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Focus 1991 January - March |
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Bulletin of Family Planning. Foundation Vol. v. No.1 Jan.-March, 1991
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Rajiv Gandhi's · oncern for Fa~ily Planning
How deeply concerned
Mr. Rajiv Gandhi was. about
the need and importance of
family planning in India, is
brought out in the last inter-
view of his life. Talking to
Barbara Crosette of the New
York Times just minutes
'before he died, Mr. Gandhi
• argued that family planning
, was "very much a non-starter"
, in :Yndh. "We need education
• for the woman, the girl child.
, We need a good job for every-
, body. We need child and
! maternal health care. And we
: need overall economlc growth.
The government must act so
that the result is family plan-
ning, which would follow these
things."
Alongside we reproduce a
le.tter written by much mourn- Shri J. R.D. Tata
ed former Prime Minister to Bombay House
the chairman of the Family Fort,Bombay-40000
1
Planning Foundation.
New DelhI
June 14, 1988
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Highlights of '91 Headcount
Census Puts India1s Population at 84.39 Crore
The population of India has gone up by 161 million since
1981 even as the decennial growth rate fell by 1.16 per cent.
Literacy has increased by 8.55 per cent while the sex ratio has
declined to 929 females for 1000 males.
According to the Registrar General and Census Commis-
sioner, Mr. Amulya Ratna Nanda, who released the provisional
figures of the 1991 census, India has added 10 Australias to its
population in the 1981-1991decade.
In absolute terms, the Cen-
sus, the fifth since Independ-
ence, PUits the provisional
population figur,e at 843,930,861.
This includes the projeoted
population of Jammu and
Kashmir w'heI1e enumeration
uld I'C' not be held.
Since the last census in 1981,
the popul-ation had grown by
160,601,764 or 23.50 per cent.
The avevag,eexponential growth
ra te has decreased froin 2.22
per cent dUJring1971-81 to 2.11
percent in the 1981-91 decade.
Population density rose from
216 persons per sq.km. to 267
per sq.km.-:m i,n<:rease of 51
persons per sq.km. It was the
highest in West Bengal follow-
ed by K!erala. Among the
Union Territories, Delhi has
highes1t number of persons per
sq.km. followed by Chandigarh.
The number of literates
above Ithe age of seven has gone
up by 8.55 per cent from 43.56
per -cent in 1981 to 52.11 per
cent in 1991. Correspondingly,
the male literacy is up by 7.49
per ",ent and thai for femaLes
9.67 per cent. The most lite-
rate State is Kerala where 91
per cent of the people could
read or write in at Least one
language. Bihar had the lowest
literacy at 38.54 per cent.
As revealed by the 1991 cen-
sus' provisional figures, the
sex raltio continued to fall.
Apart from being adverse to
women, the slight improvement
noticed in the 1981 census has
not been maintained. In fad,
it has fallen further by five
points from 934 in 1981 to 929
in 1991.
According to the Census
Commissioner while the final
figures of the '91 Census would
be available only by the mid-
dle of 1992, detailed cross tabu-
lations would also be conduct-
ed a year or two later. Thes,e
will include religious and
linguistic breakdown of the
population.
Incidentally, the provisional
census figures fell short of the
projections made by the United
Nations and the World Bank.
However, these were close to
,those projected by the com-
mittee of experts appointed. by
the Planning Commission.
DISTRffiUTION OF POPULATION, SEX RATIO AND
LITEItACY RATE
Sex Ratio
1981 1991
Literacy rate
1981 1991
India
843;930,861
States
Andhra Pradesh 66,304,854
Assam
22,294,562
Bihar
86,338,853
Guja-rat
41,174,060
Haryana
16,317,715
Jammu & Kashmir * 7,718,700
Karnataka
44,817,398
Kerala
29,011,237
Madhya Pradesh 66,135,862
Maharashtra
78,706,719
Orissa
31,512,070
Punjab
20,190,795
Rajasthan
43,880,6iO
Tamil Nadu
55,638,318
Uttar Pradesh
138,760,417
West Bengal
67,982,732
975
910
946
942
870
892
963
1032
941
937
981
879
919
977
885
911
929
972
925
912
936
874
923
960
104d
932
936
972
888
913
972
882
917
32.03
52.21
43.85
32.68
46.20
81.56
34.22
55.83
40.96
48.12
30.09
54.38
33.33
48.64
45.11
53.42
38.54
60.91
55.33
55.98
90.59
43.45
63.05
48.55
57.14
38.81
63.72
41.71
57.72
Note:
(1) The figures for Jammu & Kashmir are only estimates
(2) The literacy rates for all persons refer to the population
above seven years of age
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CONCERN OVER DECLINE
IN SEX RATIO
Padicipants at a seminar on
'The 1991 census 'Jf India:
Methodology and implications
of the first re:mlts' '2xpressed
concern over the consistent
decline in 'sex ratio. The
seminar was organised at New
Delhi by the population re-
search centre of the Institute
Decadal variation Change in Average annual
(%)
growth rate growth rate ( o/c )
1971-81 1981-91
1971-81 1981°_91
of Economic Growth.
Initia ting the discussion, the
India
Andhra
23.50 -1.16
2.22
2.11
Census Commissioner, Mr. A. R.
Nan~a, highlighted the s!h'arp
fall In sex ratio in some vil-
lag.es of BiJhar. This he aJttri-
buted to the rev,erse migration
of labourers, especially since
Pradesh
Ass~mi
Bihar
Gujarat
Haryana
Jammu and
23.10
23.36
24.06
27.67
28.75
23.82 +0.72
2.10
23.58 +0.22
2.12
23.49 -0.57
2.17
20.80 -6.87
2.46
26.28 -2.47
2.55
2.14
2.12
2.11
1.89
2.33
tthe Itime of head count coincid-
ed with Holi celebrations.
Kashmir *
Karnataka
29.69
26.75
28.92 -0.77
2.58
20.69 -6.06
2.39
2.58
1.88
He did not rule out the··pos-
Kerala
19.24
13.98 -5.26
1.77
1.31
sibili~y ~f .the Gulf refugees
Madhya
contnbutIng to this pheno-
Pradesh
25.27
26.75 +1.48
2.27
2.37
menon. He, however, wondered
Maharashtra 24.54
25.36 +0.82
2.21
2.26
W1hether a f.actor like migra-
Nagaland
50.05
56.86 +6.81
4.09
4.50
tion alone could contribute to
Orissa
20.17
19.50 -0.67
1.85
1.78
such a decline. The ratio had
Punjab
23.89
20.26 -3.63
2.16
1.85
declin~d . to 1,000:929. from
Rajasthan
32.97
28.07 -4.90
2.87
2.47
1,000:934 c'. decade a>,"1.O
Tamil Nadu 17.50
14.94 -2.56
1.63
1.39
Prof. Mahendra K. Premi,
Uttar Pradesh 25.49
25.16 " -0.33
2.29
2.24
Professor of Demography art
West Bengal 23.17
24.55 +1.38
2.10
2.20
JNU, said there could be four
,~Estimated
reasons for the decline in sex
ra tio with time. These could
be a higher emigra,tiolIl of fe- that demograplhic analysis
males 1:han males or a larger should take into account seve-
immigration of males. The sex ral other fa,ctors and added
ra tio at birth was becoming that projectiOin:S should be
more favourable to males than , made in terms of months.
progress :and said that this w.as
a process of social evolution
that was bound rto take place
with time.
that in the past.
It was wrong to assert that
Two other reasons he assiglIl- the status of women had de-
ed to ,this trend were that fe- clined simply on ac,count of
male mortality was higher than the sex r,atio decline. He
male mortality and that this
differential had increased
instead of narrowing down and
further 1!ha,tthere had been a
said family planning had failed
to adhieve its desired objective
and with the low.literacy ra1te,
it would be extremely diffkul t
Bombay wi.t'h 12.6 million
population recorded in the
'91 census emerges as the
greater undercount of the
female in ,the ourrent census
than in the previous one.
'
~he well-known demo-
grapher, Prof Ashi'Sh Bose, of
JNU called upon the par.ti-
cipants to 'confront 1:Jhef.acts
and figures, rather than pro-
to expec:t it to succeed.
Dr. Rustom P. Soonawalla,
Bombay-based gynaecologist,
apprised the gathering of the
intrica'cies of the medical
science and its role in popu-
lation control. He disagreed
on the point that birth con-
most populous city in India.
followed by Calcutta with
10.9 million and Delhi with
8.4 million. In 1981 the
respective populations of
these three cities were: 8.2
million. 9.2 million and 5.7
million.
ject them, otherwise. He felt trol methods had made Iittle
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CENSUS 1991
.
<.
~7~~
Male
511111~D~E~CE~N~Nr.'A~L~~~1 2A
GROWTH (1981-91)
23
Absolute: 160,601,764
DPOENPSUILTAOYTFION
267 -per sq km
~22
21
Percentage: 23.50
'1111•• 1 11.
7'1"1
SEX
RATIO
LITERACY
RATE
52.11°k
Male·
63.86%
•...".;~
:~~.
...-..;;,
...•.
406,332,932
Tf).:
Female
,
Female
- 39.42%
...",
WORLD POPULATION 1990-91
30.7
'OTHERS
12.1
AFRICA
8.4
EUROPE
21.6
CHINA
16.0
~DIA'
5.5
USSR
4.7
USA
.
.
TRENDS IN SEX RATIO
g:) •~••~~I~~·ll.!I!i·!!:;I!i:;!:':j;::::~::: : : ,: .:,: :.).; :.;::::::~::~N::;:~:::y;:::·::::::: .. '
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(,
i~lil\\\\%!w!\\!I.,i."e:'f ,.:.•i.:,•i.•;.•.i,.:.. i~,iif.~~~"ltl Ei;::.i::,:;t
..' ." '(:(:> ", .... :.'.i.;. ,,.!.I'.•,'•.!. ·.:.! i..·.i ,I[,.i..,I.,·.•,.:'.,:•;:.:,.:::..'.,.I.:,,.,::.·..·:.:. :i.:•.,.:.:.•.i,::,:.. ·.!.;.·.,.f•..i•.'I,.·.:.•.~•,.I.,l.;.•:..:•[.:.•,i,i,il,.:,!..:.j ·,t.:.1.:,; •.
Acknowledgments
Pictograph on top 0/
this page is by
courtesy "Business &
Political Observer."
Other visuals on
pages 4 and 5 are by
courtesy "Economic
Times".
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Census 1991 : selected data on women
Has MOH Programme Failed?
Perhaps the most disquieting
feature of the 1991 census is
the unexpected decline in the
sex .ra1tio (number of f'emales
per 1,000 males). In 1981, the
Government quickly claimed
that the increase in the sex
ratio from 930 in 1971 to 934
in 1981 was because of the im-
pact of the MCH (mother and
child health) programme. Now
we are confronted with a
figure of 929, indicating a five
point decline in the last de-
cade,a figure whkh is even
lower ,than the figure in 1971.
Has our MeH p:mgramme
failed along with the family
planning programme?
Another shocking figure
revealed by the 1991 Census
relates to the litera,cy rate.
The ov'erall literacy rate in
1991 is 52.1 per cent; it is 63.9
per cent for males and 39.4 per
cent for females. The number
of illiterate p,ersons has increas-
ed from 302- million in 1981 to
324 million in 1991.
:~~~
.:::
Andhra Pradesh :::-
:i!-
~I:illlll~i-~
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---------_I£JI!IJ!I! ••;••
Family Planning the Organised Sector
for New Strategies
and global appl'oa,ch hitherto
being followed. One of the
A datlong N~ltional Sym!JOsium was held under the auspices
of the Family Planmng FoundatiOn in New Delhi on March 26. 1991
as a ques~ for new strategies to give a boost to family welfare pro-
grammes In the organised sector. Prominent persons which included
leaders of industry, representatives of Chambers of Commerce and
~ndustry: trade un~ons, m.anagement experts, public health specialists,
mte.rnatlOnal agencies, actzvists working in the field, worker-educators,
semOr government officials and others associated with the movement
made a lively contribution to the deliberations of the symposium which
resulted in drawing the outlines of a plan of action concerning
different agencies.
~os.t important of thes,e speci-
fIC groups should be the work'
f~rce employed in the orga-
msed sector. Mr. Tata ;remind-
ed Itlhat_the labour force con-
stitUited as much as 11 per
ceIlJ1o;f the national population,
which irt w,as necessary to sen-
sitise to the implications of the
high fertility rate in India.
He said tha't there were a large
number of family planning
Hard Look at Old Strategies
Introducing the sympooium
theme. the E~ecutive Director
of '1;JheFounda'tion, Mr. Harish
Khanna, poiJnted out Jthart;the
country was at a crucial junc-
ture in terms of population
planning since a great deal of
anxielj;y about the slow reduc-
done well in family planning,
with other units, E'O t!laJt les-
sons ,could be learnt for better
implementation of the pro-
gramme as .a whole.
Mr. J. R. D. Tata, Chairman
of the FPF, who was to in-
auguraJte the Symposium could
not be present in person. How-
~rogrammes of varying des<:rip-
~lOns and magnitude operating
In Ij;he industrial field. But
somehow, many of these la'cked
direction and colhesinn. The
healtlh pJ:'ogrammes often did
nOitcomprehend family welfare
as an essential part.
Infuse New Dynamism
tion of fertility and birth ever, his inaugural speech " Mr. Tata said, support to.
rate has come to the surface wlhich was circulated made f:1I'ii';y welfare mu:t be seen as
and old Istrategies were being some v,ery significant points a vital factor for steady im-
questioned. He said 225 mil- on the subject.
provement . in productivity,
lion Indians are members of Lest Our Dreams Disll.ppea.r
the massive labour force, 60' to
which was iJntimaltely linked
to the imp:l'Ov,edhealth and
80 percent of which are in the Mr. Tatta described popu- happiness of the workers, the
reproductive age group. Their lation excess as the core prob- e<:onomic stabiHty of the
a,cceptance or rejection of the lem hindering the sodal and family and freedom from the
small family :norm is of great economic progress of I!ndia. He burden of anxiety to Whioh the
,concern to the country as a said, "If India's prosperity has head of an ov,erpopu}.altedhouse-
Whole.
to be ensured, for whiCh we hold was subjected. There was
Mr. Klhannaexplained that have the basic wherewithals of sufficient evidence to. prove
the FPF fUJndeddemonstration skilled manpower, natural that invesltment in heaHhand
projects, togetlher with regional resources, technology, etc. ways family welfare yielded ri'ch
Workshops and pilot training and means can surely be found dividendiSin rrerms of collective
programmes organised by the without any loss of time to success and financial gains to
Foundation as a part of the give s,tability to tihe family as a <:ompany. In the conte:lC1o:f
USAID/En'terprise Programme well as the country's population the proven fa,cts, Mr. Tata
assistance had led to the final probl,em. Without t'bat our wondered whyrthis useful pro-
stage of holding this national d:reamsmight disappear in the gramme had not acquir,ed the
Symposium whi,ch was intend- qukk sands of recurrent social desired momentum or forward
ed to come up with an Agenda and economic crisis".
thrust. He urged ,the parti-
for Action for the Foundation
Continuing, Mr. Tata said cipants of 1;iheSymposium to
and other concerned a'gendes that Ithere was a growing real- probe into this question.
in tlhe organised se<:tor. He isabon Ithalj;to ensure success Mr. Talta said that in his
said one vital aspect of the of the national family welf.aTe opinion, the problem had to
Symposium will be sharing of programme, we should adopt be tackled through a culture of
experience of different indus- an approach aimed at specific understanding people's aspira-
trial enterprises which had groups ore,placing the omnibus tions, and cooperartion amongst
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Mr. Harish Khanna,
Executive Director of
the Family Planning
Foundation, welcoming
the participants. On
the dais from left to
right.' Mr. D. L.
Khanna, 1.L.0., Bang-
~kok, Mr. A.
Majumdar, President
ASSOCHAM,
Dr. Bharat Ram,
Vice-Chairman of
FPF, and Mr. S. S.
Kanwar, President
PHDC.
all sections, the management, ta'tives of smdl industries get tion should be broad b'lsed,
the workers, the trade unions together to work out some drawing intn its fold workers
and other agencies working in practical strategies.
. at all levels, and family plan-
the field. He said apathy and Dr. Biharat Ram laid em- ning should get priority in
cymclsm should be avoided, phasis on the involvement of corparate budget.
howsoever formidable the task organised labour unions. He Mr. S. S. Kanwar, President,
might be, s::>,that family wel- [,dded thart family planning PHDe, said family welfare
fare programme in the orga- should be made one of the im- should be made an integral
nised sector was infused with pClI'tant functions of the ESTC. p1l.rtof corporate planning and ,
the sense of a new dynamism.
Mr. A. Majumdar, President managements should no,minate
of ASSOCHAM expressed the a senior offi,cer as a focal point
Our N~tional Res!lol!sibHlty
view that family planning acti- in each uni,t. There should be
The key note address was v~ties should be more broad-
delivered by the F'ederation based to include educUition for
Vice-Chairman, Dr. Bharat women and youth, creaJtion of
R9.m who at the very oUJtset employment opportunities, im-
eulogised Mr. Tata's pioneering provement of sanitation and
role and his sustained endea- water supply etc. Such acti-
vour to promote family plan- vi'ties will have a strong bear-
ning
in
the
country. ing on the health and family
Dr. Bharat Ram highlighted welfare pI'Ogramme 'UiSa whole
the fact that even after leading to desired beihavioural
50 years, family planning had changes. He said ad hoc ap-
not been accepted as a naltional proaches should be avoided and
responsibility by the organised strong linkag,es with like-mind-
sector as a whole. While larger ed voluntary agendes should
industrid enterpri,ses could be worked out to secure larger
have independent plans of a'c- impact.
annual budget, target setting
and evaluartion. He suggested
that small and medium enter-
prises could form family wel-
fare cooperatives and set up
advisory cells within their orga-
nisation for general guidance
and counselling. Chambers of
Commerce should open special
cells to help medium and small
industries. He also advocated
involvement O'f union leaders
in all group aotivilties.
Mr. Frem P,andhi, Director
Emeritus, International Man-
agement InsHtute, wondered
tion and hav,e the ability to
wthy the industry was shy of
implement them, one had to Priority in Corporate Planning larger efforts, knowing fully
find ways and means of in- Commenting on the specific well thart rthe benefits of a suc-
volving medi'um and small steps to be followed by the cessful family planning pro-
enterprises to effectively con- organised sector, Mr. Majum- g.ramme ,are extremely reward-
tribute to the programme. He dar said Ithere must be sys1te- ing.
S9.idit was imperative that the matic planning and coordina- Issues and Possibilities
government, the Family Plan- tion among various facets of Mr. D. L. Khanna, Chief,
ning Foundation and represen- the programme. The participa- Labour and Population Team
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£01' Asia and the Pacific of the tary agencies which on their
Dr. S. C. Bhatia, Director.
International Labour Organisa- own do n0't have the resources Department of Adult. Conti-
tion, Bangkok discussed at to undertake a speci£i: nuing Education and Extension
length ithe issues and possibili- programme.
of Delhi University, advocated
ties of fam.ily w·elfare in the
Mr. Vikram Diesh. a youth thalt LE.C. planning should
organised sector. He pleaded activist, emphasised that con- start from local level extending
tha t family planning in the centration on youth was absn- upwards so that IEC activities
organised sector must be put lutely essential to generate a become meaningful to small
in a good package of labour powerful popular movement. targe't groups.
welfare beyond legal require- He urged 'that all activists in Supporting ,this appro-ach
ments as, otherwise, f.amily the field of family planning, Mrs. Tara Sinha, Adveptising
planning would remain a whether official or non-official, Specialist, said the work of
routine, indiff.erent activity, should address themselves di- IEC personnel should be geared
yielding lackadaisical resuLts. rectly to ,the youth of the coun- to loca1 conditions.
Mr. ~haiI1na laid great em- try to bring about the desired
Dr. Sornnath Roy, former
phasis on the quality of ser- behavioural changes.
Dire::tor NIHFW, advocated
vices as an essential pre-condi- Mrs. Bilkees Latif, Member, mobilisation of youth forces to
tion for Ithe sue-cess of the pro- Gov-erning Board of -the FPF, bring about the desired social
gramme. He said the scheme speaking from iher own experi- changes.
of incentives which is generally ence of field work, said she While Mrs. Rami Chhabra
restricted Ita some cash pay- feH convinced that concentrat- pleaded for a judicious mix of
mentin India should be suilt- ed work among the youth m::lSSmedia and local commu-
ably modified to include a would yield lasting results.
nication activities, Dr. Shanti
package of benefits whicil Mr. JaLaluddin Ahmed. Ad- Ghosh laid empha'sis on the
could ensure acceptance of the visor, Labour and Popula'tion, choice of local media and the
small family norm.
LL.O., New DeLhi, explaining local idiom for effective com-
There was a brief but getne- the rationale of industry-pro- munication with the masses.
ral discussion on incentives
following Mr. Khanna's pre-
sentation. 'Dhe participants
generally favoured a close hard
look at the present system of
incentives.
Shtus of Family Welfare
Dr. J. K. Satia, Prof.essor,
Indian Institute of Manage-
ment, Ahmedabad presenting
his pOlsition,paper on sta,tus of
family welfare in the organised
sector advocated development
of prlOgrammes on the basis of
work setting and income levels
to achieve maximum results in
the next 5-6 years, bOlthiiI1the
organised and unorganised
sectors.
moted family welfare pro-
gramme, cited instances from
variouscourrtries of the world
to show1:lhat family welfare"
pP0'grammes lead to all-round
improvement in productivity.
He, therefore, pleaded that in-
dustry must acoept family wel-
fare as a mandatory activity.
Identification of Effective
Strategies
Chairing the afternoon ses-
sion, Dr. Harcharan Singh, Con-
sultant, WHO, Nepal, emphasls-
ed that what wa,s needed was
concrete plans of action based
on effective stra1tegies so tha't
the best results could be
achieved in the q1i~ickestpoSSI-
ble time. Towards this end, he
Ttheexperiences gathered by
several successful units and
agencies were also presented at
the symposium. Presenting the
highly successful family wel-
fare programme carried out by
ESCORTS Ltd., Dr. M. L. Gupta
pointed OUlt that their pro-
gramme had reached a level
where there was a spontaneous
demand for s-ervices not only
from the employees and their
families but also frQm people
in the peripheral areas.
Mr. D. K. Dey presenting the
family planning programme at
TISCO, Jamshedpur, observed
that integrated social develop-
ment programmes .were the
key to the success of family
J
Cooperation with Voluntary urged upon the participants to planning.
Agencies
get down to the task of identI- Dr. Sulochana Nair presented
Dr. Saroj Pachauri, Pro-
gramme officer, the Ford Foun-
dation, suggested the setJting
up of intermediary org,anisa-
tions for specific groups. These
organisations may cover a large
number of small voluntary
agencies to provide back-up
support to a cluster of volun-
fication of effective st~a:tegles
to be followed by the organised
sector.
Dr. B. Dayal from ESIC des-
cribed at length the facimies
and services offered by the
ESIC in furthering the cause of
family welfare among indus-
trial workers.
the success story of UP ASI
(United Planters Association
of SQuthern India) highlighting
innovative schemes and ap-
proaches. She said wherever
health and family welfare pro-
grammes could be adapted to
local conditions, the resuHs
were invariably better.
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Mrs. Sudha Tewari Manaa-
lng Director. Pariv~r Se;a
Sanstha. recalling her experi-
ence of a FPF-sponsored pro- 1. There should be a sense of 6. Medium and small indus-
ject at Okhla (Delhi), endorsed
involvement at all levels of
tries who cannot have an
the view that family planning
management as also free
independent set-up, should
had a chance to succeed, only
and frank participation by
establish family welfare
as paI1t of a total welfare pack-
employers, employees, their
cooperatives pooling their
age in tune with area specific
families and labour leaders.
resources. Each industry
approa;ches.
2. Family planning should be
may set up an Advisory
Mr. O. P. Bhasin, Programme
Officer FPF. elaborating on the
demonstration projects of the
Foundation observed that un-
less employers and managers
in industries were convinced of
the significance of their role,
full support from them might
not be forthcoming. He al'SO
advocated a cluster approaCh
promoted as a package of
larger labour welfare pro-
grammes and may even be
extended to peripheral
areas and communities
particularly those from
which most of the workers
come.
3. Motivation effort must be
backed not only by good
for medium and small
and adequate services but
industries.
also by litera,cy and health
prograglmes.
Dr. Don F. Pugliese, the 4. Each Chamber of Commerce
- South-East Asia· Director of the
should establish a· special
Enterprise Programme, explain-
Family Welfare cell under
ed the wide range of activities
a senior official to coordi-
of their programme funded by
nate and monitor F.W. acti-
USAID which was operating in
30 countries through 85 pro-
jects, six of them being in
India.
vities among its constituent
members and also advise
and guide medium and
small industries.
The
Cell within the unit to co-
ordinate its adivities with
the Chamber of Commerce,
the proposed cooperatives
and voluntary agencies
opera.ting in the area.
7. Industries should build up
strong linkages wi,th volun-
tary agencies who can do
net-working among them-
selves in a particular area
and coordinate their acti-
vities.
8. Youth should be fully In-
volved in carrying out in-
dUSi~ry-sponsored welfare
programmes in the field.
9. Special efforts need be
mounted to build up
bridges of trust and con-
'\\ fidence between trade
union leaders and manage-
The role and attitudes of
Chambers should further
ments to further the cause
trade unions in relation to fa-
help develop policies and
of family welfare among
mily planning was presented
strategies to suit specific
workers.
by Prof. J. S. Sodhi of Shriram
needs of different establish- 10. Urban slums contributing
Centre for Industrial Relations
ments.
a large chunk of l'abour-
and Human Resources while 5. F'amily planning should get
force, especially female
Mr. J·amuna Prasad Dixit, a
appropriate priority in the
labour, need special atten-
senior labour leader from Kan-
budget and planning of big
tion of the Industry insofar
pur, pleaded tha;t unless trade
industrial establishments
as provision of health, fa-
unions are l1;aken into confi-
who should build coope-
mily welf'are and MCH ser-
dence by the management, a
rative linkages with like-
vices are concerned.
truly harmonious programme
minded voluntary agencIes. 11. Each big industrial unit
cannot be built up.
They should nominate a
should undertake socio-
In the discussion that ensu-
senior person to act as focal
logical analYsis of work
ed on Identification of Effec-
POInt in each unit, involve
settings, family settings
tive Strategies to be followed
trade union leaders in de-
and neighboul"hood set-
by the organised sector,
signing and implementing
tings for developing appro-
Dr. J. P. Gupta, Director
their activities, undertake
priate lEC approaches and
NIHFW, Dr. N. Hamsa of the
welfare schemes to include
choosing affective tech-
All India Organisation of Em-
ployers, Dr. Devendra Kothari
of the Society for Indian Insti-
educ3.tion for women and
niques.
youth, creation of employ- 12. Incentives should be woven
mentopportunities,
im-
into wider labour welfare
tute of Health Management
Research, Jaipur and Prof. M.K.
provement of sanitation
and water supply etc. They
schemes. Till new incen-
tive schemes are formu-
Premi of the Indian Association
for the Study of Population,
made significant contributions.
should also oUer their ex-
pertise to the smaller indus-
tries in their areal>.
lated, care should be taken
to give incentives to the
right people at right places.
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10 Page 10 |
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Environmental Orientation to
School Education
ENVIRONMENTAL
Environment Awareness
Campaign
'Dhe "environmental orienta-
tion to school education" is
expected to ge t Rs. 60 crore
during 'the 8th Plan, a sum at
least 12 times more than the
amount spent during the three
years of the existence of the
scheme which was introduced
in 1988-89.
So far,aoout Rs. 5 crore has
been spent and about 15,000
BRIEFS
depletion whereas for the deve-
loping world the key issues
related to human development.
- The Hindu, March 21, 19<,,1
World Bank Concern
World Bank Chief, Mr. Bar-
ber B. Conables, wants the
funding agency to act as an
An intensive national en-
vironment campaign is to be
launched soon over Doordar-
shan and All India Radio.
According to official sources,
more than 4,000 stories on
environment have been enlist-
edand given to producers of
all the Doordarshan Kendras
to be filmed and telecast.
schools oovered under the environment agency also to These stories relate to women
scheme aimed at harmonising fulfil its mission of reducing and environment, wasteland
educational programmes in the poverty.
.
development, pollution control
schools with the local environ-
Addressing a conference Clnd several other aspects of
ment by inculcating environ- recently in London, he accept- preserving and protecting the
mental awareness in students ed that some of the projects environment.
and teachers.
The scheme is based on the
perception that a compact area
having a uniform eoo-system
would have similar environ-
mental concerns and, therefore,
such an area could' fonn the
unit f.or designiIigone set of
that the World Bank had fund-
ed in the past had contributed
to environmental problems.
"But, in recent years,. we have
greatly intensified efforts to
make environmental conser:-
vation part of our development
mission he said.
Non-governmental organisa-
iions have been identified all
over the country to give sub-
stantial support to <the electro-
nic media in producing the
stories.
-'- Business & Political Obser"er,
.
March 11. 1991
programmes -forb implementa-
tion by the sChools and the
- Financial Ex:press, March 23, 1991
community:'inthat'area.
- iitiSi"'ness c! Political Observer.
-
·n -"'-January
17t991
Meet on; 'EilVironment··' .-"
Two New Contraceptives Approved
"
NON·HORMONAL PILL
NORPLANT
Technologies -
Centchroman,a
new non- The Ministry of Health and
A 3-day national summit on honnonal oral contraceptive Family Welfare, it is learnt,
technologies for environmen- pill, developed by the Central has given its clearance to intro-
tally' sustainable development Drug Researoh Instttute, Luck- duction of NORPLANT, the
was held in New Delhi from now wa.s launched on February subdermal contraceptive im-
March 21, 1991.
17, 1991 for commercial mar- plunt, developed by the Popu-
Sponsored by the UNDP and keting by the public sector lation Council of New York.
organised by Development Hindustan Latex.
NORPLANT consists of six
Alterna ti ves and th~ Irtdian
Institute- of Technology, New
Delhi, the 'meet brought toge-
ther over a hundred active non-
governmental organisations as
well as concerned government
bodies.
The launching of the drug
under the two trade names,
Saheli and Choice-7, marked
the 40th foundation day cele-
brations of the prestigious
CDRI.
silicon rubber capsules, each
the size' hf a match-stick. These
are inser,ted under the skin of
a woman's upper arm, where
they slowly release the hor-
mone levonorgestral. The me-
thod works for upto five years,
The deliberations of the meet
The CDRI Director Dr. B. N. has a one year effectiveness
are intended to provide mean- Dhawan, s,aid the drug was a rate of over -99 per cent, and
ingful inputs· for the U.N. Con- major breakthrough in na- is reversible' promptly by a
ference on environment and tional efforts for family simple surgical procedure.
development-Ear:th, Summit- planning.
.
Research on NORPLANT
to be held in Bra'zil in 1992.
Prof M.G.K. Menon, eminent
science administrator, who in-
augurated the meet warned
that the Earth Summit would
be taking up macro-level issues
Centchroman works by pre-
venting the fertilized egg from
attaching to the uterus unlike
the sterdidal pills which stop
ovulation.
began in 1966, and in 1983 Fin-
land became the first country
to approve iJts use. Since then,
it has been used by hundreds
of thousands of women in 16
countries that have approved
of global warming and ozone
the method.
Published (June, 1991) by the Family Planning Foundation, 8-28, Qutab Institutional Area. New Delhi·110016.
Tel. 668181; 6867080,6867081