lkFk
dfe;ksa@detksj {ks=kas dk iwjk fooj.k çLrqr djsxh
;qokvksa dh Hkwfedk
igpkuh x;h dfe;ksa ij ppkZ esa Hkkx ysuk
vkSj feydj lekèkku <wa<ukA
xzke LokLF; ;kstuk cukus esa enn djuk vkSj
bls ykxw Hkh djokukA
tks leL;k,a xk¡oksa ds Lrj ij gy ugÈ gks ik
jgh gSa mUgsa vxys Lrj ;kfu çkFkfed LokLF;
dsUæ] Cy‚d ,oa ftyk Lrj dh jksxh dY;k.k
lfefr;ksa ;k tu laokn esa mBkuk A
5½ lfefr;ksa dk xBu djsa vkSj mUgsa
l'kä cuk;sa% bu jksxh dY;k.k lfefr;ksa esa
lsokvks ls lEcafèkr eqís] LokLF; ,oa leqnk; esa nh
tkus okyh lsok,a] ;kSu vkSj çtuu LokLF; dh
tkudkjh] ekgokjh fnol] xHkZfujksèkdksa ;k iks"kkgkj
vkfn dks bu lfefr;ksa ;k tulaokn esa mBk,a vkSj
muds lekèkku dh ekax djsaA
6½ tulaokn vk;ksftr djk,a% tks dfe;ka vkSj
eqís xk¡o ds Lrj ij gy ugÈ gksrs gSa mudks Cy‚d
,oa ftyk Lrjh; tulaokn esa mBk;k tkrk gSA
lkewfgd :i ls leL;k,a crkà tkrh gSa vkSj muds
lekèkku ds fy, ppkZ dh tkrh gSA lHkh i{kksa dks
lquk tkrk gS vkSj fu"i{k :i ls iSuy }kjk mfpr
fu.kZ; fy;k tkrk gSA fu.kZ; ds vuqlkj lEcfUèkr
vfèkdkfj;ksa lsok çnkrkvksa ;k leqnk; ds yksxksa dh
le;c) dk;Z ;kstuk rS;kj gksrh gS A bls ykxw
djuk vfèkdkfj;ksa vkSj leqnk; nksuksa dh ftEesnkjh
gksrh gSA
;qokvksa dh Hkwfedk
tulaokn esa lfØ; :i ls Hkkx ysuk] iSuy
dks lsokvksa ls lEcafèkr vius eqís crkuk vkSj
lekèkku dh ekax djuk A
LokLF; deZpkfj;ksa ds vuqfpr O;ogkj] lsokvksa
dh vuqIyCèkrk ;k lsok nsus ls badkj djus dh
?kVukvksa dks crkuk vkSj dk;Zokgh dh ekax
djukA
vkb, ge vkidks dqN ,sls mnkgj.k nsrs gSa fd dSls
fuxjkuh us leqnk; esa ldjkRed cnyko yk, tk
ldrs gSa &
fcgkj esa ;qok usr`Ro dks etcwr djuk
ih,Qvkà us LokLF; ,oa ifjokj dY;k.k ea=ky;
ds jk"Vªh; fd'kksj LokLF; dk;Zde ds rgr fd'kksj
vkSj çtuu o ;kSu LokLF; dks doj djrs gq,
lks'ky ,aM fcgsfo;j psat dE;qfuds'ku ¼lkekftd
vkSj O;ogkj ifjorZu ls lacafèkr lapkj lkexzh
½ij ,d ,dh—r iSdst fodflr vkSj çlkfjr
fd;k gSA lks'ky ,aM fcgsfo;j psat dE;qfuds'ku
iSdst esa fuEufyf[kr lkefxz;ka 'kkfey gSa%
¼i½ 3 Mh d‚fed iqLrdksa ds rhu laLdj.k]
¼ii½ MkVZ xsEl]
¼iii½ ysVj c‚Dl]
¼iv½ fd'kksj eqíksa ij i‚dsV cqdysV vkSj muds
lekèkku]
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2.10 Page 20 |
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20
;qokvkas ds fy, lUnÒZ ifq Lrdk
¼v½ çpkjd vkbVe @ iksLVj] fLVdj] çek.k i=]
use IysV] vkSj
¼vi½ lks'ky ,aM fcgsfo;j psat dE;qfuds'ku lkexzh
dk mi;ksx djus ds ckjs esa ,d xkbMcqdA
blds i'pkr] lqjf{kr fMftVy ¼,lMh½ dkMZ
vkSj OgkV~l,i lewgksa ds ekè;e ls lkefxz;ksa dk
fMftVyhdj.k vkSj çlkj fd;k x;k A ih,QvkÃ
}kjk fodflr xfrfofèk vkèkkfjr ,lchlhlh lkexzh
dk mi;ksx dj ds rhu ftyksa % njHkaxk] x;k vkSj
uoknk esa 254 fd'kksjh lewgksa dk xBu ds lkFk
lkFk çf'k{k.k Hkh fn;k x;kA bu lewgksa dks fd'kksj
vkSj çtuu o ;kSu LokLF; lsokvksa ds fy, ekax
djus] tkx:drk c<+kus vkSj fuxjkuh djus ds
fy, lEfefyr fd;k tk jgk gSA dqN ldkjkRed
ifj.kke ds mnkgj.k fuEufyf[kr gSa%
¼i½ fookg esa nsjh djus ds fy, vfHk;ku%
lks'ky ,aM fcgsfo;j psat dE;qfuds'ku
lkefxz;ksa ds mi;ksx ls vkSj fd'kksj lkewfgd
cSBdksa esa gksus okyh ppkZvksa ls cky fookg ds
eqís ij tkx:drk QSyh gS vkSj bl ls tqM+s
leL;kvksa ij dkjZokà dh x;h gSA fd'kksj
yM+fd;ksa ds lewgksa us uoknk vkSj njHkaxk
ftyksa ds dkSvkdksy] jtkSyh vkSj Çl?kokMk
Cy‚dksa esa cky fookg ds 92 ekeyksa dh igpku
dhA blds ckn] lewg us cky fookg ds
udkjkRed çHkko ds ckjs esa fd'kksjksa vkSj muds
ekrk&firk ds lkFk eqykdkr dj ds ppkZ,¡ dh
vkSj bu fookgksa ij jksd yxk;h A
¼ii½ ekfld èkeZ LoPNrk esa lqèkkj% uoknk ftyk
fLFkr jtkSyh Cy‚d ds 12 xkaoksa esa] fd'kksj
yM+fd;ksa dh cSBdksa esa ekfld èkeZ LoPNrk ds
eqís ij ppkZ dh xÃA ppkZ esa ;s fudy dj
vk;k fd yM+fd;ksa dks xzkeh.k Lrj ij lsusVjh
uSifdu [kjhnuk eqf'dy gksrk gS blfy, ;g
fu.kZ; fy;k x;k fd çR;sd yM+dh çfr ekg
30 #i;s dh jkf'k tek djsxh vkSj lSfuVjh
uSifdu dh [kjhn lkewfgd vkèkkj ij dh
tk,xhA cSBd esa ;g Hkh fu.kZ; fy;k x;k
fd mu yM+fd;ksa dks eq¶r esa uSifdu miyCèk
djk;s tk;saxs tks vkÆFkd :i ls l{ke ugÈ
gSaA bl igy dks vc nwljs dk;Z{ks= esa Hkh
c<+k;k tk jgk gSA
¼iii½ fd'kksj yM+fd;ksa ds fy, LokLF; lsokvksa
rd igqap esa lqèkkj% x;k ftys ds ckjkpêh
Cy‚d esa lgk;d uÉlx feMokbQ ¼,-,u-,e½
vkSj ekU;rk çkIr lkekftd LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ
¼vk'kk½ ds lkFk cSBd esa irk pyk fd fd'kksj
yM+fd;ka xzke LokLF; LOPNrk ,o iks"k.k fnol
esa Hkkx ugÈ ys jgh FkÈ A fd'kksj lewg ds
lnL; us xzke LokLF; vkSj iks"k.k fnol esa
Hkkx ysus ds fy, vkSj ekfld èkeZ LoPNrk]
çtuu vkSj ;kSu iFk laØe.k] vk;ju Qksfyd
,flM dh xksfy;k¡] iwjd iks"k.k vkfn tSlh
lsokvksa rd igq¡pus ds fy, vkSj fd'kksfj;ksa dks
çsfjr djus ds fy, ,d gkse foftV vfHk;ku
pyk;kA
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3 Pages 21-30 |
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3.1 Page 21 |
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layXud &1
lenq k; Lrjh; iNw rkN grs q midj.k A çi= ¼VYw l½
1- vkmVjhp lsokvksa ds gsrq midj.k & blesa fd'kksj LokLF; ds rgr
10 &19 o"kZ dh mez ds ;qokvks dks çnku gksus okyh lsokvksa ls tqM+s
gdks/ vf/kdkjksa lanfHkZr iwNrkN ds çi= 'kkfey gSaA bu çi=ksa ds
tfj;s çkIr tkudkjh ls ,d fjiksVZ rS;kj fd;k tk;sxkA
2- LokLF; mi dsaæ gsrq çi= & bl çi= esa mi LokLF; dsaæ dh
vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk] lsokvksa dh miyC/krk ,oa xq.koÙkk lac/kh ç'u
'kkfey gSA bl çi= ds tfj;s çkIr tkudkjh ls fjiksVZ rS;kj dh
tk,xh A
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3.2 Page 22 |
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22
;qokvkas ds fy, lUnÒZ iqfLrdk
çi= 1
fd'kksj ds vuqdwy LokLF; Dyhfud/ ;qok Dyhfud ¼,-,Q-,p-lh½ ewY;kadu psdfyLV
mís';% fd'kksj ds vuqdwy LokLF; Dyhfud ij lsokvksa] oLrqvksa@LokLF; vkiwfrZ vkSj ekuo lalk/ku vkSj fjd‚fMaZx flLVe dh miyC/krk ds ckjs esa tkudkjh dks le>uk
vkSj bdëk djuk
mÙkjnkrk% fpfdRlk vf/kdkjh] ijke'kZnkrk
dk;Zç.kkyh% çnkrkvksa] fVIif.k;ksa vkSj LokLF; fjd‚MZ ds lanHkZ esa ppkZ
ftEesnkjh% Cy‚d dk;ZØe leUo;d
,-,Q-,p-lh çksQkby
ftyk%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ç[k.M%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
fnukad%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ç'udrkZ dk uke%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
mÙkjnkrk dk uke%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- inuke%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
lqfo/kk dk uke% -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------¼ih,plh@lh,plh@,lMh,p@Mh,p½
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3.3 Page 23 |
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,-,Q-,p-lh lwpuk
1- Dyhfud esa miyC/k midj.kksa] oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa
fo"k;
iSjkehVj
,-,Q-,p-lh ij miyC/k oLrq,a
ih,plh@lh,plh@,lMh,p@Mh,p ds ,,Q,plh esa miyC/k IFA VScysV
fy,
,,Q,plh ij miyC/k ,YcsaMktksy VScysV
,,Q,plh esa miyC/k lSfuVjh uSifdu
,,Q,plh ij miyC/k xHkZfujks/kd ¼fujks/k] ekyk&Mh] ekyk&,e] bZlhih½
,,Q,plh ij miyC/k xHkkZoLFkk ijh{k.k fdV
,,Q,plh ij nh tkus okyh lqfo/kk,¡ ¼dsoy lcwr ds vk/kkj ij ^^gk¡^^ ekdZ djsa½
layXud
23
fLFkfr
gk¡@ ugha
gk¡@ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
3 iztuu iz.kkyh ladze.k ¼vkj&Vh&vkbZ&½ %& iztuu iz.kkyh esa gksus okys ladze.k dks iztuu iz.kkyh ladze.k dgk tkrk gSA blesa ;kSu lapkfjr jksx vkSj fcuk ;kSu xfrfof/k ds iztuu iz.kkyh esa gksus
okys vU; ladze.k dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA ;ksfu ds vanj jgus okys cSDVhfj;k vkSj thok+.kqvksa dh o`f) iztuu iz.kkyh ds vU; ladze.k dh otg gks ldrs gSA
4 ;kSu lapkjh jksxksa ¼,l&Vh&vkbZ&½ %& ;kSu lapkjh jksxksa dks jfrt chekfj;ka Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;s mu jksxk.kqvksa ls gksrh gaS tks Ropk ij ;k oh;Z] ;ksfud rjy inkFkZ ;k [kwu esa jgrs gaSA ;s jksxk.kq fdlh
ladzfer O;fDr ls Ropk] [kwu ;k 'kjhj ds rjy inkFkksZ ls ;kSu laidZ ds ek/;e ls nwljs O;fDr esa igqap tkrs gSA ;s jksxk.kq 'kjhj esa ;ksfu] eqag] xqnk vkSj [kqys /kkoksa ;k fNyh gqbZ Ropk ls nkf[ky gks ldrs gaSA
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3.4 Page 24 |
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24
;qokvkas ds fy, lUnÒZ iqfLrdk
ih,plh@lh,plh@,lMh,p@Mh,p ds
fy,
lh,plh@,lMh,p@Mh,p ds fy,
ch,evkbZ LØhfuax
,pch ijh{k.k
vkj- Vh- vkbZ vkSj ,l-Vh- vkbZ çca/ku
xHkZorh fd'kksjksa ds fy, ,-,u-lh-
fuEufyf[kr eqíksa ij ijke'k%Z
1- iks"k.k vkSj LokLF; thou 'kSyh
2- ;kSou laca/kh fpark,¡
3- fookg iwoZ ijke'kZ
4- ;kSu leL;k,a
5- xHkZfujks/kd
6- tksf[ke Hkjk O;ogkj vkSj xHkZikr
7- vkj-Vh-vkbZ vkSj ,l-Vh-vkbZ
8- eknd æO;ksa dk lsou
9- ruko] ekufld LokLF; ds eqís] volkn] vkRegR;k dh ço`fÙk]
10- lh[kus dh leL;k
11- fgalk] ;kSu 'kks"k.k] vU;
ekfld /keZ dh leL;kvksa dk çca/ku
vk;ju dh deh ls ,uhfe;k dk çca/ku
e/kqesg vkSj mPp jäpki ds fy, LØhfuax
jsQjy
,pvkbZoh ijh {k.k vkSj ijke'kZ
'kkjhfjd fgalk vkSj ;kSu 'kks"k.k dk çca/ku
u'kkeqfä dsaæksa vkSj jsQjy ds lkFk laca/k
fo'ks"kKksa }kjk mipkj
2- ,-,Q-,p-lh esa ekuo lalk/ku dh fLFkfr%
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugh
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
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3.5 Page 25 |
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layXud
25
lsok çnkrk
fd'kksj LokLF; ijke'kZnkrk
,y,poh
,,u,e
vkn'kZ :i ls fdrus in ij
gksuk pkfg,
fdrus in ij gSa
muesa ls fdrus ARSH esa
çf'kf{kr gSa
3- ,,Q,plh esa vkSlr fdrus yksx lsok,¡ ysrs gSa \\
4- ,,Q,plh ij tkus okys fd'kksjksa ds ckjs esa fuEufyf[kr tkudkjh çnku djsa\\
v½ oh,p,uMh ls lanfHkZr fd'kksjksa dk vuqikr% ____________________________________________________________________________
c½ ih,plh ls lanfHkZr fd'kksjksa dk vuqikr% ______________________________________________________________________________
l½ ,,Q,plh esa fd'kksj o‚d dk vuqikr% _______________________________________________________________________________
5- fuEufyf[kr tkudkjh ukxfjd pkVZj esa çnf'kZr dh xbZ Fkh\\
v½ fd'kksjksa vkSj ;qokvksa ds fy, ukfer ;qok Dyhfud dh miyC/krk\\ gk¡ @ ugha
c½ ;qok Dyhfud [kqyus dk le; vkSj fnu\\ gk¡ @ ugha
6- ,,Q,plh esa fuEufyf[kr jftLVjksa dks Bhd ls cuk, j[kk x;k Fkk%
d½ xzkgd iathdj.k jftLVj& gk¡ @ ugha
[k½ dkmalfyax jftLVj& gk¡ @ ugha
x½ LV‚d jftLVj& gk¡ @ ugha
gLrk{kj
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3.6 Page 26 |
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26
;qokvksa ds fy, lUnÒZ iqfLrdk
çi= 2
;qokvksa dh ifz rfd;z k % fd'kksj vuqdqy LokLF; Dyhfud ¼;qok Dyhfud ½ ij miyC/k lsok
mís';% fd'kksj vuqdqy LokLF; Dyhfud ¼;qok Dyhfud½ ij fd'kksjksa ds fy, xq.koRrkiw.kZ lsokvksa dh miyC/krk ds ckjs esa tkudkjh ,df=r djukA
mÙkjnkrk% fd'kksjh @ fd'kksj tks ;qok Dyhfud ij lsokvksa dk ykHk fy, gksaA
dk;Zç.kkyh% voyksdu ,oa laLFkku ij miyC/k lsok iznkrk @ ijke'kZnkrk ls ppkZ
ftEesnkjh% ;qok usrk
ikz sQkby
;qok usrk dk uke %-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- fnukad%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
lsok LFky dk uke %----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- lsok LFky dk izdkj ¼PHC/ CHC/SDH/ DH½----------------------------------------------
iz[k-M %----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ftyk%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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3.7 Page 27 |
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layXud
27
[k-M d% ;qok Dyhfud dk voyksdu
uksV %& bl izi= dks ;qok Dyhfud ij lsok ysus ds mijkar voyksdu ds vk/kkj ij Hkjk tk, A
dzekad
iz'u
1- D;k ;qok Dyhfud ds fy, dksbZ fpfUgr @ukfer LFkku Fkk \\
gkW
2- D;k ;qok Dyhfud dh lqfo/kk ysus ds fy, vk, gq, fd'kksj ,oa fd'kksfj;ksa ds bartkj djus ds fy, çrh{kk LFky dh O;oLFkk Fkh \\ gkW
3- D;k ;qok Dyhfud dk dksbZ lkbu cksMZ iznf'kZr Fkk ftlls og vklkuh ls lcdh utj esa vk jgk gks \\
gkW
fLFkrh
ughsa
ughsa
ughsa
[k-M [k% Lskokvksa dk vuqHko
funsZ'k %& ,&,Q&,p&lh& ¼;qok Dyhfud½ esa izkIr lsokvksa ds vuqHko ds vk/kkj ij bu lokyksa dk tokc nsaA izfrfdz;kvksa dks 3&ikWbaV Ldsy ¼Lekbyh fpUg½ ij jsV fd;k
tkuk pkfg,A lsokvksa dks vuqHko vPNk vuqHko gqvk rks eqLdqjkrk gqvk psgjs dks xksy djsaA lsokvksa dk vuqHko [kjkc jgus ij mnklhu psgjs dks xksy djsaA vxj lsok ds ckjs
esa dqN ugha dguk pkgrs gS rks lkekU; psgjs dks xksy djsaA
dzekad
c;ku @ vuqHko
1 Lkqfo/kk esa ;qok Dyhfud dk irk yxkuk eqf'dy FkkA
2 ;qok Dyhfud esa lsokvksa dks izkIr djus ds fy;s] vf/kd le; rd izrh{kk djuk iM+kA
2&1 fdruh nsj rd bartkj djuk IkM+k \\
¼v½ & 30 feuV
¼c½ & 30 feuV ls ,d ?kaVs rd
¼l½ & ,d ?kaVs ls vf/kd
3 dkmalyj @ ijke'kZnkrk us esjs LokLF; laca/kh fparkvksa @leL;kvksa dks /kS;Z ls lquk \\
4 ijke'kZ l= ds nkSjku dkmalyj dk O;ogkj esjs izfr nksLrkuk Fkk vkSj eSa [kqy dj viuh leL;kvksa dks cryk ik
jgk Fkk@jgh FkhA
5 Ekq>s dkmalyj ds lkFk iztuu vkSj ;kSu LokLF; ls lacaf/kr eqn~nksa ij ijke'kZ ds nkSjku lgt eglwl gqvkA
6 dkmalyj us blds ykHkksa] laHkkfor nq"izHkkoksa] mipkj ,oa lq>ko ij foLrkjiwoZd tkudkjh nh
7 dkmalyj@ ijke'kZnkrk us ijke'kZ l= ds nkSjku vkbZ&bZ&lh& ¼lapkj o ijke'kZ lkexzh½ dk mi;ksx fd;kA
8 ijke'kZ ,dkar LFkku ij fd;k x;k ftlls esjh ckrksa dh xksifu;rk cuh jgsA
9 ijke'kZ ds i'~pkr csgrj bykt ds fy, fo'ks"kK ds ikl Hkstk ;k jsQj fd;k x;kA
gk¡ lkekU; ughsa
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3.8 Page 28 |
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28
;oq kvkas ds fy, lUnÒZ iqfLrdk
10 dkmalyj us nqckjk vkus@ Q‚yks vi ds fy, lwfpr fd;k Fkk \\
11 eSa vkt ;qok Dyhfud }kjk iznku dh xbZ lexz lsokvksa ls [kq'k gwaA
12 D;k vkidks lykg@bykt ds ckn nok,a nh xbZA
13 D;k vkidks fdlh lsok ds fy, Hkqxrku ¼:i;k nsuk½ djuk iM+k gS \\
;fn gk¡] rks d`i;k fuEufyf[kr lwpuk,a nsaA
13-1 dqy &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& :i;k dk Hkqxrku laLFkku ij djuk iM+kA
13-2 d`i;k ml lsok dk mYys[k djsa ftlds fy, vkidks viuh tsc ls Hkqxrku djuk iM+kA
gk¡a @ ugha
gk¡a @ ugha
;qok usrk dk gLrk{kj
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3.9 Page 29 |
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29
çi= &3
lkenq kf;d Lrj ij tkx:drk vkjS LokLF; lsok dh miyC/krk dk vkdyu
mís';% lkeqnkf;d Lrj ij tkx:drk] lsokvksa dh miyC/krk] oLrqvksa @ LokLF; vkiwfrZ ds ckjs esa tkudkjh ,df=r djukA
mÙkjnkrk% fd'kksjh @ fd'kksj
dk;Zç.kkyh% fd'kksjh fd'kksj ds lkFk vyx&vyx nks lewg ppkZ, ,d lewg esa de ls de 10 fd'kksjh ,oa fd'kksj
ftEesnkjh% ;qok usrk
ikz sQkby
;qok usrk dk uke %-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- fnukad%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
mrjnkrk ls lEcaf/kr tkudkjh %
mrjnkrk dk uke % ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- mez%---------------------------------------------------------- mrjnkrk dk fyax ---------------------------------------
f'k{kk dk Lrj % ¼fo/kky;@dkWyst@fo/kky; NksM pqdk ½ ----------------------------------------------- mrjnkrk dk eksckby ua0 --------------------------------------------------------
xkWao % ----------------------------------------------- iapk;r % -------------------------------------------------------- iz[k-M % ------------------------------------------------ftyk % ------------------------------------------------
uksV %& ;fn lewg ppkZ gks rks lHkh mrjnkrk dk uke ihNs fy[ksa ;k vyx ls lwfp layXu djsaA
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3.10 Page 30 |
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30
;oq kvkas ds fy, lUnÒZ ifq Lrdk
tk:drk %
1- D;k vki fdlh Hkh fd'kksj gsYiykbu ds ckjs esa tkurs gS\\
gk¡ @ ugha
2- ;fn gk¡ rks vkidks irk gS fd gsYiykbu uEcj D;k gS\\
gk¡ @ ugha
3- mu lHkh LokLF; dUs nkz as dh lpw h cuk,a tgk¡ ls ,d fd'kkjs vius LokLF; ds ckjs eas tkudkjh vkjS fd'kkjs LokLF; ls lEcfa /kr mipkj ikz Ir fd;k gks \\ ¼dI` k;k vki u l>q k;½as
& izkFkfed LokLF; dsUnz] & ;qok Dyhfud] & lkeqnkf;d LokLF; dsUnz] & vuqeaMyh; vLirky
;fn igys ls gh ;qok Dyhfud ds ckjs esa mYys[k fd;k x;k gS rks iz'u la[;k 6 u iwNsaA lh/ks iz'u la[;k 7 iwNsaA
4- D;k vkius ;qok Dyhfud ds ckjs esa lquk gS\\
gk¡ @ ugha
5- ;qok Dyhfud dgk¡ mifLFkr gS\\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6- ;qok Dyhfud dk mi;ksx dkSu dj ldrk gS\\ & dsoy yM+ds @ dsoy yM+fd;ka @ nksuksa
7- dksbZ ;qok Dyhfud ls D;k lsok,a ys ldrk gS\\ ¼d`Ik;k vki u lq>k;sa½
dzekad
iz'u
1 iks"k.k
2 ;kSou lEca/kh fpark
3 'kknh iwoZ ijke'kZ
4 ;kSu leL;k]
5 xHkZfujks/kd
6 xHkZikr
7 ;kSu ,oa iztUu lEca/kh ladze.k
8 ekfld /keZ dh leL;kvksa
9 'kjhj esa ykSg rRoksa dh deh ls ,uhfe;k
10 vU; ¼d`Ik;k mYys[k djsaA ½
tkudkjh
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
ijke'kZ
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
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4 Pages 31-40 |
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4.1 Page 31 |
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layXud
31
8- D;k fuEufyf[kr oLrq,sa ;qok Dyhfud ls fu;fer :Ik ls miyC/k vkSj forfjr dh tkrh gaS\\ ¼d`Ik;k vki u lq>k;sa½
dzekad
iz'u
1 vk;ju dh xksyh ¼vkbZ,Q]½
2 xHkZ fujks/kd ¼ fujks/k] ekyk&Mh] ekyk&,u vkSj bZlhih ½
3 lSfuVjh uSifdu
4 vU; ¼d`Ik;k Li"V djsaA ½
9- D;k vkius dHkh fuEufyf[kr lsok]a izkIr dh gSa\\
tkudkjh
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
dzekad
iz'u
laLFkku tgk¡ ls lsok izkIr dh x;h
fo|ky;
vkjksX; fnol
;qok Dyhfud
1 fuEufyf[kr LFkkuksa esa fd'kksj iztUku ,oa ;kSu LokLF; ls lacaf/kr dksbZ
l= vk;ksftr fd;k x;k gS \\
2 D;k vkius ml l= esa Hkkx fy;k \\
3 fdlus ml l= dks lapkyu fd;k \\
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
f'k{kd
fpfdRld
4 D;k vkius dHkh Hkh fuEufyf[kr lsok,sa fdlh Hkh lwphc) laLFkkvksa ls izkIr dh gS \\
4v D;k vkidks dHkh vkbZ,Q] VScysV ¼vk;ju dh xksyh½ izkIr gqvk gSA
gk¡ @ ugha
4c D;k vkidks lSfuVjh uSifdu feyk gSA
gk¡ @ ugha
4l D;k vkius dHkh fdlh Hkh xHkZ fujks/kdksa dks ¼ fujks/k] ekyk&Mh] ekyk&,u
gk¡ @ ugha
vkSj bZlhih½ izkIr fd;k gSA
4n D;k vkius dHkh fd'kksj iztUu ,oa ;kSu LokLF; ij ijke'kZ lsok izkIr dh
gk¡ @ ugha
gSA
4; dksbZ vU; lsok,a ¼lacaf/kr lkeus ds [kkyh txg esa mYys[k djsaA
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
fi;j ,MqdsVj ¼;qok
lkFkh½
gk¡ @ ugha
ijke'kZnkrk
izf'k{kr fpfdRld izf'k{kr
,u ,e
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
;qok usrk ds gLrk{kj
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4.2 Page 32 |
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32
;oq kvkas ds fy, lUnÒZ ifq Lrdk
çi= 4
vkjksX; fnol ij fd'kkjs iztUku ,oa ;kSu LokLF; los k grs q fuxjkuh iiz =
mís';% vkjksX; fnol ij fd'kksj iztUu ,oa ;kSu LokLF; ls lEcaf/kr lsokvksa ,oa lkexzh dh miyC/krk ds ckjs esa tkudkjh ,df=r djukA
mÙkjnkrk% ,,u,e @ vk'kk
dk;Zç.kkyh% fd'kksj @fd'kksfj;ksa] ,,u,e ,oa vk'kk ds lkFk ifjppkZ
ftEesnkjh% ;qok usrk
izkQs kby
lHkh iz'uksa dks dsoy vkdyu ds vk/kkj ij Hkjsa A
;qok usrk dk uke %-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- fnukad%-----------------------------------------------@---------------------------------------------------@2019
mrjnkrk dk uke % ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- mez%------------------------------------------------------- mrjnkrk dk izdkj ---------------------------------------
f'k{kk dk Lrj % ¼fo/kky;@dkWyst@fo/kky; NksM pqdk ½ ----------------------------------------------- mrjnkrk dk eksckby ua0 --------------------------------------------------------
xkWao % ----------------------------------------------- iapk;r % -------------------------------------------------------- iz[k-M % ------------------------------------------------ftyk % ------------------------------------------------
vkjksX; fnol l= LFky % ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- vkaxuckM+h dsUnz la[;k % ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
uksV %& ;fn lewg ppkZ gks rks lHkh mrjnkrk dk uke ihNs fy[ksa ;k vyx ls lwfp layXu djsaA
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4.3 Page 33 |
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layXud
33
vkjksX; fnol dk vkWadyu %
1- vkjksX; fnol l= LFky ij fdrus fd'kksj @fd'kksfj;ka lsok ysus gsrq mifLFkr Fks a\\ fd'kksj---------------------------------------------------- fd'kksfj;ka --------------------------------------------------------------
2- D;k izpkj izlkj dh lkexzh l= LFky ij iznf'kZr Fkh ,oa fuEufyf[kr eqn~nksa ij vk/kkfjr Fkh \\
dzekad
1 Iksk"k.k
2 ;kSu ,oa iztuu LokLF;
3 ekufld LokLF;
4 fyax vk/kkfjr fgalk
5 xSj lapkjh jksx
6 Ekknd inkFkZ dk nq"izHkko
7 vU; ¼mYysf[kr djsa½
3- vkjksX; fnol l= LFky ij dk;Zjr midj.k ,oa lkexzh %&
fo"k;
fLFkfr
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
dzekad
oxZ
1 midj.k
2
3
4
5
6 lkexzh
7
8
9
10
11
midj.k ,oa lkexzh
ÅapkbZ ekius okyk Ldsy
otu e'khu
chih e'khu ¼ jDrpki ekius dk midj.k½
fgeksXyksfcu ¼Hb½ tk¡p midj.k
ijh{k.k gsrq Vscy
VhVh dk lwbZ
vkbZ,Q] & vk;ju dh xksyh
,ycs.Mktksy dh xksyh
xHkZ fujks/kd lk/ku ¼fujks/k] ekyk&Mh] ekyk&,u vkSj bZlhih ½
lSfuVjh uSifdu
xHkkZoLFkk tk¡p fdV
fLFkfr
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
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4.4 Page 34 |
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34
;qokvksa ds fy, lUnÒZ iqfLrdk
4- vkjksX; fnol l= LFky ij fd'kksj @fd'kksfj;ksa dks nh tk jgh lsok,sa %
dzekad
lsok,as
1 vkjksX; fnol l= ds nkSjku fd'kksj @fd'kksfj;ksa ,oa ;qokvksa ds fy, vyx ls dksbZ l= vk;ksftr fd;k x;k FkkA
1-1 ;fn gk¡ rks fdlus l= dk lapkyu fd;k
1-2 fdl fo"k; ij ppkZ gqbZ
1-3 Å¡pkbZ vkSj otu ekik tk jgk FkkA
1- vkbZ,Q] & vk;ju dh xksyh forfjr dh tk jgh Fkh\\
2- VhVh dh lqbZ nh tk jgh Fkh \\
3- lkSfuVjh uSifdu miyC/k djk;k tk jgk Fkk\\
4- xHkZ fujks/kd lk/ku ¼fujks/k] ekyk&Mh] ekyk&]u vkSj bZlhih½ miyC/k djk;k tk jgk Fkk½
5- dksbZ vU; lsok]sa nh tk jgh FkhA ¼d`Ik;k mYys[k djsa½ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
fLFkfr
gk¡ @ ugha
1- ,0,u0,e0
2- vk'kk
3- dksbZ vU; ¼d`Ik;k mYys[k djsa½
---------------------------------------------------------------
1- iks"k.k
2- ,uhfe;k
3- ekfld /keZ ds nkSjku LoPNrk
4- LokLF; ,oa ifjokj fu;kstu
ij ijke'kZ
5- ;kSu ,oa iztuu LokLF;
6- dksbZ vU; ¼d`Ik;k mYys[k djsa½
---------------------------------------------------------------
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
gk¡ @ ugha
5- D;k fd”kksj ,oa fd”kksjh;ka viuh leL;kvksa ds fy, vkjksX; fnol ij ,,u,e@vk”kk ls ckr dj jgs Fks \\
gk¡ @ ugha
6- vxj fd”kksjksa dh leL;kvksa dk vkjksX; fnol ij gy ugha gks jgk gks rks D;k ,,u,e@vk”kk mUgsa fd”kksj vuqdqy LokLF; Dyhfud @
;qok Dyhfud ij jsQj dj jgsa Fks \\
gk¡ @ ugha
;qok usrk ds gLrk{kj
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4.5 Page 35 |
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layXud 2
;oq k usrkvksa ds fy, çf'k{k.k l=
le;
60 feuV
90 feuV
mís';
xfrfof/k
lkexzh
;g l= ;qokvksa dks [kqy dj [kqn l= esa ,d nwljs ls lh[kus dk okrkoj.k pkVZ isij] cksMZ]
dks vfHkO;ä djus esa enn djrk gS rS;kj djuk
cksMZ ekdZj] Ldsp
;qokvksa ds O;fäRo ds ckjs esa vkHkkl
isu
djokrk gS mudh ilan ;k ukilan mez dh bl fo'ks"k vof/k ¼fd'kksjkoLFkk½ dh
ds ckjsa esa tkudkjh nsrk gS
i`"BHkwfe ds lkFk 'kq: djus ds fy, ;qokvksa dks
;g f'k{kd dks muds lkFk tqM+us esa viuk ifjp; nsuk gksxk vkSj vius jksy e‚My
enn djrk gS
dk uke crkuk gksxk A ,d xq.k tks mUgsa vius
i;kZoj.k dks çsj.kknk;d cukrk gS jksy e‚My esa ilan gSA
bl vH;kl ls ;g le>us ds p"s Vk thou ds iM+ko ¼ykbQ dkslZ eSfiax½
pkVZ isij- cksMZ]
dh tkrh gS fd ftl çdkj jkg eas
cksMZ ekdZj]Ldsp
[kMk+ ehy dk iRFkj ;g crkrk gS fd f'k{kd fd'kksjksa dks dks rhu lewg esa cukus isu
vki fdruk py pdq s gaS o fdruh dks dgsaxs A ,d lewg dks 10&14 lky] nwljs
;k=k vHkh ckdh gAS mlh çdkj
lewg dks 15&18 lky vkSj rhljs lewg dks
fd'kkjs koLFkk Hkh O;fä ds thou dk 19&24 lky ds fd'kksjksa ds fy, cuk;k
,d iMk+ o gS tks lMd+ ij yxs ehy tk,xkA
ds iRFkj ds leku vkidks ;g crkrk çR;sd lewg viuh Vhe esa dke djsxk vkSj
gS fd vki thou ds fdl ekMs + ij ml vk;q oxZ ds nkSjku fofHkUu iM+koksa ij
[kMs+ g\\aS ;gk¡ dlS h puq kfS r;ka gaS o ppkZ djsxk vkSj ogka rd igq¡pus ds fy,
D;k lko/kkfu;ka j[kuh g\\aS vki viuh mUgksaus fdu fdu eqíksa dk lkeuk djkA djsaxs
fd'kkjs koLFkk #ih thou ds bl iMk+ o viuh Vhe esa bldh ppkZ djus ds ckn] çR;sd
dks dlS s n[s krs gaS o mldks çkIr djus lewg bls çLrqr djsxk vkSj vU; lewg ds
ds fy, os fdu eíq kas dk lkeuk djrs lkFk ppkZ djsxkA
gAaS
f'k{kd /;ku ns
f'k{kd ckMs Z ij ;oq kvks ds jkys e‚My dk
uke fy[krs jgxas s A
l= ds nkjS ku f'k{kd ;oq kvkas ls iNw xas s fd
mUgas og x.q k D;kas ilna g\\S
l= ds vra eas f'k{kd mu x.q kkas dks l{a kis eas
çLrrq djxas s ftUgas O;fä;kas us crk;k gS vkjS
;g fu"d"kZ fudkyxas s fd ;s Hkh ,ls s x.q k gaS
tks ,d ;oq k urs k ds ikl gks ldrs gaS
vkidks D;k yxrk gS vxj ,slk blls
igys gqvk gksrk \\ bldk ;qokvksa dh
ftUnxh esa D;k eryc gksrk \\ mlds
ifjokj ds fy,\\ mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij &
ukSdjh ikus ls igys cPps gksus tSlh phtksa
dk ØeA
D;k ^lkekU;^ vkSj ^vkn'kZ^ le;lhek ds
chp varj gS\\
;fn gka] rks ;g D;ksa gS\\
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4.6 Page 36 |
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36
;qokvksa ds fy, lUnÒZ iqfLrdk
90 feuV
90 feuV
90 feuV
leqnk; ds okLrfod thou dh
fLFkfr ls dk;Z'kkyk ds mn~ns';
dks lEcaf/kr djuk vkSj mldh
vko';Drk dks crkukA
fd'kksjkoLFkk esa cnyko] HkkoukRed
,oa ekufld LokLF;] ySafxd
lekurk] ikjLifjd laca/k] iks"kd
vkgkj] LokLF; ,oa LoPNrk] xSj
lapkjh jksxksa ¼,u- lh- Mh-½ dh
jksdFkke] ekæd æO;ksa ds lsou dh
jksdFkke] fgalk ds f[kykQ lqj{kk]
ewY; vk/kkfjr f'k{kk] baVjusV vkSj
lks'ky ehfM;k dk lqjf{kr mi;ksx]
;kSu ,oa iztuu LokLF; ds eqn~ns ij
izfrHkkfx;ksa ds n`f"Vdks.k ,oa jk; dks
le>ukA
vkjds,lds ds mís'; dks le>uk
vkj-ds-,l-ds- rgr j.kuhfr;ksa vkSj
lsokvksa dks le>uk
leL;k o`{k ¼ç‚Cye Vªh½
pkVZ isij- cksMZ]
cksMZ ekdZj]Ldsp
11 lewg cuk,a ¼çR;sd lewg esa U;wure 3½ vkSj isu
mUgsa 11 fo"k;xr {ks=ksa ds vk/kkj ij leL;kvksa
ds lkFk çnku fd;k tk,xk% fd'kksjkoLFkk
esa cnyko] HkkoukRed ,oa ekufld LokLF;]
ySafxd lekurk] ikjLifjd laca/k] iks"kd
vkgkj] LokLF; ,oa LoPNrk] xSj lapkjh jksxksa
¼,ulhMh½ dh jksdFkke] ekæd æO;ksa ds lsou
dh jksdFkke] fgalk ds f[kykQ lqj{kk] ewY;
vk/kkfjr f'k{kk] baVjusV vkSj lks'ky ehfM;k
dk lqjf{kr mi;ksx] ;kSu vkSj çtuu LokLF;A
çR;sd lewg dks 11 dsl v/;;u çnku fd,
tk,axs vkSj çR;sd lewg dks leL;k ds dkj.kksa
vkSj ifj.kkeksa ds lkFk vkuk gksxkA
uksV% ruk ¾ leL;k; tM+ ¾ leL;k dh tM+
; 'kk[kk ¾ leL;k dk çHkkoA
lewg dks viuh leL;k o`{k dks iwjk djuk
gksxkA viuh Vhe esa bldh ppkZ djus ds ckn]
çR;sd lewg bls çLrqr djsxk vkSj vU; lewg
ds lkFk ppkZ djsxkA
vkjds,lds ls ifjp;
ih-ih-Vh] çkstsDVj
vkSj LØhu
f'k{kd fd'kksjksa ds fy, miyC/k lsokvksa ij ,d ih-ih-Vh] çkstsDVj
çLrqfr nsaxs
vkSj LØhu
f'k{kd gj ,d xzqi ls iwNsaxs
;qok usrk bu leL;k;ksa dks dSls gy dj
ldrk gS gks tkus ij] ;qok usrk bls vU;
lewgksa dks çLrqr djsaxsA
f'k{kd dks fuEufyf[kr ckrksa ij tksj nsuk
gS %
gj leL;k dh ,d tM+ ugha gSA
gj leL;k fd'kksjksa dks ekufld]
HkkoukRed vkSj 'kkjkfjd rkSj ls detksj
cukrh gS vkSj muds fodkl dk eqík curh
gS A
QSflfyVsVj vkj-ds-,l-ds vkSj blds mís'; dks
vafre xfrfof/k ls lk>k dh xbZ leL;kvksa vkSj
lek/kku ls tksM+ nsxkA
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layXud
37
90 feuV
usrk dh fo'ks"krk dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk
lsokvksa dh csgrj xq.koÙkk dh iSjoh djus
esa laHkkfor Hkwfedk
çfrHkkfx;ksa dks 6 lewgksa esa foHkkftr djsa vkSj v[kckj] fLVdh
,d ;qok usrk vkSj bldh fo'ks"krk ds lkFk uksV~l] jaxhu
fMtkbu ;k fuekZ.k djus ds fy, dgsaA
isij] Ldsp isu]
fQj çR;sd lewg dks nwljs lewg dks çLrqr pkVZisij] dSaph]
djus ds fy, 2 feuV nsaA
çkstsDVj vkSj
LØhu
var esa] usr`Ro ij nks NksVh fQYesa fn[kk,a vkSj
ckrphr djsa %
hƩps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JR8i9p-
3pcPg
hƩps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mWZ-
6b_I-Djg
90 feuV LokLF; lsokvksa dh leqnk; vk/kkfjr
fuxjkuh dks le>uk
90 feuV fuxjkuh midj.k vkSj tk¡pdrkZvksa ij
tkudkjh nsuk
;qok usrk dh fo'ks"krk ij ckrphr ds ckn]
muds fy, cukbZ xbZ lsokvksa dk vkdyu djus
ds fy, ;qok usrk dh Hkwfedk ij çLrqfr nsa A
f'k{kd LokLF; lsokvksa dh fuxjkuh vkSj blds çkstsDVj vkSj
egRo ij leqnk; ds ;qok usrkvksa dks f'kf{kr LØhu
djsaxs A f'k{kd leqnk; esa yk, x, ldkjkRed
cnyko dks Hkh lk>k djsxkA
f'k{kd ;qok usrkvks dks çi= ds ckjs esa
tkudkjh nsaxs %
çi= dks mís'; D;k gS vkSj
mldk bLrseky dSls djuk gksxk]
çkstsDVj vkSj
LØhu
f'k{kd cksMZ ij ;qok usrk vkSj bldh
fo'ks"krk dks fy[krs jgsaxsA
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4.8 Page 38 |
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38
;oq kvkas ds fy, lUnÒZ ifq Lrdk
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4.9 Page 39 |
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4.10 Page 40 |
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40
;oq kvksa ds fy, lUnÒZ iqfLrdk
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