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PFI Annual Report 1987 |
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THE
FAMILY PLANNING
FOUNDATION
Annual Report
1987
Administrative Office
198 Golf Links
New Delbi-110 003
Registered Office
Akasb Deep Building
5th Floor
Barakhamba Road
New Delhi-ilO 001
New Delhi
November 1988
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Note on the Foundation
The Family Planning Foundation (FPF) is a non-governmental voluntary research organi-
sation created to play both supportive and innovative roles in helping solve India's population
problem, and also help evolve effective populatioq policies. The Foundation, sponsored by a
group of leading industrialists, professionals, social workers, grew out of the reaUsation that
the magnitude and complexity of India's population and development problems called for
galvanising voluntary efforts to supplement the Government's programmo. A pioneer in the
family planning movement Mr J R D Tata is the Chairman of the Foundation.
The Foundation is registered as a society under the Societies Registration Act of Ii60 in
the Union Territory of Delhi.
The Foundation's funds are utilised in promoting research and related programmes, and to
guide and support interested and positively motivated organisations, institutions, particularly
non-governmental, and individuals engaged in innovative research and action research prog-
rammes in population, family planning and related fields. As a part of this process it lays stress
on aiding voluntary organisations to mobilise resources, augment their institutional structures
and develop research capabilities.
Projects and programmes with replicative and high feedback value, both long-term and
short-term, receive the highest priority. The operational area of the Foundation embraces tho
whole country.
The Foundation operates in close touch with the policies and priorities of the population
and family planning programme of the Government of India and meaningfully relates its
efforts to these programmes.
The Foundation is the only organisation of its kind in India. As a funding, promoting
organisation its role and work will take on a more activistic stance in a spirit of independence
and creativity as it moves along.
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Contents
Members of the Family Planning Foundation
Members of the Governing Board
Members of the Advisory Council
Members of the Advisory Panels
(a) Health and Biomedical
(b) Gynaecology and Obstetrics
(c) Demography and Statistics
(d) Social Anthropology, Sociology,
(Social Sciences)
(e) Population Policy
(f) Communication
(g) Management
(h) Environment
(i) Evaluation
(j) Community Participation
(k) Rural Development
Economics,
Politics & Psychology
Staff
Chairman's Report
Executive Director's
Report
Index of Ongoing Projects
Details of Ongoing Projects
Index of Selected, Completed/Closed
Projects and brief details
Accounts
125
Auditors' Report
127
Balance Sheet
128
Income and Expenditure Account
130
Schedule A (Fixed Assets)
132
Schedule B (Investments)
133
Schedule C (Sundry Deposits)
134
Schedule D (Advances)
135
Schedule E (Cash and Bank Balances)
136
Schedule F (Income and Expenditure)
137
Grants Sanctioned and Disbursed (Summary)
139
Financial Review
140
Budget (1988) and Expenditure (1987)
141
List of Publications
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Members of the
Family Planning Foundation
1. Mr J R D Tata
2. Dr Bbarat Ram
3. Dr B K Anand
4. Mr M V Arunachalam
5. Mrs Tara Ali Baig
6. Dr Dipak Bhatia
7. Mr G K Dcvarajulu
8. Mr S S Dhanoa
9. Mr S P Godrej
10. Dr M S Gore
11. Mr Jaykrishna Harivallabhadas
12. Mr B M Khaitan
13. Mr Justice G D Khosla
14. Ms Yamutai Kirloskar
15. Mr Arvind N Lalbhai
16. Mr A L Mudaliar
17. Mr H P Nanda
18. Dr K A Pisharoti
19. Dr V A Pai Panandikar
20. Mr Raunaq Singh
21. Dr D P Singh
22. Dr L M Singhvi
23. Mr Hari Shankar Singhania
24. Mr A Sivasailam
25. Mr T T Vasu
26. Mr B G Vcrghcsf:
27. Mrs Avabai B. Wadia
28. Mr Hafish Khanna
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Governing Board
1. Mr J R D Tata
2. Dr Bbarat Ram
3. Dr B K Anand
4. Mr M V Arunachalam
S. Mrs Tara Ali Baig
6. Dr Dipak Bhatia
7. Mr S P Godrej
8. Mr Jqstice G D Khosla
9. Mr It. P Nanda
10. Dr VA Pai Panandikar
11. Dr 0 P Singh
12. Mr Hari Shankar Singhania
13. Mr B,O Verghese
14. Mrs Avabai B Wadia
1S. Mr S S Dhanoa
16. Mr Harish Khanna
Chairman
Vice-Chairman
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member Ex-officio
Member and Executive
Director
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Members of the
Advisory Council
1. Prof Sukhamoy Chakravarty
2. Dr (Mrs) Banoo J Coyaji
3. Dr P C Joshi
4. Prof T N Madan
S. Dr A S Paintal
6. Prof Ramlal Parikh
7. Dr Rashmi Mayur
8. Dr J K Satia
9. Prof M N Srinivas
10. Dr K Srinivasan
11. Dr (Mrs) Vina Mazumdar
12. Mr B B Vohra
13. Dr Yash Pal
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Members of the Advisory Panels
1. Prof N S Deodhar
2. Or Laxmi Rahmattullah
3. Dr Vasudev
4. Dr T C Anand Kumar
S. Dr Badri N Saxena
6. Dr J S Gill
7. Dr Padma Kashyap
8. Dr C P Bhatia
1. Dr S N Mukherjee
2. Dr Vera Hingorani
1. Prof Prem P Tal war
2. Prof K Ramachandran
3. Dr P H Reddy
Social Alltlaropology, Sociolol1, ECODOmiCSP. olitics
ad PS1cho1og1 (Social Scieaces)
1. Prof A M Shah
2. Dr Victor S D'Souza
3. Prof Imtiaz Ahmed
4. Dr Asha Bhendc
S. Dr Leela Dube
1. Dr 0 Seth
2. Dr Va.ant Pcthe
Maugemellt
1. Mr G N S Raahavan
2. Mr Chanchal Sarkar
Ea,irODllleDt
1. Mr S SNair
2. Mr G A Kulkarni
1. Dr Vijay Kumar
2. Dr OPGhai
3. Dr L M Nath
4. Dr Dilip Mukerjee
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Staff
Mr Harish Khanna
Mr K Balakrishnan
Mr S Ramaseahan
Ex~cutive Dir~ctor
Secrttary & Tr~asur~r and Dir~ctor (Administration)
Accounts Officer
A F Ferguson and Co.
Post Box No. 24
New Delhi·ll0001
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Chairman's Report
It is a continuing cause for regret and anxiety that, despite the intensive programme of
family planning and fertility control undertaken by the country over the past decados, fifteen
million souls are still added to our population every year. Of particular worry is the persis-
tently high level of infant mortality and female illiteracy, both crucial contributing factors to
high fertility. Sad to say, the bulk of our people still do not regard a small family as beiDg in _.
their or their children's interest, and seem to consider children mainly as participants ia the
family's work output and future providers for their old age. Very few couples, therefore,
regard family planning as a programme to serve their own interests and needs. Beca~or
these and other factors, our burgeoning population which is already on the way to tho billion
mark, remains our most grievous and intractable problem.
While most thinking people in the country recognise the nexus between excessive popula-
tion growth and low economic growth, communications and community participation remain
woefully weak and the fulfilment of our plans and policies still remains sadly short of tho
objectives. In short, national effort towards our goals is treated as a routine.
Demographers have repeatedly underscored the positive relationship between the couple
protection rate (CPR) and the birth rate. India, however, seems to defy this notion. In some
States, which have achieved a CPR of 60, the birth rate is still in the rango of 30 to 3S per 1000
live births. Evidently, either the CPR figures are inaccurate or there are several unreported
factors at play which conceal the real facts, while our population growth continues to exceed
our resources, indeed, in some areas, our very life-supporting systems.
It may be recalled that last year the Foundation commissioned a special study to analyse -
the causes of our persistently high birth rate. The findings, when made public, naturally
attracted attention. Editorials in leading newspapers focussed on the critical impact of a
stapantly high birth rate on economic progress. Gratifyingly, the Prime Minister, while
addressing a full meeting of the Planning Commission on 8th April, directed that a policy paper
be prepared on family planning, which he designated as one of the country's seven spoategic
areas. The issue was also discussed in a meeting of the National Development Council and in
subsequent debates in Parliament. While the grim population situation thus continues to
provoke considerable comment and debate no major thrust towards now solutions has as yet
emerged.
In April 1988 1 felt impelled to write to the Prime Minister urging a strona and sustained
commitment by Central and State Governments to more positive action in suPPOrtohllc
country's population control and health programmes. Ireceived a brief but· most welcomo
reply from him, in tho course of which he said :
"The serious dimensions of our popglation problem need our undivided and urgent
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attention~ Sustained governmental efforts have to be backed up by people's participation
to make a success of programmes in this area."
While it is encouraging to have this reiteration of the Prime Minister's continued general
support to our cause, it remains a matter of some disappointment and worry that no clear
indication is yet forthcoming that the Government, worried at the slow progress towards
acIIiIIIUlg a lower birth rate and a higher Couple Protection Rate (CPR), realises the need for
a mOl'einnovative approach and for new strategies to be incorporated in the Eighth and succee-
ding -Plass.
Tbe task of achieving a Net Reproduction Rate of one by the year 2000, which has
already been postponed to 2011,requiring a birth rate of 21 per thousand, is a daunting one
indeed, but the country cannot afford to slacken its efforts.to fulfil it, faced asit already is with
the virtual certainty that even if the task is fulfilled our population will teach or exceed a
billion-and a-half before it stabilises.
There have been more than enough of studies, declarations, discussions and debates on
what needs to be done at various levels and in regard to the many complex aspect of the
problem. I submit that the time has come for the Government of India and Parliament in
Delhi and the legislatures and Governments of the States to face the fact that the very survival
of our country as a united nation is threatened unless the population problem is put on a war
footing, hard decisions taken, implemented and giyen the same priority and urgency as those
involved in the security of the state.
History has shown that in wars or struggles for freedom, victory cannot be won unless
backed by an unswerving political will endorsed by the whole nation. This has not been forth-
coming up to now, and I would appeal to the Prime Minister to exercise his authority and
influence to forge the political will and harness it to the task of saving the country and its
people from the calamitous consequences of an unchecked population growth.
With all political parties having expressed their conviction that control of population
growth is a national task, it should be possible to achieve a multi-party consensus in favour of
a well defincdand clear-cut national population policy. It will not be enough, however, merely
to fOrDlnlate a sound plan of action. It must be relentlessly pursued and continuously
monitored, for it is in our seemingly traditional failure at implementation that most of our
national plans have floundered in the past.
. The Foundation has endeavoured, with due humility to act as a think tank, and we feel
that' by raising a renewed debate in the country on different occasions and in different forums,
we.hpe been able to playa useful role in sustaining public interest and concern on the subject.
We IbaJI continue our efforts. Since youth has been determined as an essential clement which
'tlMs to be intimately involved in this national task, we have developed a comprehensive
project ib. collaboration with the Nehru Yuva Sangathan for inclusion in the activities of youth
organisations.
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An area of priority is that of our high infant mortality rate. Today it has been estimated
that while 85 per cent of all births taking place in the world 95 per cent or more of all the
babies who do not survive their first year and virtually all the women who die in child· birth
arc lost in the Third World. India is no exception though success of mass immunisation and
child survival strategies relying on simple technologies has begun to change the situation. It
has been proved beyond doubt that mortality in child birth occurs mainly in women who are
ilIit¢rate, poor and living in remote rural areas with limited access to health and family
planning facilities. Thus the stranglehold of poverty and disease holds large sections of our
population in thrall.
With a view to persuading the Government to launch a massive programme to deal with
this tragic infant and maternal mortality problem, the Foundation undertook a survey and
investigations in eight varying socio-econoroic segments in four states namely, Uttar Pradesh,
Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Karnataka and in the slums of Bombay. The studies undertaken in
collaboration with the International Development Research Center of Canada (lDRC) has
-yielded a wealth of data which will enable health administrators to adopt more effective inter-
vention measures. Apart from the humanitarian need to alleviate the misery of bereaved
parents and the tragic loss of promising lives, the stark realities of the population problem
make it imperative that the high infant mortality rate in our country be significantly reduced,
as a major element of the total programme for curbing the birth rate.
During the year under review, we gave careful thought to the need of developing an
Agenda for Action for ourselves. The main areas which have so far attracted our attention
are: the gap between demand and supply in family planning and related services. The Founda-
tion intends to take up pilot projects in this and other critical areas, and make the results
available to policy-makers. We are aware that our resources are limited: therefore our
Agenda for Action will follow a selective approach.
To some this report may seem unduly pessimistic, but the situation and the prospects are
sufficiently grim to justify the anxiety that obsesses so many of us. The time for optimism will
come, in my view, only when we see not only a bolder and more result-oriented plan of action
incorporating new and innovative strategies and decisions, however hard adopted by the
Governments of the States as well as the Centre, but also the will and determination relentles-
sly to implement them.
(a) The accounts for the year ended 31·12·1987 annexed on page 125-141 show that during
the year ended the Foundation has:
(i) earned inte'rest, including accruals, of Rs. 47.65 lakhs.
(ii) incurred an expenditure on establishment of Rs. 13.78 lakhs excluding depreciation
on Fixed Assets to the tune of 0.44 lakhs.
(iii) made disbursements for the ongoing projects to the tune of Rs. 15.53 lakhs.
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(iv) an excess of income over expenditure to th~ tunc of Rs. 33.61 lakhs.
(v) earned interest to the tUDeof Rs. 0.15 lakhs on the IORC project~tant and the same
credited to tbe IDR.C project grant account.
(b) As shown on page 125-141 in this report, inthe last 17 years of its activity, the
Foundation has supported about 236 projects all over the-country allooating a sum of nearly
RI. 239.89 lakhs. Of this amount, the Foundation has actually disbursed Rs. 210.08 lakhs with
an outstanding commitment of Rs. 29.81 lakhs.
Budget
With a view to enabling the Foundation to carryon the programme of work keeping in
mind the desire for practical, pragmatic and result oriented activities a budget allocation of
Rs. 30 lakhs for project support and Rs. 17.92 lakhs for establishment charges for the year
1988 has been made.
Acknowledgement
The Foundation continued to receive willing and invaluable help and guidance from the
members of its Governing Board and Advisory Council and its Chairman, Prof Sukhamoy
Chakravarty, Principal Economic Advisor to the Prime Minister of India. Their contributions
and directions have been of immense value for evaluating the programmes of the Foundation
and also for developing new programmes.
The Foundation is also indebted to the members of the Advisory Bodies, Task Groups and
the individual social workers, professionals and scientists who have always relponded to th~
Foundation's can for their advice and help in developing new programnte8 and promoting the
role of the Foundation in· a true spirit of social service. We are grateful to the various
Departments of the Government, particularly the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare,
Ministry of Human Resource Development, Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Information
and Broadcasting for the sustained interest, valuable guidance and full co-operation in further-
ing the activities of tbe Foundation.
Finally, I am happy to take this opportunity to express the Governing Body's and my own
special appreciation of the good work and dedicated team spirit of tbe Poundation's staff Who
have continued to discharge their duties with great enthusiasm and efficiency.
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Executive Director's Report
The Foundation's initiative to look into the baffiing phenomenon of claims of increasing
contraceptive prevalence co-existing with a' near-static birth rate and publish the conclusions
of the study conducted with the help of the Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics,
Pune, appears to have generated considerable debate and introspection in appropriate circles.
The Governing Board deliberated upon tile findings of the Srikantan study on factors
underlying stalling of the birth rate decline and gesired that ideas on new strategies should
be developed. The Parliament took note of the findings and sharing the concern, the Members
asked for a critical review of the entire family welfare programme with a view to determining
whether any change in the existing strategy ot coping with the steady increase of population
was called for.
The Prime Minister also directed the Plal!lning Commission to conduct a comprehensive
review and come up with recommendations aimed at revamping of the family welfare
programme in the light of critical issues like high infant mortality, low age at marriage and
low female literacy, which are known to exercise a profound impact on the population situation.
A Steering Committee under the chairmanship of Prof. B N Srivastava, Member, Planning
Commission, is actively engaged in examining all aspects of the question.
The involvement of the Planning Commission at the present juncture when, after a review
of the achievements under the Seventh Plan, outline of the Eighth Plan is being formulated,
is indeed rortunate, because various new insights that will be gained from the deliberations of
various groups and sub-groups, (with which some Board Members and the Executive Director
are associated) would undoubtedly help structure more effective strategies.
The family planning programme has also attracted critical notice from the Public Accounts
Committee which deliberated on the matter throughout 1987. In its 139th report, presented
in December 1988, it has been stated that "even though the Family Welfare programme has
been in operation for more than 35 years with an expenditure of over Rs. 2,400 crores up to
the end of Sixth Five Year Plan, it has not been able to check the growth of population at all."
According to the Committee, 'the nature of the population problem has not been perceived in
the right perspective in spite of the national urgency for population control.' A number of
important recommendations have been made in this report, especially the suggestion that consi-
dering the poor performance of the four major States, viz. Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan
and Madhya Pradesh, which distorts the picture of achievement, a special cell in the Ministry
of Health and Family Welfare should be established to monitor and supervise the implementa-
tion of the programme in these crucial areas.
It is a matter of satisfaction that the Foundation succeeded in ralslDg intelligent dcbate
on important issues. Now it anxiously awaits emergence of new strategics supportcd by an
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unambiguous articulation of political will. In years to come, it will undertake a more vigorous
advocacy of the cause and play a significant part in promoting a broadbased strategy of
human survival.
Our Chairman, Mr J R D Tatl!. has spoken on more than one occasion about the urgent
need to achieve significant reduction in the birth rate without which all plans to eradicate
poverty, renovate the econoJIlYand create employment opportunities, indeed, all schemes of
l'Ii~ing the living standards of the masses, will be in grave jeopardy. This view has found
.,.ho in numerous newspaper e<iitorials and e]l:pression of views by voluntary organisations.
The issue highlighted by Mr Tata has special relevance not only for planners, but also for
the intelligentsia, who have to daily encounter the consequences of unplanned population
and its extremely grave implications for life-supporting systems as well as social and political
equilibrium.
The objective examination of the central issue of birth rate in the Foundation has also
highlighted the fact that for proper conclusions being derived from demographic and per-
formance data, it is necessary that greater effort is put in to ensure accuracy of data.
R.ecent data reflect a ray of hope. Government has stated that since 1985. the process
of decline of birth rate, which had remained stalled for nearly a decade, is at last beginning
to show signs of going down. It was 33.9 in 1984. [n the subsequent years, there has been
a slow but steady reduction, though not at the pace stipulated in the Seventh Plan. It has
also been explained that the large increase in population is the result of significant improve-
ments in the reduction of death rate. The Registrar General, Mr V S Verma has observed
in a reoent report that in 1986, birth rate in the rural areas come down to 34.2 and in the
urban areas to 27.1 (combined 32.6); death rate in the rural areas come down to 12.2 and in
the urban areas to 7.6 (combined 11.1); infant mortality rate come down to 105 in the rural
areas, 62 in the urban areas (national average 96). However, total fertility rate in rural
areal was still recorded as 4.6 and in the urban areas, 3.3 (combined 4.3). All this has gone
on to register an annual growth rate in the rural areas of 2.2 and in the urban areas, I.S
(combined 2.0).
Although, the small reduction in birth rate is welcome, it is evident that if the growth
of population continues at this tate and both death rate and infant mortality rates are further
reduced, (a happy achievement), the population in the year 2000 AD will far exceed all previous
estimates. In fact, ]991 Census might demolish many of the firmly held hypotheses and
reveal quite a few fissures in the dam.
Some n~Cel\\tfigureS regarqing pattern over time of percentage of MWRA (married women
of 'reproductive age) highlight the uneven pace of the programme. The peak year was 1975.
Tllen, there was a dip in 1977 and a further dip in 1979. It began picking up in 1981
l't'aching a p,a~ in 1~8,4(higlter thatl 1975). :aut in 1985 it dipped again to 1980 level. Data
~lso hiallIight th~ dispr()PQrtionate cunphasis Qll termi.,al methods which obviously ~lre not
acceptable to younger couples.
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Taking note of all these facts, the Planning Commission has decided to review extant
population projections to provide more accurate estimates of the ultimate population in
2000 AD, against which family welfare targets and quantum of investments have to be pokited.
The search for new strategies and alternate pathS is also expected to cover areas of consistent
public policy to ensure a sustained build-up and quality of services.
The Family Planning Foundation will continue to assist in the critical appraisal of
different aspects of the family welfare programme and keep the spotlight directed towards
sensitive issues and critical factors, with a view to obtaining appropriate responses from the
scientists, the researchers, the administrators, the political leadership and the community at
large, through extended inter-action at various levels.
An area of serious concern to which the country's attention has been drawn by the
Foundation is the incidence of high infant mortality in parts of the country. After completing
a comprehensive study of the proximate determinants of infant mortality and their impact on
fertility, a national seminar was arranged in New Delhi on July 1 and 2, 1988 involving
demographers, experts in public health, epidemiologists, social scientists and experienced
representatives of voluntary organisations in a comprehensive dialogue. The inaugural speech
of the Chairman, Mr J R D Tata evoked considerable response, especially his forceful sum-
mation that "Apart from the. humanitarian need to alleviate the misery of bereaved parents
and the tragic loss of promising Jives, the stark realities of the population make it imperative
that the high infant mortality rate in our country be significantly reduced as a major element of
our programme for curbing the birth rate."
Drawing from the wide-ranging discussion on the subject, the Foundation is now working
out an Agenda for Action for submission to Government so that the primary health programmes
in the States are reviewed in the light of the findings, and a reinvigorated scheme designed to
bring about a substantial reduction in perinatal, neonatal and post-neonatal mortality is
implemented. It is a distressing fact that India has five times as many child deaths as China.
Such a programme shall have to emphasise the social and cultural dimension of health as well
as the core issue of status of women which needs to be enhanced through literacy and
profesNional as well as economic empowerment.
Taking a clue from the observation that the sustained success of the family welfare
programme in a highly diverse society depends on appropriate communication strategies and
special steps to engage the younger generation in the debate are necessary, the FOUlidation
has developed a project in collaboration with the Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan (NYKS)
aimed at sensitising Youth Coordinators in each District and subsequently the youth leaders in
the villages towards human survival issues, which are basic to the inculcation of small family
norm. 8000 youth leadership training camps are orgllnised every yearby the Nehru Yuva
Kendra Sangathan for pre*dominal1t1y out-o'-seb661 ot oUt-of-college rural youth, both boys
and girls. They can ultimately playa ctuclal rbl6 in promoting human survivai if they are
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imparted right information on issues like environmental degradation, deforestation, soil erosion,
rural employment, opportunities for educated women, potential for human resource develop-
ment, small and well-provided families, etc. which zero in on the core issue of uncontrolled
population. After an integrated vision of population and development informs their thinking.
the rural communities in which these youth leaders function will imbibe these positive values
and lend support to the fundamental concept of stable population which alone can ensure
optimal use of limited resources for society's long-term gains.
The three projects in the industrial area started by the Foundation in collaboration with
PHDC and Parivar Seva Sanstha have been making good progress. Drawing appropriate
lessons from these projects, it is now proposed to organise a series of workshops in ten major
industrial centres in the country, aimed at involving the local Chambers of Commerce and
Industry in the task of motivating employers, managers and workers in a common endeavour
to achieve voluntary acceptance of the small family norm as being in the intrinsic interest of
the worker and his family as well as the industrial enterprise. With tLe help of some recent
case studies about the TISCO family welfare programme which underscore the cost· benefit
aspect of investment in family welfare, the workshops will aim at persuading industrial
enterprises in different regions of the country to provide on-plant family planing counselling
and clinical services, and stimulate industry-related public agencies like the ESIC to assume a
more vigorous role in promoting family planning.
On account of strong community organisation and expertise in programme management.
cooperatives constitute an· important component of the organised sector. The Foundation is
exploring the possibility of involving the cooperative sector in providing organisational leader-
ship to local family planning activities.
Future Perspectives
A major conclusion of the exhaustive review of the Foundation's activities during the year
was that as a tactical choice, maximum concentration should be on the four or five northern
States, which have very large populations, but where the family planning programme has not
yet acquired the desired vigour or momentum. There is also the need to undertake some
innovative and trend-setting projects in these problem areas aimed at improving the quality of
services and management practices.
Attention is also to be devoted to facilitate the development of public policy in support of
the goal of population stabilisation.
Some highlights of the future perspectives are:
- Conscientisation of youth in population related issues in collaboration with the Nehru
Yuva Kendras, the UOC and other national educational institutions. The Foundation's
role should be introduction of population concerns in all activities including camps,
discussions, social action programmes and non-formal education. The activity should
also include effective application of the electronic media, which are in use. FPF can
help encourage development of appropriate software ..
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-Mobilising the industrial leadership in the country. Using the important position held
by some of the Board Members, the scope and quality of the programme in the
organised sector can be improved. 25 million people could be reached.
-Focussing attention on the managerial and service delivery aspects of the family welfare
programme, to raise quality standards.
-Bringing the private medical practitioner into the fold in close collaboration with the
Indian Medical Council and other professional bodies so that the vast private medical
manpower can strengthen the performance of the medical manpower in the government
sector.
-Preparation of six-monthly or annual Population Alerts in respect of States confronting
a more serious population problem with a view to influencing the concerned State
Government. State Planning Boards and institutions in the voluntary sector to act with
greater determination. Ecological, environmental and human survival dimension
should be built into these alerts.
-Effective use of the Zilla Parishad structure in the country, which is being strengthened
in several States, by orgaOlsing leadership camps so that local elected rapresentatives arc
able to provide an enlightened lead to the family planning programme. Preparation of
district-level and block-level programmes designed with an eye on local needs and
sensitivities, and implemented through community support and selective utilisation of
group incentives.
-Based on the findings of the comprehensive FPF/IDRC study of Infant Mortality under
completion, concerned State administrations (Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa.
Karnataka, Maharashtra) should be assisted to mount dynamic social/institutional
interventions to reverse the adverse trend.
-Influencing national thinking on the Eighth Plan through organisation ofregional
seminars, which should focus on regional variations, specific community needs and other
economic factors, and sponsoring of an-party forums on the aU-embracing theme of
poverty, development and population, at the national level and also at the regional level.
by encouraging an interface between the political leadership and intellectual and profes-
sionalleadership in the country.
-Influencing national communication policies for the purpose of securing greater
attention to social communication needs and strengthening area specific development,
communication programmes on radio and television. In the event of sufficient interest
being shown by the Government, some demonstration programmes should be developed
and implemented, aimed at trying out new development communication strategies.
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Literacy is undoubtedly a key factor in the modernisation process and in the adoption of
small family norm as well as acceptance of suitable contraceptive practices. Mass media
have been used to disseminate information. But, in spite of three decades of effort, large
areas of ignorance, suspicion and resistance remain. Considering the fact that only a small
section has been actually reached and that too in the media-rich urban areas, something
dramatic needs to be done for the rural areas.
Preliminary s.t~~s of the scope of the National Literacy Mission suggest that this
important mass campaign could be an ideal vehicle for disseminating progressive ideas and
inCUlcating positive attitudes. After further exploration of the possibilities and a better under-
standing of the field organisation, a project will be developed to introduce population awareness
in the programme content. Once this gigantic outreach is embraced, the spin of in terms of
preparing adult men and women to receive health and family welfare messages will be consi-
derable. In fact, if social education including family welfare information is integrated into
neoliteracy drives, besides literacy goals, far more significant health and welfare goals could bo
simultaneously achieved. This will call for imaginative content-planning, careful pretesting
and sustained delivery in a properly enriched environment. The Foundation proposes to take
up this task.
The Family Planning Foundation building is nearing completion. Aftor moving into our
new permanent home, a few new services and activities such as research and documentation
service, will be actively promoted.
The Foundation has been collaborating with the Centre for Parliamentarians on
Population and Development which is expected to playa more significant rolo in forging a
national conaensus on the goal of population stabilisation. Developing on the study undertaken
by the Foundation to evaluate peRonal attitudes of Members of Parliament regarding family
planning, Centre for Parliamentarians on Population and Development has decided to organise
well-structured orientation courses for State Legislators. The Foundation is providing
communication support and is also assisting with some sessions.
The Executive Director who was called upon to serve on the Steering Committee for the
appraisal of the family planning programme and strategies set up by the Planning Commission,
has been actively participating in various sessions of groups and sub-groups as well as the main
steering group. He also participated in the meeting of the Central Council of Health and
Family Welfare.
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Index of Ongoing Plojects
&
Brief Details
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Index of Ongoing Projects
SI Title or the Project
No
Principal Investigator/Project
Director
Amoaat
Sallctiued
Ra
Pap
No
1. Phase I-Clinical Trials on the Plant
'Banjauri' during the Postpartum
period
2. Contraceptive Effectiveness of Ban-
jauri in Female Monkeys
Dr P L Sharma!
Dr (Mrs) Kamla Dhall
4,16,000
90,000
1. An Action Research Project in Pro-
moting Family Planning Among
Urban Low-Income Families
Through Paediatric Care Approach
2. A Contrastive Study of Village Level
Utilisation of Health and Family
Welfare Services in Relation to
Mortality and Fertility
Padmashree Dr (Mrs) B lena
Chairman
1. Research Design on the Study of the
Perception of the People on Popu-
lation Education
2. Awareness, Attitudes and Practices
among Members of Parliament
Dr R Champakalakshmi!
Mrs C Juyal
1. DiagnQstic Study of Population
Growth Rate and Family Planning
in Six States in Developmental
Perspective
.V K Ramabhadran
Programme Director
(Special Studies)
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SI Title of the Project
No
PriDelpalIDyestlaator/Projeet
Director
AmouDt
SaactiODed
Rs
Pale
No
2. A Study of Infant Mortality in
Relation to Fertility
3. Quick Survey in Bombay Slums to
Develop an Action Research Project
based on Social CounselIing
4. Variable Perceptions of Family Plan-
ning Methods and Quality of
Services Among Different Communi-
ties and Mobilisation of Socio-
Economic Factors
5. Preparation of Monograph on Age
at Marriage in India
6. Factors underlying stalling of the
birth rate decline
7. Appropriate Social Technology
Intervention for Family Welfare
programmes in the State of Andhra
Pradesh-An Action Research
Project
22.00,000
(includes Rs. 16 lakh
from IDRC)
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I. Bio-Medical Research
PROJECT Tl1'LE Phase I-Clinical Trials on the Plant 'Banjauri' during the Postpartum
period.
Project Directors
Dr P L Sharma (Pharmacological Component)
Pharmacology;
Dr (Mrs) Kamla Dhall (Clinical Trials) Department
Gynaecology.
Department of
of Obstetrics "
Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGI).
Chandigarh.
(i) Clinical Component-Rs 4,16,000
(ii) Pharmacological Component-Ri 90,000
Clinical Component from 1.10.1987 for 2 years;
Pharmacology Component from 1.10.1987 for 1 year.
Vicoa Indica, a plant belonging to the family compositae is used by
Adivasis (tribal population) in Bihar state of India to produce sterility.
The plant is locally known as 'Banjauri' which literally means an agent
which makes a woman sterile when administered for three consecutive
days immediately after delivery. It is believed that this plant prevents
conception fOf periods as long as 5-7 years.
Sometimes it is also taken during menstrual cycles, the effect of which
is variable. Banjauri had been subjected to antifertility studies in female
albino rats and was found to be more effective when given postpartum
than when administered during early pregnancy (1). The preclinical toxicity
study carried out in two rodent species, albino rats and albino rabbits, did
not show abnormal changes in the various biochemical, haemalological
and histopathological parameters, when the drug was administered at
7 times the human dose for 3-6 weeks duration (2).
With this knowledge of animal toxicology, its antifertility effect in
rats and hearsay of the contraceptive efficacy in humans reported by the
local community, Phase I and Phase 1I studies were carried out in subjects
during interval and one day after medical termination of pregnancy
(MTP) at the Antifertility Research Centre for Herbal Medieine of the
Departm'cnt of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Pharmacology, Post-
grtlduate Irtstitute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER)1
Chandigarh.
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IDclasioD Criteria
Collectio. aDd
preparatioa of
,Iut
The main aim of Phase I study waa to Qvaluate the toxicity of the
drug in humans and to ascertain the maximum tolerated dOle of the
drug, whereas the emphasis in the Phase It study was to examine the
contraceptive efficacy of the drug.
A lengthy procedure for screening and preclinical testing as advocated
for a synthetic drug was not considered necessary, as this plant is already
in use by large numbers of Adivasis of Bihar and was administered as
described. However, its safety and contraceptive efficacy have been tested
for the first time by using modern methods of a clinical trial.
DesigD or Study
For both phases, subjects were recruited from the Family Planning aod
MTP clinics of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Outpatient Department of
Nehru Hospital, PGIMER, Chandigarh, provided they fulfilled the
fo)Jowing inclusion criteria:
(I) Healthy informed female volunteers residing within 10 kilometers of
PGIMER arca.
(2) Women between the ages of 22·35 years and having at least 2 children,
with the age of the last child being a minimum of 2 years.
(3) The only reason for taking the preparation is for contraccption.
(4) Non-lactating.
(5) There is current and continuing exposure to pregnancy.
(6) The woman is willing to enter this study and rely entirely only on
this medicine for contraception after completion of the therapy.
(7) The woman is bleeding (menstruating) at regular interval (plus or
minus 2 days) and the intervals between bleeding arc neither too long
nor too short.
(8) Patient is willing to give blood for the following investigations at
different periods of study:
Haematological (haemoglobin, total I~ucocyte counts, differential
leucocyte counts and ESR);
Biochemical (renal function tests and liver function tests and
blood sugar);
Hormonal (progesterone): (Day 21 of each cycle).
The plant which grows wild on the-hillsid4:lof Sokhodeora was identified
each time and was collected in the month of October. It was shade dried
before storage in order to avoid growth of fungus. The whole plant
including the roots, stem, leaves and flowers was ground and packets of
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Involuntary
pregnancy
Results and
Discussion
5 and 15 gm were made. Before administration, each packet was mixed
with seven powdered black pepper seeds and a paste/concoction was made
with water.
In Phase I, the drug was giv~n in increasing doses. The first group
(10 subjects) r~ceived 5 gm of Vicoa Indica once a day for 3 days for
3 consecutive cycles. With this dosage schedule, there was no immediate
or delayed toxic effect of the drug seen clinically or by laboratory investi-
gations. In the light of immediate reassuring experiences, the drug schedule
was revised and the subjects of Group II (10 subjects) received 15 gm once
a day for 3 days for 3 consecutive cycles.
The drug was administered on an empty stomach on the second day
of the menses/MTP once daily for 3 days for 3 consecutive cycles. Tbe
wottlen were advised to use some type of contraceptive method during this
period of 3 months. If conception occurred before completion of the drug
therapy, it was considered as a patient failure.
During the days of drug administration, the subjects were kept under
observation for any development of immediate side effects like gastrointe-
stinal disturbances and skin rashes, etc. Subsequently, each case was
observed for a total period of 6 months for any evidence of delayed side
effects. The laboratory investigations were repeated.
In case of pregnancy, MTP was performed and the products of conception
were examined histologically. .
In order to achieve results within a reasonably short period, a need-based
approach to research on traditional drugs was followed and the subjects
were administered the drug in the same form and dosage as being used
by the traditional experts in practice.
The Phase I study was carried out in 2 groups consisting of 10
subjects each. Apart from mild gastrointestlDal side effects (nausea and
vomiting), which disappeared after eating sw~ets, none of the cases showed
any serious side effects warranting discontinuation of the drug.
The haematological and biochemical investigations done up to
6 months after completion of 3 cycles of treatment did not show any
deleterious effect, thus concluding that the drug given in the above dosages
is harmless to human beings.
There were two subjects who conceived before completing the
3 courses and were considered as patient failure. The rest of the cases (9
in each group) were followed for nearly 2·3 years and the contraceptive
effect of the drug was found to be dose-related and showed a protection
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from pregnancy in a ~ignificantJy more number of cycles as compared to
their past performance without using any contraceptive measure. The
progesterone assay carried out during the third week of the cycle suggested
evulation in most of the cycles.
In Phase II, there were 100 subjects who had received the first
course of the drug a~d 34 subjects discontinued therapy. Of these 34, 15
of had nausea and 6 di4not like the taste of the drug, Six patients conceived
after the first course the drug and were considered as patient failure.
Total number of cases selected for study
100
Received first course of treatment
100
Oiscontinued after first course
34
Reasons:
Nausea/vomiting
Did not like taste
Personal reasons
Patient failure
Malaria
Discotinued after second course
Reasons: Personal
Eighty-nine per cent of the subjects were between 26-35 years of
age, 76 per cent having 2-3 children and last pregnancy ending with MTP
in 66 per cent.
The haematological and biochemical investigations done up to 6
months after completion of 3 cycles of treatment did not show any
deleterious effect in any of the cases under study, thus confirming our
results of the Phase I trial.
Regarding its effect on reproduction, the length and duration of
menstrual cycles and libido remained. unaffected by the intake of this
herbal medicine. Progesterone assay done in the third week of the
menstrual cycles was suggestive of ovulation in most of the cycles.
As far as contraceptive efficacy of the plant is concerned, a follow-
up ranging from 3 to 23 cycles after completion of 3 courses, was available
at the time of analysis.
It was observed that fertility couJdbe controlled in an average of
9.02 ± 0.63 cycles after taking the drug as compared to 2.38 ± 0.95
cycles when marital relations were continued without any protection
before the therapy. this difference was statistically significant.
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Analysis of success rate at different periods of exposure revealed
that the drug, once absorbed properly. was more effective after the first 6
months.
An attempt is being made to improve the drug delivery system (by
using plant extract) so that larger amounts of the drug can be administered
to achieve better results.
Commencemeat
Objectives
Progress
August 1986
(1) To confirm the prima-facie evidence that the dosage of 28 gms of
Banjauri results in non-pregnancy status in female bonnet monkeys
over a reasonably long duration;
(2) To study the contraceptive effectiveness of 50 gms dose;
(3) To undertake toxicology and growth studies on the off-springs of
Banjauri-fed monkeys.
As a result of review of the progress achieved in the clinical trials on
Banjauri, both at the Indian Institute of Science, . Bangalore and POI,
Chandigarh. it has come to light that:
(0 Banjauri administered to postpartum monkeys, even with a high dose
of 50 gms, did not confer protection from pregnancy in subsequent
cycles.
(ii) In cycling monkeys, administration of the drug with a total dose of
14 gms on four animals did not prevent pregnancy.
(Hi) In three monkeys fed on high dose of 50 gms, two have become
pregnant and one showed erratic cycles.
(iv) However, in the case of six cycling monkeys with a total dose of
28 gms, non-pregnancy status has been maintained for more than 4
years-(February 1982 to March 1986). Since a normal monkey
becomes pregnant with three exposures, the absence of pregnancy i~
these animals even after 13.7 ovulatory cycle exposures underlines
the significance of this result and the need for further investigations.
(v) No toxicology or growth studies were done on young ones born
to Banjauri fed monkeys.
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Based on the eJCperienceof the research conducted at Bangalore.
further work was entrusted to them as under:
(a) Six monkeys, out of the group already studied, may be put on 28 gms
dose, the dosage being administered in the manner already adopted
so far.
(b) Four monkeys, out of the group already studied, be administered a
50 gms dose in order to reconfirm the erratic results obtained so far.
(c) On an ind('pendent batch of monkeys, a dose of 28 gms be adminis-
tered in a split manner of 3 gms per day for three cycles.
(d) Observational data on the progeny be maintained to study the effects
of the drug on the progeny.
Though the project was originally to start in April 1986, in view of
the need to wait for the animals to return to cyclicity and following up two
or three cycles to enable them to return to hormone profiles, the starting
of the experiment was shifted to August 1986.
In the earlier experiments, it was observed that feeding of Banjauri
as solid along with groundnuts and jaggery for 14 days from day 1 of
cycle (2 gm/day, total dose of 28 gm) resulted in infertility for over a
period of 5 years. It was supgested by the Advisory Committee of tho
Family Planning Foundation that these results should be confirmed in a
fresh batch of monkeys in three successive cycles.
A fresh batch of dried Banjauri was obtained from PGI, Chandigarh
and finely powdered in an electrical dry grinder and sieved. The sieved
material was pooled and med. To this 3 gm of Banjauri powder, 25 m1 of
distilled water was added and stirred after which, it was allowed to
settle. The supernatant was carefully filtered off with a coarse cheese cloth
and to the remainder, another 25 ml of water was added and stirred and
filtered. By this process, most of the Banjauri powder remained as a fine
suspension and large flaky material remaining on cloth was discarded.
The total 50 ml of slJspension of Banjauri was deposited through a Ryles
tube and syringe in the stomach of unanesthetised monkeys. In the case
of monkeys fed in single cycles, the intra-gastric deposition was done every
day from day one to day 10 while in the group fed in successive cycles,
deposition was done on day I,2, 3 of each menstrual cycle (3 gm/day) for
3 successive cycles. The feeding of Banjauri in one cycle group was
completed during Sept·Oct. and in successive cycles group the feeding was
done during August, September, and October. Following treatment, the
animals were put for mating With proven fertile males from treatment + 1
cycle. The exposure to the male was confined to day 9-14 of each cycle.
Blood samples were collected on day 7·10 for estrogen analysis and on
alternate days from day 16·28 for progesterone analysis and from days
28·32 for CG estimation.
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Of the five animals that were fed Banjauri for one cycle showed
normal ovulatory cycles and there was no difference in cycle length. There
were no pregnancies in the treatment + one cycle. In the second cycle,
two out of five animals became pregnant. So far the remaining three
animals have been exposed for two additional cycles and they have not
become pregnant. Thus, out of 13 ovulatory cycles, two pregnancies were
observed. Mating studies on the non-pregnant animals will continue after
the summer amenorrhoea (April-May) period is over. In the second group
(3 cycle exposure) though there were no pregnancies in the treatment + 1
cycle, in the second cycle, two out of three monkeys became pregnant.
The present observation with feeding Banjauri in a single cycle is
different from the earlier observation, a single feeding caused prolonged
infertility. The difference in the two sets of experiments are as follows:
(a) Batch of Banjauri is different;
(b) A small quantity of powder has been discarded (which cannot be
given as line suspension as coarse particles cannot be injected through
Ryles tube);
(c) Feeding has been restricted to first 10 days instead of 14 days.
It is possible that efficiency of each batch of Banjauri may differ.
Also it is possible that the feeding has to be given for the first 14 days to
cover the entire follicular and ovulatory phase. Tn the present case,
because of practical problems for feeding intragastrically every day, it was
restricted to 10 days.
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ll. Demonstration/Experimental Projects:
Health and Social Development
PROJECT TITLE An Action Research Project in Promoting Family Planning Among UrbaD
Low-Income Families Through Paediatric Care Approach.
Iastitotioaa'
Support
Asopa Hospital for Children
Memnagar, Ahmedabad
The aim of the project was to promote family health and acceptance of
small family norms by a vulnerable section of society through paediatric
care. Indicators used for these objectives were:
(i) changes in child health and child mortality;
(ij) change in attitudes towards family planning, adoptioD of family
planning practices and births averted;
(Hi) general improvement iD the health status of the mother and the
family.
The project was initiated in January 1987. The basic approach included :
(i) child care counselling;
(ii) family planning counselling; and
(Hi) general medical counselling.
The first stage .involved selection of families seeking/receiviDg
paediatric care and a control group. A rapid but systematic bench-mark
survey was conducted in a selected locality of Memnagar area of
Ahmedabad, covering nearly 300 families. The survey provided aD
opportunity to the project team to establish rapport with the families iD
the selected locality using project social worker.
On the basis of the analysis of the survey data, 50 families which
were most vulnerable and in the potential reproductive group, were selected
as target families. Simultaneously,:O other families were selected in
control group for comparative study.
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The target families were briefed ab9ut the project and the advisory
services available to them; free of cost, by participating ill the project.
The initial briefing emphasized paediatric care since the survey data bad
revealed that most of the target families had not availed of any medical
services let alone family planning facilities. They were advised to visit the
project ..clinic. on Tuesdays and '.Thursdays in the afternoon, .for Jree
medi~~lcheck.uP of their children ... Considerable erithusiasm wa) noticed
~in the early stage of contact with the target families and a large number of
them actually visited the clinic at different times. Most of them preferred
Saturday afternoons. Several families, not included in the target sample,
also visited the clinic. From the fourth visit onwards, reluctance on the
part of the target families to come to the clinic \\\\Ias noticed. This wa.
because, in most cases, their children did not suffer from any serious
ailments and tied to common belief ,and attitude, they did not see. any
need for repeated medical check-up even though it was free. However, in
cases where children suffered from serious illness, they did feel the necessity
of visiting the clinic at regular intervals. In cases where free medicines
were given or they were directed to a government· hospital, . the' response
was encouraging. One of the difficulties encountered by the target families
was that they had to walk to the clinic, whicl1. the mothers found
inconvenient.
-rhe bench-mark survey was started in Gulbai Tekra slum in May
1986. By middle of June 1986, field meetings with selected families io all
the areas were held. The families were selected radomly and followed
regularly along with other families iri similar Circumstances considered as
the control group. Few leader families were identified in each area who
are enthusiastically supporting the programme and helping to arrange
meetings in their community. While the camp meetings attended by the
paediatrician were organised once in a fortnight; the lady health worker
and the social worker visited the community once a week to enquire about
the problems and follow up the treatments prescribed. Discussions on
family planning were initiated. The issues discussed were need for family
planning, different methods for planning' a falI1i1y, and advantages of
proper spacing of children.
Mother and children, by and large, were found in a very poor state
of health, particularly so in Gulbai Tekra slum.; They suffer from
anaemia, malnutrition, tuberculosis and worm infestations. Chronic
discharge from ears is a very common finding. Most families ignore
sickness unless it is very disturbing and are unable to buy the prescribed
medicines. There is an overall attitude of abandon and indifference.
Anybody supplying free medicines is, however, most welcome. In fact,
this has been one .of the incentives that helped to attract them. Occasion-
ally they may go to local doctors, but lake only incomplete treatment.
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It has been possible to bring abbut some changesirt: their general attitude'
and healih status, These are' as follows:
(a) Repeated visits have persuaded them to . fake regular treatment'
especially in chronic diseases like tuberculosis and olitis media.
(b) They have~tarted getting early treatqlent for minor complaints Iik~
skin'infection. diarrohea and worm infestations, because these ulti-
mately lead to chronic malnourished sta~es.
(c) There has been improvement in health status of certain anaemic'
children after receiving iron supplements and dietic advice.
(d) A generation of younger mothers (with I or 2 children) have started
becoming very aware of their child's health prOblems, and are keen
to give supplementary foods and wulti vitamins. They recogni.zc
et.onomic pressures in having large families and would like to limit
their family size to 2 or 3 chil~ren at the mo~t.
(e) Some mothers have been persuaded to get their children investigated
and admitted in general hospital wherever necessary.
(f) Mothers have become more aware of their own health especially.
during pregnancy.
Most women in all areas are already aware of family planning
programme and are convinced about the advantages of a small family.
However, it has been observed that .:
(a) Women with 2 or 3 children are reluctant to accept a terminal
method. like sterilisation. Mothers who are pregnant. look forward
to baving a healthy child. They are now inclined to limit the numbd:
of children after a patient explaining. The need for sterilisation as a
terminal method for stopping child birth is felt by many women, but
they mostly find it difficult to secure without proper guidance. Our
project provided them with this guidance. In fact, we have motivated
and arranged for 9 women to go in for termlDal sterilisation.
(b) Spacing of children;" most women have a belief that they have a
natural cycle of having children at 2 to 1 years interval and, as long as
they are breast feeding. they would not become pregnant. Therefore.
adoption of any contraceptive method for spacing. is not very
appealing to them. In some cales, oral pills have been accepted.
IUeD is just not acceptable at all.
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PROJECT TITLE A Contrastive Study of Village Level Utilisation of Health and Family
Welfare Services in Relation to Mortality and Fertility.
Padmashree Dr (Mrs) B Jena
Chairman
Council for Tribal & Rural Development,
Bhubaneswar.
Completion
Objectives
(I) To study factors relating to utilisation or non-utilisation of the infras-
tructure created by the State or established by non-governmental
agencies with a view to facilitating a critical appraisal of the causes
and related factors.
(2) To identify social, cultural, economic infrastructural and related
factors relating to differential fertility behaviour among scheduled
tribes and scheduled castes and general caste groups.
(3) To assess the overall impact of the health and family welfare prog-
ramme on couples among landless labourers, small farmers, marginal
farmers and others living below poverty line.
(4) To identify factors responsible for low utilisation and suggest
measures for further improvement in the system.
This study was designed to provide valuable information to policy makers
and administrators of health programmes, both at the state and national
level, for planning and strengthening culture-specific primary health care
programmes among the socially deprived communities in backward areas.
The study has highlighted aspects like organisational effectiveness and
coordination, functioning of voluntary organisations and communication
channels for promoting adoption of spacing as well as terminal methods
among younger couples, role of different functionaries, such as ANM.,
VHGs, Dais, private medical practitioners, community leaders, teachers,
etc. in the implementation of the family planning programme, system
planning and monitoring of implementation ·as well as evaluation of
impact, and the overall question of suitability of the present strategy (or
benefiting the target couples in rural and tribal villages of Orissa.
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The important findings of the study are:
(I) The availability, accessibility and utilisation of health services
among couples in headquarters villages have not only brought
down the fertility outcome in villages of high porformance
PHC but also prevented pregnancy wastage to certain extent
in comparison to couples of outreach villages.
(2) Certain programme benefits including regular follow-up
services by doctors and PHC staff are not available to commu-
nities Jiving in remote and outreach villages.
(3) The level of immunisation of children in acceptor householdl
is comparatively high than non-acceptor households. The
scheduled tribe and scheduled caste couples do not adequately
respond to immunisation programmes.
(4) The literacy level of the couples has positive co relation with
utilisation of health services by them. The negative social
values and taboos too hinder their utilisation.
(5) The prevalence of mortality and morbidity is higher among
male children in comparison to female children and the
incidence of infant mortality is very high in all the villages.
(6) A large chunk of health workers do not have adequate under-
standing on different job assignments entrusted to them.
These assignments have been significantly overlooked by
health personnel in low performance PHC as compared to
high performance PHC. Supervision of the work of health
personnel is also not to the desired extent.
(7) Intensification of health education and I.E.C. activities is
essential to generate community participation for better utili-
sation of programme benefits. Adequate strategies to ensure
participation of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes should
be formulated. There is also need to integrate the health and
F.P. education component with agricultural development
programmes.
(8) Low efficiency of drugs has led to non-confidence of the users
in the existing delivery system.
(9) Most of the local health problems have positive co-relation
with financial background of the family and the community
as a whole. There is need to integrate nutrition and health
programmes with poverty alleviation programmes.
(10) Under health programmes, more emphasis is needed on supply
of drinking water and prevention of mosquito bite diseases.
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,In. Information,E:ducation and Communication
PROJECf TITLE Research Design on the Study of the Perception of the People on Popu-
lation Education.
'Commencement
November 1985.
"~bjectives
(i) To understand the view of people op
.(a) equality of sexes,
(b) late marriages,
(c) spacing of children,
(d) small size families,
(e) birth control,
(f) biological and physiological aspects of population explosion;
(ii) to know the perception of the people about the relationship
lation explosion with
(a) planning food supplies and nutrition level,
(b) health care, ,
(c) housing and settlement,
(d) demographic constraints and education policies,
(e) employment problem; and
of popu-
. (iii) to know the people's views and ideas regarding the approach and
methodology for imparting population education and their perception
about the topics to be included in population education programme.
Sommaryof
Recommendations
The main highlights of the study are as follows: .
It is generally accepted that the factors most relevant to successful
family planning are the following:
(i) wider and higher education;
(ii) equality of rights and property for the different sexes;
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(Hi) higher earnings, leading to greater interest in higher standard of
living;
(iv) the knowledge and ready availability of cheap and effective means of
contraception: and
(v) a well planned and effective programme of population ~ducation.
The crucial element of individual motivation to restrict families is
not necessarily higher earning, the availability of the means of contracep-
tion, or even a stimulus for greater propensity in consumption. All these
factors may be necessary, but they would appear to be most effective when
geared to a value system that sees in fewer children a greater fulfilment
for the family and better prospects for the second generation.
A single most important factor in changing family value is spread
of population education among women and children. The stigma of
women taking to paid employment has already been diluted in the last
two decades, especially in urban areas. This becomes a powerful factor
in women taking up jobs along with men and continuing with these jobs
even after marriage. Where a woman is working or where both husband
and wife are working, there is evidence of smaller families and changing
motivation. Despite economic compulsions, it is not easy for women in
joint families to work, whereas it is becoming normal for women in
nuclear families to do so. In bringing about participatory motivation
for smaller families, massive investment in population education will
be crucial.
If better education for children as a means to status building plays
such a telling part in family planning motivation, then the population
education must be encouraged to and receive government's direct support.
By and large, notwithstanding the hold of old values, Hindu society
has shown a much greater capacity to adjust to modernity. It is now
fully realised that better knowledge of population trends and characteris-
tics is a prerequisite both for action in the field of population and for the
progressive integration of population factors with other aspects of
development strategy and planning.
In determining the future structure dealing with population, four
factors would be relevant:
(i) the subject matter;
(ii) the allocation of resources;
(iii) the delivery of project services;
(iv) the time frame of the activity.
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Management of this kind of population education programme:
requires special expertise. ltrequires, above all, willingness from the,
,1
political leadership to the lowest administrative lev,el to go through the
long, slow and sometimes painful processes of devising and implementing
programmes of population education.
Population policy is a long range strategic weapon. Its effects are,
felt not immediately but a generation hence. There must be a major
concern with the youth. The question of adolescent fertility is already ~
cause of concern to India and will become a much more urgent and
serious problem as the percentage of young people below 25 rises in the·
population. Serious studies of this question are needed in the specific
social and cultural contexts of different regions in the country so that'
suitable programmes to provide information, counselling and services to
young people in need may be devised.
,-
There can be no successful programme of slowing down population
growth without real and permanent increases in the standard of living of
the ordinary people living in slums and rural areas.
Poverty-stricken groups are the most difficult to reach and are the
most in need of population assistance. They remain in slum 'or rural
depressed areas, virtually untouched by economic growth and social
development going around them. They are deprived in large measures
of human needs- health, nutrition, housing, education and employment.
Increasing emphasis must be given to the participation of young
women in population education programme.
There should be specific efforts to promote information exchange
in all types of population education programmes. More emphasis should
be put on application of inter-sectoral communication and education
approaches, and regional advisory services should be made available to
assist in the development of population education materials. Development
of prototype materials, source books and teacher training handbooks
should be given full support.
The role of academic community in mapping out the future of
population education programme is a significant one. From the universi-
ties necessary ideas and man-power should be drawn to strengthen the
indigenous institutional capacities to cope up with the programmes of
population education.
It is expected that this study would be a significant contribution to
existing body of knowledge on one of the major phenomena of our time-
population growth.
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Dr R Champakalakshmi and
Mrs C Juyal.
On the basis of a pilot survey, a detailed questionnaire was developed to
obtain response from members of Parliament about personal awareness,
attitude and practice of family planning. Extensive data was collected
from 415 MPs (292 from Lok Sabha and 123 from Rajya Sabha) out of a
total membership of 789. The data collected covered a cross-section of
members of both the houses of Parliament, male and female members
from all parties, from all states, union territories and religions, from
scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, from members belonging to different
age groups, from acceptors and non-acceptors of family planning.
The study revealed the following:
(a) A good number of MPs belonging to the younger age group
are practising family planning methods.
(b) As many as 13~ of them have undergone the sterilisation opcra-
tion either themselves or their spouses have opted for it.
(c) The younger group comprises those MPs who if they arc
men, have wives below the age of 45, or if they arc women arc
themselves below that age.
(d) No MP from the above group who might have been married
after 1981 had a wife below 18 at the time of marriage.
(e) Considering that the total number of MPs is 789, it is possible
that sterilisation among them or their spouses would be larger
than 132.
(f) 92 MPs in this group had not opted for the terminal
methods.
(g) Those MPs who have themselves crossed the reproductive age
group have tried to influence their off-spring along the correct
lines.
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MPs views 00
family plaooiog
(h) The overall average family size of the Members of Parliamcot
who have accepted family planning (this includes those whose
spouses are sterilized) is 3.9. It ranges from 2.4 in West Bengal
to 4.5 in Rajasthan. Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and Punjab have
recorded an average below 3; Andhra Pradesh, Jammu and
Kashmir, Maharashtra, Bil::ar, Madhya Pradesh and the Union
Territories between 3 and 4; and Uttar Pradesh, Orissa and
Rajasthan over 4. In the first two groups, there is a tapering
off after 3 children or at the most 4. The third group (Uttar
Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan) is marked by large-size families.
(0 Female sterilisation amongst MPs accounts for more than
male; as against 51 vasectomies, there are 81 tubectomies.
U) In most cases, sterilisation procedures were accepted after two
children are born; it rises after the third child and, therafter,
decreases gradually; sometimes it is undertaken after four or
more children as in the state of Bihar. In most cases, the
third or the fourth child was sought for because of the desire
for a son or a daughter; after the fourth child, this desire tends
to abate. Andhra Pradesh MPs have shown pronounced pre-
ference for sterilisation. On the other hand, those in West
Bengal, are in favour of other methods. They are no longer
opposed to f••mily planning on ideological grounds.
(k) Child marriages are known to be common in Rajasthan. The
survey reveals, however, that 22 per cent of those MPs who
had married brides below the age of 15 years come from Uttar
Pradesh. Next come MPs from Bihar (15 per cent), Madhya
Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh (12 per cent) and Orissa (10 per
cent). The survey further indicates that child marriages do not
find favour in Punjab, Kerala, West Bengal and Assam. These
are prevalent to a negligible extent in Tamil Nadu, Maha-
rashtra and the Union Territorites. On the whole, 50 per cent
of those who had married child brides are now beyond the
reproductive age group.
A number of MPs suggested that target-setting was a wrong practice.
Some pinpointed the inadequacies in hospital facilities and suggested that
the programme should be in competent technical hands and there should
be proper post-operative care, particularly when camps are organised.
Several MPs said that while the family planning programme itself was
.ound, its implementation in the field was faulty. A number of MPs were
of the view that voluntary organisations could playa more important role
in the family planning programme. Some of them stated that they them-
selves were social workers first, politicians next.
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Some MPs voiced the fear that if family limitation was not practised
by people belonging to all religiolls faiths evenly, the demographic profile
of the country might be affected. Many suggested that since no religion
favours· a large family and at the same time religious leaders command a
good deal of respect, they should be brought together and persuaded to
advise their followers to accept family planning as a way of life for every
Indian. Some suggested that a uniform code of marriage should be
adopted for all.
On incentives, the views were divergent. Some said that these should
be scrapped altogether.
Most MPs underscored the importance of taking effective measures
to reduce infant mortality, a factor most crucial to high fertility.
While all MPs were in favour of the family planning programme,
quite a few feared that against the backdrop of poverty, if they took it up
at the constituency level, this could have an adverse effect on their
popularity. At least one MP went to the extent of saying that to preach
family planning to the people at the constituency level would amount to
singing the National Anthem at a wedding party.
Policy Implications
The study is expected to help Members of Parliament to assess the success
of their participation and plan for future involvement in the family plan-
ning programme. It is also expected to help parliamentarians to develop
a code for contribution to this important programme. This study is also
expected to provido the necessary impetus to ensure political commitment.
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IV. Policy Research and Evaluation
PROJECT TITLE· Diagnostic Study of Population Growth Rate and Family Planning in Six
States in Development Perspective
Director
V K Ramabhadran
Programme Director (Special Studies)
Institution
Sponsored by the Family Planning Foundation
(i) Diagnostic Studies
The Diagnostic Study of Population Growth, Family Planning and
Development, 1971·81, undertaken by the Foundation in Five States-
Gujarat, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh-has been
completed and state-wise reports were brought out containing recommen-
dations for improving family planning performance. These reports were
forwarded to the Government of India for follow-up as appropriate.
One of the suggestions made by the Government of India, Ministry of
Health & Family Welfare, Department of Family Welfare, was that 5tate-
wise reports should be presented at a meeting of the Programme Managers
in each State. The first such meeting on the Rajasthan Report was
organised by the Union Health Ministry on 12 June 1985. It is now
intended to have such follow-up meetings with the State officials at the
headquarters of each State, as that would enable the participation of a
larger number of Programme Officers at the State level.
C9mmissioned by the Family Planning Foundation in Collaboration with
lORC, Canada.
Rs 6,00,OOn. FPF
Rs 16,00,000 - IDRC
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Highlights of
Project Report
The main purpose of the project wa~ to identify risk factors responsible
for high infant mortality, examine their relationship with fertility and
suggest interventions to bring down both infant mortality and fertility.
The project, the first of its kind covered three hilly and five rural districts
of U.P., 10 rural and tribal districts of M.P., 5 districts (with interlocked
sample of rural and urban areas) of Karnataka and 10 slums of Bombay.
These were selected on the basis of predominance of those characteristics.
In all, data was collected from about 800 rural and urban units, 2,500
grassroot health workers, I, I0,000 households and 25,000 mothers who
have borne children in the last two years.
Investigations were completed in June 1988 and the conclusions
were discussed in a two-day seminar inaugurated by Mr J R D Tata.
The following are the main findings of the project report:
(I) Among currently married women, the percentage of those who were
married before the legal age of 18 years was as high as 90 in M.P., 87
in hilly and 73 in rural areas of U.P., 52 in Orissa, 86 in rural and 64
in urban areas of Karnataka and 77 in slums of Bombay. The per-
centage of those who conceived before this legal age of 18, was also
as high as 59 in M.P., 38 in hilly and 26 in rural areas of U.P., 28 in
Orissa, 48 in rural and 33 in urban areas of Karnataka and 47 in
Bombay slums.
(2) When children were born to mothers too early, too close, too many
and too late, the chances of their survival decreased by 30 to 60 per
cent, which further decreased with the previous history of pregnancy
complications, losses and infant deaths.
(3) Out of the women giving live births in 1986-87, about 5·10 per cent
became pregnant within two years in whose case the infant mortality
rate was almost double than the rest. In addition to this, the desire
to have more children as replacemt'!nt for the dead and to ensure the
survival of the required number was stronger among those who lost
their children. This confirmed the hypothesis that high fertility leads
to high infant mortality and vice-versa, and emphasised the urgency
of controlling both simultaneously.
(4) At the pre-natal stage, mother's illness due to anaemia and oedema-
or malaiia and measles, and mother's inadequate dietary intake
particularly that of milk, eggs and meat during pregnancy increased
the risk to the life of children later on, and in the absence of pre-natal
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care it increased considerably, particularly among those who were
below poverty line. This underlines the importance of pre-natal care
and food supplementation du.ring pregnancy.
(5) At the peri-natal stage, the highest risk to infant'. life was due to
antepartum haemorrhage for mothers and birth related problems for
children such as immaturity and low birth weight, cord-infection and
birth injury, respiratory distress and cyanosis. Absence of proper
medical care during these problems at birth increased the risk mani-
fold. Training and safe-delivery kit for traditional birth attendants,.
early detection of high risk mothers, and children and timely referral
are the spggested appropriate interventions, for this purpose.
(6) At the post-natal stage, inadequate breast and supplementary feeding,
post-natal care and treatment of infections, malnutrition and growth-
fauHering are the main risk factors. These risk factors get aggravated
by poor housing and environmental conditions and water and sani-
tation on the one hand, and by poverty, illiteracy working class
background and lack of women's organisation on the other.
(7) Poverty seems to be the root cause which operates through malnutri-
tion and infections and takes the highest toll of infants in the absence
of proper pre-natal, peri-natal and post-natal care. Poverty implied
access to resources and services required to improve the chances of
infants' survival.
(8) The configuration of risk factors varies from one population group to
another. For example, in slum areas of Bombay it includes in-
adequate breast and supplementary feeding and lack of immunization.
In urban areas of Karnataka, it includes malnutrition and infection,
peri-natal complications and short birth intervals; in M.P., it includes
inadequate supplementary feeding of infant, inadequate dietary intake
of mothers during pregnancy, and lack of immunization; in Orissa, it
includes almost all major risk factors operating on both mothers and
infants at stages mentioned above.
The report indicates that the following interventions could assist in
reducing the infant mortality rate;
Improvement in housing, environmental, water and sanitary condi-
tion of the poor; food supplementation of both mothers and children;
improvement in the delivery of pre, peri and post-natal care and referral
and follow-up services; proper training of TBAs and ANMs; educatiqn
and organisation of women to control relevant risk factors in accordance
with local conditions and priorities. And last but not least monitoring
and evaluation of the efficacy of these interventions before they are
extended and replicated elsewhere.
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A national level seminar was organised by the Family Planning
Foundation on July 1st and 2nd, 1988 at New Delhi. Mr J R D Tata,
Chairman, Family Planning Foundation inaugurated the seminar. Eminent
experts in demography,social sciences, social and preventive medicines,
health administration both from the government and private bodies were
invited to participate in the seminar. Representatives of international
organisations actively engaged in child survival and population prog-
rammes like the Ford Foundation,UNICFF, World Bank, USAID etc.
also participated in the seminar.
After the first day's discussions by experts of the findings given in
the reports of the project leaders and the Project Director, the second day
of the seminar was devoted to evolving appropriate suggestions with a
view to achieving the goal set in the National Health Policy to bring down
the present infant mortality rate of 100 to 60 by 2000 A.D.
PROJECT TITLE Quick Survey in Bombay Slums to Develop an Action Research Project
based on Social Counselling.
Priocipal
loyestig.tor
Dr (Mrs) Rajani Paranjpe.
College of Social Work, Bombay.
With a view to developing a suitable model for promotion of family
planning in urban slums, the Foundation has been in contact with some
urban sociologists, who are familiar with slums and who could organise a
social counselling mission among tho urban slum dwellers. Accordingly,
Dr Rajani Paranjpe, Professor, College of Social Work, Bombay, was
requested to undertake a quick survey to fill the gaps in the knowledge
about the demography' of urban slums, particularly, the size of the family,
the extent of family planning practices, the rate of infant mortality etc.
The purpose ofthesurvey was to ascertain social, demographic,
cultural and environmental background of slum dwellers, ascertain their
knowledge and practice of contraceptives with a view to designing an
action demonstration project to promote family planning in slums. For
this purpose, Dharavi and Ramabai Sahakarnagar slums of Bombay were
selected and data from 187 and 113 couples from the two areas were
collected using systematic random sampling methodwitb replacement, if
necessary.
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Two schedules were used, i.e. one for the household to locate eligible
couples and the other to interview the eligible couples selected. With the
first schedule data ahout migration. housin~, assets and demographic
details of household members were collected and \\\\ith the second schedule
data about surviving and dead children, ideal number of children, use of
FP method services and advice available. suggestions for FP programme
improvement, and reasons for non· adoption etc. were collected.
The report has brought out that there is a need to improve employ~
ment and educational opportunities for women, organise young women
around these activities and side by side improve clinical counselling and
educational inputs. which are so vital for the wider adoption of family
planning methods among slum dwellers than simplistic propaganda of FP
methods through radio and TV.
Recommendations of the survey have been made available to the
Municipal Corporation of Bombay, which runs Health and Family
Welfare Services and the Secretary (Health), Government of Maharashtra.
PROJECT TITLE Variable Perceptions of Family Planning Methods and Quality of Services
Among Different Communities and Mobilisation of Socio-Economic
Factors.
Institutional
Support
This study covers the three principal communities-Hindus, Muslims and
Christians-resident in selected areas of the Zahirabad tehsil of district
Medak, Andhra Pradesh. The objectives of the study are:
(a) Al'praisal of the variable perceptions of acceptors and non-acceptors
from each community about family planning programme, family
planning methods and the quality of services;
(b) assessment of the .~ources of knowledge about different methods,
attitudes towards themanp the extent of practice of these methods;
(c) identification of the perceptions of the people about facts like age at
marriage, family size norm, sex composition of children, the perceived
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· advantages and disadvantages of having large/small family, birth
spacing, infant and child mortality and subsequent influence on family
planning practice;
(d) evaluation of the perception of service providers about the family
planning programme, family planning methods and the problem faced
by them in delivering services to the people in general and the three
communities in particular.
There was some delay in the conimencementof the project in view of tho
Project Investigator being away frolli India dn training and thereafter on
l~ave. The project, therefore, commenced only from 16 December 1987.
During the period under review, the Project Investigator identified two
Tehsils of Medak district for the study. They are Sadasivapet and
Zahirabad which have the highest proportion of Muslim population
(14.7% and 23.9% respectively) residing in rural areas. The latter also
has 10 per cent Christian population residing in rural areas. One primary
health centre was selected from each one of the tehsils.
After selecting the PHCs, efforts were made to get the eligible
couple registers and the household registers from the PRC staff. The
eligible couple registers contain the information such as, name of the
couple, ago of the couple, number of living children, male and female,
and family planning adoption. The household registers contain the details
of the household members such as, name, age, sex, and relationship to thd
head of the family, but do not contain any information on the economic
status of the household.
A study sponsored by tho Family Planning Foundation in 1987 reveals
that the ten-year old law increasing the age of marriage for girls from 15 to
18 years and for boys from 18 to 21 years has failed to achieve its purpose.
Tho age-old spectacle of girls marrying at a tender age continues.
So does the child marriage practice. At any time over ten million girls
below the age of II are married.
This situation can change only, the study points out, if the Jaw is
backed effectively by expansion of female literacy and employment, social
reforms and modernisation.
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The national family welfare strategy lays heavy emphasis on ralSlng
the age at marriage as one of the principal means of reducing bitth rate.
The study brings into sharp focus the harsh reality that marriage age
cannot be pushed up through legislation alone. The key is female literacy
and equal opportunities for women.
Evidence shows that the age at marriage increases as the literacy
level increases. In 1981, in the rural India, it was 16.9, 17.6 and 19.2 in
the case of girls who were "literate but below middle", "middle but below
matric" and "matric but below graduate". In urban areas, the increase
was almost similar - 17.2. 18.0 and 19.7. The marriage age in the case of
girls with a degree was above 21 - both in rural and urban areas.
Similarly, wherever women are engaged in gainful economic activity
or careers, they tend to marry late. But where agricultural labour is the
only occupation of the husband and wife, the female marriage age is much
lower - 12.3 years in rural areas.
The study cites the examplcs of Sri Lanka and Malaysia where the
female marriage age is 23.5 and 21.9 years respectively. In both the
countries, expansion of literacy and increased employment opportunities
for women, had played a key role in raising the marriage age. In fact, the
law was enacted following the socio-economic changes that had already
taken place, and found universal acceptance.
The role that modernisation can play is highlighted by the example
of Tunisia. There the age of marriage in 1975 was 23.3 years. This
has been attributed to modernisation ensuing from socio-economic progress
and liberal legislation which includes ban on polygamy.
The Foundation study has recommended that in the Indian
situation, where marriage is universal and early marriage is common, if
any law raising the age at marriage is to yield any significant results, it
must be accompanied by effective large-scale processes of socio-economic
development, with high accent on education and jobs for girls.
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Some relevant
factors
The study made by Dr K Sivaswamy Srikantan was discussed at a
round· table chaired by Mr P Padmanabha in Bangalore. To relate the
observations to policy issues and administrative aspects, the group gave
greater attention to these.
This study brought out the following points:
(i) One of the reasons for the birth rate being constant after 1977 could
be the larger proportion of women in the child-bearing ages which
increased from 22.2 per cent in 1971 to 23.1 per cent in 1981.
(ii) Another reason could be the not· so-encouraging trend in the CPR.
Between 1970-71 and 1976-77, the CPR based on service statistics,
increased from 10.6 per cent to 23.7 per cent while it did not increase
at all but remained steady around 23 per cent between 1976-77 and
1980·81.
(iii) Other pertinent factors to be taken into account, include marriage
pattern, prevalence of induced abortion, post-part urn infecundibility
etc. While the relaxation of traditional checks on fertility do slow
down the fall in birth rate, improvements in medical care and hospital
facilities tend to reduce mortality at all levels. All these factors in
combination would tend to keep the birth rate steady.
(iv) The study suggests that the methodology adopted by the authorities
for estimation of the couple protection rate is faulty. The assump-
tions on various parameters that went into the estimation would
need a re-examination.
(v) There is an empirical relationship between contraceptive prevalence
and fertility. It has been estimated that for every 2.2 points increase
in contraceptive prevalence rate, the birth rate would fall by one
point. In the absence of Contraceptive Prevalence Surveys, the
Couple Protection Rate is utilised as a measure. It is important to
obtain data on contraceptive continuation rates. The CPR is not
equivalent to the prevalence rate. As such, the method-specific
assumptions now adopted for calculations of the CPR, need a total
review.
(vi) Further in measuring the demographic impact of contraception, age
and parity of acceptors of family planning methods are important
determinants. A scrutiny of the data indicates that the age and parity
distribution of acceptors of sterilisation and the IUD have not
uudergone significant changes downward over time. It is apparent
that these predominant methods of family planning continue to be
adopted by the same age group and parity levels as before, the
study notes.
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Desirable
Intenentionl
It appears that the steady birth rate after 1981, seems attributable to the
prevalence of contraception in the younger age groups not being at an
adequate level. Since the proportion of women in the child-bearing ages
is likely to keep increasing in the years ahead, contraceptive prevalence
must be increased substantially in the near future, if the declared goals
regarding CPR (42 in 1990 and 60 in 2000 AD) are to be achieved. This
calls for specific programme modifications and changes in the service
delivery systems.
PROJECT TITLE Appropriate Social Technology Interventions for Family Welfare Prog-
rammes in the State of Andhra Pradesh -An Action Research Project.
Prof V Eswara Reddy, Hony. Director, Human Resource Development
Programme
This project was aimed at developing appropriate social intervention
strategies to promote family planning particularly among the disadvan-
taged sections in Anantpur district of Andhra Pradesh, which the Govern-
ment of Andhra Pradesh has identified as one of the four low performance
districts, i.e. Mahboobnagar, Medak, Adilabad and Anantpur.
The Council for Social Development, Hyderabad, in collaboration
with the Department of Health and Family Welfare of Andhra Pradesh
Government has taken up this action research project in three stages, i.e.
diagnostic investigation for three months, intervention for nine months
and evaluation for three months, covering a total period of 15 months.
Diagnostic investigation would identify cultural inhibitions in
various communities and locate institutional bottlenecks in the delivery
system. Intervention would bring about desirable changes at both demand
and supply ends of family planning programme. Evaluation would deter-
mine the efficacy of designed interventions and also measure their impact.
The chief merit of this project was that the main initiative came
from the Government of Andhra Pradesh, which was worried about the
poor performance of four districts, i.e. Mahboobnagar, Medak, Adilabad
and Anantpur. It was considered a good sign that the State Government
wanted to know the reasons, get advice on desirable social interventions
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as well as on the training of cadres and, if possible, test the validity and
(:fficacy of recommended measures at least in one district. Anantpuf
district was selected for the pilot project. The Government of Andhra
Pradesh had assured through the Commissioner and Secretary, Health
and Family Planning, that they would actively participate in the project
at all stages, through their health and family planning as well as welfare
field staff.
A Planning Workshop on Social Technology Intervention for Family
Welfare Programme was held at the district headquarters at Anantpur.
This workshop was attended by the representatives of the State Govern-
ment, namely Dr P L Sanjeeva Reddy, LAS; Secretary, Department of
Health and Family Welfare; the Director of Medical and Health Services
and tb.e district officials, including the District Collector, Joint Collector
and District Masistrate, besides representatives from the Council for Social
Development and Family Planning Foundation. The meeting was also
attended by Dr PH Reddy and Prof G P Reddy, Anthropologist specialis-
ing in drought prone area cultures. The outcome of the meeting was
that there was keen interest shown by the State Government officials in
all aspects of the project. Two committees to oversee, monitor and guide
the project were formed, one at the state level and another at the district
level. The District Collector in this workshop, came up with a concrete
proposal of linking family planning programme with anti-poverty prog-
rammes undertaken by the district administration through a feasible
strategy to be worked out by the project. The modalities have already
been worked out in a meeting of the District Committee. Necessary
questionnaires have been prepared to identify the beneficiaries.
Data is being collected for preliminary exercises required for major
stages of the project.
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6.1 Page 51 |
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Index of Selected, Completed/Closed Projects
&
Brief Details
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6.2 Page 52 |
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Index of Selected, Completed Projects
Sl Title of the Project
No
Principal Investigator jProject
Director
Amount
Sanctioned
Rs
Pale
No
1. Task Group on Injectable Con-
traceptives
2. Mechanism of Secretion of Chori-
onogonado-tropins
in Pregnant
Monkeys and Human Placental
Tissue Cultures
3. Studies on Carrier Proteins for
Water-Soluble Vitamins in Preg-
nancy
Professor N R Moudgal/
Dr A Jagannadha Rao
4. Developme!1t of (i) Anti-Pregnancy
Vaccine and (ii) Pregnancy Testing
Kit
5. Trial of an Injectable Male Contra-
ceptive
95,000
35,000
2,40,000
Z,OO,OOO
2,12,000
2,49,590
80,000
2,00,000
2,49,000
1,00,000
5,25,000
2,00,000
1. Establishing a Mechanical Tabula-
tion Research Cell for Family
£lanning Programme of the Chris-
tian Medical Association of India,
Bangalore.
2. A Demonstration Project for Evol-
ving an Effective Role for Grass-
root Child Welfare Workers in
Family Planning in an Urban
Slum/Rural Area
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SI Title of the Project
No
PrinciJlllI IDYtstlgatorfProject
Director
3. Monograph on Population and
D~velopment: Towards the 21 st
Century
4. Demonstration Project in Commu-
nity Based Distribution of Contra-
ceptives
5. Integrated Rural Socio-Economic
Programme linked with Family
Planning
6. Action Demonstration Project for
Integrated Parasite Control and
Family Planning Services In
UNICEF-Assisted Area Develop-
ment Programme in Trivandrum
District
Addl Director Health
Services, Kerala State
Government
7. Demonstration Project to Integrate
Health and Family Planning with
Rural Development
8. Planning and D~velopment Grant
to Stimulate Widescale Family
Planning Work in one District of
Rajasthan
9. A Demonstration Project of Reor-
ganising the Role of Anganwadi
Workers for the Total Welfare of
the Community covered by the
ICDS Scheme
Ms Prema Malhotra
Mr P Venkat Rao
10. Family Planning Action Research
Project In Urban and Rural
Settings
Amount
Sanctioned
Hs
Page
No
75,000
9,484
30,000
4,50,000
12,500
2,00,000
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SI Title of tbe Project
No
Principal Investilator jProject
Director
Amount
Sanctioned
Rs
11. Operation Concern: Demonstra-
tion Project for Primary Health
Care and Family Planning Services
through the Milk Cooperative
Infrastructure
2,70,000
62,000
12. Involvement of Parliamentarians
and Legislators in Promoting
Family Planning:
(i) Second National Conference
of Parliamentarians on Popu-
tion and Development
(ii) Asian Forum of Parliamenta-
rians on Population and
Development
Exchange of
Expertise and Experience in
Field of Population Develop-
ment Related issues
(iii) Involvement of Parliamenta-
rians and Legislators m
Promoting Family Planning in
their constituencies
13. Mother Child and Family Welfare
Project
Mr B Chatterjee
Mr A C Sen
14. A Demonstration-cum-Study
Pro-
gramme for Family Development
(with special focus on Family Plan-
ning) for the Social Transforma-
tion of Two Communities (Rural
and Urban) in West Bengal
15. Innovative Scheme for Massive
Family Planning through Wide-
spread Public Support in Sikhar
District Rajasthan
Mr Ramakant Sharma
Secretary to Govt. H~alth and
Medical Department,
Rajasthan
50,000
71,480
1,00,000
5,00,000
2,46,000
Paa.
No
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81 Title or the Project
No.
Principal Investigator/Project
DIrector
1. A Demonstration/Action Project
in Developing Grassroot Worker-
Leaders: Experiment in Leader-
ship Training
2. District Development Demonstra-
tion Project in Madurai District,
Tamil Nadu
3. Integrated Health Care Delivery
including Family Planning with
Communty Participation
4. A Pilot Project on Health Welfare
and Education with Special Em-
phasis on Population Education
S. Villafe Level Health and Family
Planning Workers (Case Studies)
6. (j) First National Conference of
Parliamentarians on the Pro-
blems of Population and
Development
(ij) Promoting Family Planning
and Population Education
through Parliamentarians
(iij) Travel Grant for 5 members
of the Indian Associations of
Parliamentarians for Prob-
lems of Population and Deve-
lopment to attend the Asian
Conference of Population
Beijing, China
(iv) Technical Materials for State
Legislators Conference of
IAPPO
Amount
Sanctioned
Rs
Page
No
3,30,000
91,000
1,84,000
4,50,000
1,75,000
3,00,000
1,00 ,()()()
3,00,000
60,000
1,50,000
20,000
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SI Title of the Project
No
PriDci,.1 IDvestlptor /ProJect
Director
7. Orientation Training of Mukhya-
sevikas in Health and Family
Welfare
8. Experimental Project Linking
Population Education with Adult
Education
9. Family Planning Foundation
Awards for Various Categories of
Family Planning Communication
10. An experimental Project for Inte-
grating Population Education for
All India Handicraft Board
trainees in Carpet Weaving Centres
11. Atlas of the Child in India: A
Visual Education Project Depict-
ing the place and importance of
Children in Population and
Development
Dr L Ramchandrani
Prof S R Mohsini
Sponsored by FPF
Prof C P Goyal
Prof Moonis Raza
12. Annotated Resource List of Family
Planning Media Materials
Sponsored by FPF
13. Development of an Innovative
Puppet Based Video Serial on
Family Planning (Preparatory
grant)
Ms Ranjana Pandey
14. Publication Grant Population
Compendium for World Popula-
tion Conference, Mexico City
Sponsored by FPF
15. "Because People Matter" Audio-
visual presentation
Mr Vikas Satwalelcar
16. Video Software Development for
TV and Non Broadcast Channels
Sponsored by FPF
Amount
. Sanctioned
RI
Pag.
No
28,500
4,63,700
1,50,000
2,50,000
77,000
25,000
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81 Title of the Project
No
Principal Investigator/Project
Director
Amount
SaDctioned
Rs
Pige
No
1. Population Education through
Agricultural Jnstitutions- Deve-
loping Role Definitions and Role
Commitments of Agricultural Insti-
tutions in Population Education
Dr Kamlesh Kumar
2. Developing Programmes of Infor-
mati on Dissemination, Motivation
and Action in Population and
Family Planning
Ms Rami Chhabra
3. Developing an Institutional Base
in a Northern State for Orientation
Training of Key Women Develop-
ment Functionaries
Mr S C Agarwal
4. Technical Materials for State . Sponsored by FPF
Legislators Conference of IAPPD
5. Population Policy-2000 AD A
Study of the Relationship between
Population and Economic Deve-
lopment
Dr V A Pai Panandiker
6. India's Population-Aspects of
Quality and Control
7. Determinants of Fertility Change
in Tamil Nadu
8. Status of Population Research in
India
9. Population in India's Development
-1947-2000, A Recommissioned
Study
FPF, Registrar
General's Office, IASP
10. Status Study of Population Educa-
tion Research in India
K Sadashivaiah
Chandrakala Dave
3,00,000
4,40,000
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SI Title of the Project
No
PrincipallnYestigator/Project
Director
12. Mangadu Study-Socio-Economic
Change: A Diachronic Study of
Changes in Contraceptive and
Fertility Behaviour
13. A Critical Study of Allocations to
the Family Planning Programme
in India during 1971-81 with Policy
Implications and Construction of
Data Bank on the Subject
) 4. Broad-based Research Programme
on Infant Mortality and its Inter-
relationship with Fertility
] 5. (0 Study of Population Policies in
India (ii) Study of FamilyPlann-
ing Implementation Programmes
16. Study of People's Participation in
Family Planning
17. Socio-Economic Determinants of
Age of Female at Marriage and its
Effect on Fertility Behaviour in
India
Mr A Aiyappan
Mr Mahadevan
Mr V Nagarajan
Dr Ali Baquer
Dr Rajni Kothari
19. Management of Family Welfare
Programme-A study in Perception
20. Changing Family Organisation
among Khasis and Garos
1. Workshop on Promotion of Oral
PilIs
Amount
Sanctioned
Rs
5,000
5,000
Page
No
2,70,000
2,;8,800
45,000
5,000
90,000
50,000
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81 Title of the Project
No
Principal Investigator/Project
Director
2. International Symposium on Gona-
dotropins Releasing Hormone in
Control of Fertility and Malig-
nancy
3. International Conference on
Health Policy: Ethics and Human
Values
Dr P K Reddy
ICMR and other
Amount
Page
Sanclioned No
Rs
15,000
123
25,000
124
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I. Bio-MedicalResearch
PROJECT TITLE Task Group on Injectable Contraceptives
DirectorfInstitution Sponsored by the Family Planning Foundation
Budget
Rs 95,000 (March 1982)
Rs 35,000 (December 1983)
AmountDisbursed
Rs 1,15,942
Objective
It was feIt that terminal methods which are now popular may soon reach
a plateau and measures are therefore necessary to bring in spacing
methods in a big way. The Foundation as a non-government organisation
has sought to provide through this Task Force meeting an inderendent
and objective assessment of the injectable contraceptive which could he]p
to decide whether injectables should be included in the national family
planning programme.
Present Status
The Task Force considered, at its meeting in October 1983, two
injectables-the DMPA and the NET-EN. The national and international
experience exchanged at the meeting showed that while both these merit
consideration by the Government in terms of their safety, efficacy,
acceptability and reversibility, the latter would be preferable in the Indian
context. The injectable mode is culturally acceptable and eliminates the
need for daily motivation.
PROJECT TITLE Mechanism of Secretion Of Chorionogonado-tropins
and Human Placental Tissue Cultures.
in pregnant Monke~s
Department of Biochemistry
Indian Institute of Science Bangalore.
Sanctions
Rs. 2,40,000 (29.11.77)
Rs. 2,00,000 (04.12.81)
Disbursements
Rs. 3, 10,000
(Upto May 84)
Rs. 2,12,000 (20.12.83)
after Peer Review
Rs. 2,49,590.37 (21.12.84)
Rs.4,59.345.74
(May 84-Dec 85)
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To investigate the feasibility of developing a suitable mechanism to inter-
fere with Chorionic Gonadotropins (CG) production, which can possibly
be uesd as a fertility-limiting agent.
The project has been able to establish a radio· immunoassay method to
measure LHRH levels in monkeys. Since the project has fulfilled the
objectives of the study, Dr Rao has been requested to explore the possi-
bility of the project being followed up in collaboration with the Central
Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow, who have the expertise and
know-how to make LHRH analogues, which could be useful for early
termination of pregnancy. The Foundation has discontinued funding to
the above project with effect from 1.4.1986 except to settle outstanding
balances after receipt of audited statements.
Project Director
ID!ltitution
Professor P R Adiga
Department of Biochemistry India
Institute of Science Bangalore.
Sanctions
Rs 80,000 (30.07.80)
Rs 2,00,000 (04.12.81)
Disbursements
Rs 2,23,243,29
(Upto May 1984)
Rs 2,49,000 (20.12.83)
after Peer Review
Rs. 1,00,000 (21.12.84)
Rs 3,25,000
(May 84-Dec 85)
(1) To isolate and characterise riboflavin carrier protein (RCP) and thiamin
carrier protein (TCP) from pregnant mothers;
(2) To develop sensitive methods of assays for monitoring their levels during
pregnancy, menstruation and 'pill' intake;
(3) To rule out side-effect on the mother following active immunization
against the carrier Proteins.
The project funding by the Foundation ceased on 31 March 1986 and the
terminal report on the project has been received. The report was sent
for review to an expert, who has observed that the work is innovative and
is of a high standard and the objectives of the project have been achieved.
The hypothesis tested is that, during pregnancy, the extra demand of
water-soluble vitamins for embryonic development is met by the develop·
ment of specialized carrier proteins by the maternal system, across the
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placental barner. Detailed studies have been carried out with regard to
riboflavin carrier protein (RCP) and thiamin carrier protein (TCP).
Immunological studies were undertaken using monospecific antibodies
raised by appropriate methods.
The functional importance of RCP in pregnancy and foetal development
has been demonstrated in rats and bonnet monkeys. Some studies have
also been done on normally cycling women and the role of estrogens
demonstrated. In addition, study of levels of RCP in normal and
abnormal pregnancies in serum of mother and umblical cord showed
lower concentration of RCP as compared to maternal serum which was
clear evidence of retarded foetal growth.
The expert was also requested to suggest possible applications of the
findings. The view of the expert is that, the present work is exploratory
and that much more needs to be done and specific experiments designed
for the human. Such experimentation is worth pursuing, but would
require separate protocol and collaboration with an Obstetrics/Gynaeco-
logy Department. Further, depending upon the results of the specific
experiments. there would be the need to simplify the technology and
investigate the feasibility of utilising the method on a large scale basis
for the diagnosis of the retarded foetal growth. In the view of the expert,
all these issues need to be clearly spelt out in the new protocol.
In so far as studies on carrier proteins were concerned, which were also
being assisted by the lCMR, it was felt that while the two objectives out
of the three mentioned in FPF project have been achieved. information
about the third which was most important was not forthcoming. Having
confirmed the presence of carrier proteins during pregnancy and also
studied the action of termination of pregnancy. it was essential that we
ought to know about side-effects and other effects on vitamin metabolism,
etc. Once that was known, the project would have completed its courso
taking the findings to the logical threshold of experimentation on humans.
Dr B K Anand had suggested that this could be done by conducting trials
on brei:ding monkeys with the help of Professor Moudgal who had been
experimenting with Banjauri. Selected monkeys from his animal house
could be obtained for specific trials to determine whether there were any
adverse side effects, etc.
It was recalled that in one of the recent meetings of the Board the possi-
bility of developing a joint project had been hinted at. Accordingly, a
team consisting of Dr Dipak Bhatia. Member, Governing Board and the
Executive Director visited Bangalore on 28 April 1987. In the absenco
of Prof Adiga, detailed discussions were held with the Senior Scientists
associated with the project. It was noted that the discovery of RCP was
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unique in as much as apart from establishing its significance in the main-
tenance of foetus, it had opened up important possibilities of determining
abnormalities at a very early stage. 80 cases are under study. The
scientist further noted that it might take about 3 years to develop a proper
immunogen for terminating pregnancy.
It seems, the Institute does not need further assistance to continue the
work since adequate support has now become available from ICMR.
The project has, therefore, been completed.
PROJECT
TITLE
Development of :
(i) Anti-Pregnancy Vaccine and
(ii) Pregnancy Testing Kit.
Duration
Objectives
All India Institute of Medical Sciences/Indian Institute of Immunology,
New Delhi.
Sanctions
Rs 5,25,000
Rs 2,00,000
Disbursements
Rs 5,15,000
Rs 1,85,000
(Additional amount of Rs 1,00,000 to be made available on demand by
the Project Director)
The activities funded by the Foundation began in April, 1975 and ended
in 1984.
(i) Objective of this project is to exploit the immune response of the
body to block the action of certain critical bioactive molecules which
are crucial for pregnancy at one stage or the other, i.e. right from
conception to maintenance.
The progress made under this project was discussed by Dr K L Wig and
Dipak Bhatia with the Project Director. In their assessment, the project
has reached an advanced state, as a result mainly of the Foundation's
critical initial financial support and it has been recommended that the
Foundation should continue to make available some token funds as and
when needed by the Project Director. This was suggested, particularly
because of the importance attached to the development of anti-pregnancy
vaccine, which has been commended by the agencies like the Federal Drug
Administration of the United States and other countries.
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(ii) As regards the development of pregnancy testing kit, the discussions
indicated that what was now necessary Was the development of a market-
ing technique of the product, in order to transfer it from the laboratory
to the shelf table. This was necessary because although the product itself
cost very little, the marketing involved:a sizeable percentage of the cost
and unless an organisation was set up to develop the marketing facility,
the product may 1I0t become commercially viable.
The views of the Indian Council of Medical Research on the effec-
tiveness of the pregnancy test kit are important to elicit before the kit
can be used on any scale in the country. The Foundation has played a
role in ensuring that ICMR examines the kit. Technicians from 4 institu-
tions in Delhi selected by ICMR have been sent for a one day training on
its use. Dr Talwar reports that adequate supplies have been given and
that testing is ongoing in these 4 institutions. They are expected to
provide a feedback after 100 tests have been done in each institution.
Centre for Biomedical Engineering, All India Institute of Medical Sciences!
Indian Institute of Technology New Delhi.
A polymer and methodology of administration into the lumen of the vas
deferens of male monkeys for achieving contraception has been developed
and standardised at the AIIMS & lIT, New Delhi. It is proposed to
evaluate the contraceptive efficacy of this new procedure at independent
centres by using the polymer prepared at the All India Institute of Medical
Sciences and Indian Institute of Technology.
The research in the present project focuses on a methodology of fertility
control in males through a class of polymers which have intensive
property of lowering pH and thereby inhibiting the functional ability of
the spermatozoa to fertilize the ovum. Since the polymer does not
degrade and does not go into solution, it is not expendable and the life-
time of a depot formed by a single injection is theoretically very long.
The work carried out so far (prior to the project grant by the
Foundation) indicates that injection of a polymer into the vas of the
rats has produced contraception, which is also reversible. Trials on
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primates in AIlMS laboratory have established contraceptive effectiveness
and reversibility is being studied as part of the project funded by the
Foundation. Also multi-centric trials would be or£anised with the help
of the critical support, provided by the Foundation for three month.
(January-March 1986). From April 1986, funds are anticipated from
ICMR and the WHO.
The summary Report on the project indicates that the administra-
tion of styrene maleic anhydride (S M A) has three modes of actions on the
basis of the observational data. Monkey with a high dose (400 mg) of
SMA continued to mdintain an effective vas deferens lumen block and
thus fertility is controlled. In intermediate doses (100 mg) of SMA, there
is initial occlusion followed by non-occlusive control of fertility and in
low doses (16,65 mg) of SMA, after a period of time. fertility is restored
spontaneously indicating that the approach can be used for limited period
of fertility control with no second manipulation to gain reversal. It has
also been established in une monkey that following reversal, there has
been pregnancy as determined by palpation by a specialist.
Besides, the above contraception and reversibility study, the under-
mentioned associated investigations were conducted:
(i) Hormonal Levels: Within the limits of biological variability and
accuracy in the procedure, serum testosterone levels are not altered
by reversal. As a part of the mating programme, hormone levels of
female monkeys were also estimated.
(ii) Antisperm Antibody determination: It has been found that antibody
levels in monkeys with occlusive block is higher than those with low
dose treatment and patent lumen.
(iii) Scanning Electron Microscopy: The effect of the polymer on sper-
matoza was further evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and
it has been found that SMA has effect on the morphology both
in-vitro and in-vivo.
(iv) Toxicity Studies: Toxicity studies carried out using the methodology
prescribed by the ICMR showed that haemotological as well as
blood biochemistry data of treated monkeys continued to be within
normal limits.
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II. Demonstration/Experimental Project . Health
and Social Development
PROJECT TITLE Establishing a Mechanical Tabulation Research Cell for Family Planning
Programme of the Christian Medical Association of India, Bangalort
Director
Dr (Mrs) H M Sharma
Budget
Amount Disbursed
Objectives
Present Status
Rs 1,16,200
Rs I, II ,000
To analyse with the help of the mechanical tabulation unit the socio-
demographic characteristics of tubectomy acceptors by collecting data
from the 350 hospitals under CMAI all over the country.
This is a project in which the Foundation funded a data processing facility
at CMAI. The report entitled" Acceptor Analysis" was received in 1982
and the project is completed.
PROJECT TlTLE A Demonstration Project for Evolving an Effective Role for Grassroot
Child Welfare Workers in Family Planning in an Urban Slum/Rural Area
Director
Dr Paul Chowdhury
Institution
National Institute of Child Development and Public Cooperation, New
Delhi
Date of
Commencement
November 1980
Objectives
To reconceptualise the role of the ICDS worker to incorporate population
sensitivities; demonstrate that this does not add undue burdens and
develop the methodology and materials for such orientation.
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Has affected government policy. Recommendations emerging from this
project experience have led to integration of population education in
ICDS training. NIPCCD, the apex training institution for trainers of
ICDS workers, is continuing to work on the materials developed for
training and is also making a study of its impact of the demonstration
project.
The two source books for training developed during this project
have been issued to all 40 training centres of rCDS workers and their con-
tents have since finalised in the light of comments received during this
intitial use.
Institution Budget Rs 75,000 (May 1985) plus Rs 9484 (October 1985); Commenced
March, 85
Objectives
Progress
To create effective communication materials to build greater awareness
and informed knowledge base in regard to population problems and com-
mitment towards their solution.
Prof Moonis Raza and Dr SheeI Chand Nuna with the active assistance of
the Foundation developed a monograph on Population and Development
comprising 14 maps, 13 graphs and a rank-wise compilation of district
level data of certain basic demographic and development indicators. The
monograph also contained a transparent map of parliamentary constitu-
encies that enabled every MP to pinpoint, in regard to the various
indicators mapped, the situation prevailing in his/her constituency. This
monograph was despatched alongside a personal letter of appeal signed by
Mr J R 0 Tata, Chairman of the Family Planning Foundation which
provided individually for ready reference to every MP the data on the
MP's constituency, in regard to certain development and demographic
indicators. The Prime Minister personally showed an interest in the
information provided in the various maps and a large number of MPs
expressed their appreciation of the monograph as an imaginative and use-
ful exercise. It has been further much sought after by academic institu-
tions, researchers and others involved with the population issue. The
monograph has been selectively disseminated to a wider circle.
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PROJECT TITLE Demonstration Project in Community Based Distribution of Contracep-
tives
Dates of Sanction January 1979
April198l
Bodget
Rs 30,000
Rs 4,50,000
Brief Description
The project seeks to demonstrate the feasibility of creating a self-sustaining
system for distribution of contraceptives by using the marketing approach
through suitable trained members of the community. The project holds
promise to increase oral pill acceptance, total health cover and establish-
ment of a self-sustaining system.
PROJECT TITLE Integrated Rural Socio-Economic Programme Linked with Family
Planning
The Naujhil Integrated Rural Project for Health and Development Society,
Mathura, UP
July 1980
Rs 2,70,000
Brief Description
The project aims at increased acceptance of family welfare and MCH
measures through provision of basic health services with socio-economic
activities in an extremely backward area of Uttar Pradesh. Also test in a
field situation, the interaction of health and economic development and to
develop a cadre of trained local workers for providing these services.
With the trained dais, family planning acceptance of sterilisation and
spacing method has improved multi fold and the task is satisfactorily
consolidated in 15 project villages. Considerable interest in the Naujhil
methodology has been expressed by GOI, State Governments and
UNICEF. The project plans to expand.
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PROJECr TITLE Action Demonstration Project for Integrated Parasite Control and Family
Planning Services in UNICEF-Assisted Area Development Programme in
Trivandrum District.
Institution
Directorate of Health Services, Kerala State
Project Director Additional Director, Health Services, Kerala State Government
Budget
Rs 5,00,000 May 1981
reduced to Rs 98,350 Sept. 1984; Commenced Nov. 84.
Disbursed
Rs 20,000
(I) To galvanise UNICEF's involvement in micro-level family planning
work through integration of this component in its Area Developmentl
Social Inputs Programmes and other activities.
(2) Test the feasibility and relevance of the parasite·control-linked·family~
planning approach in India and demonstrate the methodology for
implementation.
This project was initially designed to fit into a very ambitious Area Deve-
lopment Programme being taken up with UNICEF-support in Trivandrum
District, which itself got drastically pruned and altered. The exigencies and
delays for the larger UNICEF-Govt. programme naturally affected the fate
of this project, which was unable to get off the ground till 1984 when a
smaller pilot project was reworked with Kerala State Government and
UNICEF. However, without any of the Foundation's allocated funds for
this project being spent, considerable headway was accomplished in achiev-
ing the first objective i.e. of mobilising UNICEF interest in a more direct
involvement with the family planning issue. Following UNICEF's interac-
tion with the Foundation, family planning components were built into
several other area development programmes, notably in Gujarat. Further
UNICEF' has been actively cooperating and collaborating with the Founda-
tion in promotional and dissemination activities, reinforcing that linkages
with family planning are an important contribution to the child develop-
ment issue.
The micro project itself started in late 84, but perhaps because it
was too small a venture for the Kerala Health Directorate to take specific
interest, limped right from the start. Over 1985 work was done, but in
fitful starts. Training materials were developed, the mahila samajam
volunteers selected and trained and a survey of the panchayat undertaken,
followed by the first blanket deworming programme in the area. How-
ever, as the activities were not carried out in a continuous flow and in the
integrated multi-faceted manner earlier envisaged, the project never really
took a concrete shape. Therefore, in late '85, the Foundation regretfully
took the decision to terminate this project.
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PROJECT TITLE Demonstration Project to Integrate Health and Family Planning with
Rural Development
Director
Dr Bhartendu Prakash
lustitution
Vigyan Shiksha Kendra, UP
Date of Sanction
October )980
May 1981
Budget
Rs 12,500 (planning grant)
Rs 2,00.000
Amount Disbursed Rs 1,25,613
Brief Description
The Project taken up in one of the most backward districts of UP, was
designed to develop an experimental model for social action integrating
income and employment generating activities with social services, including
health and Family Planning education and services. Having mobilised
health and population consciousness in a committed group, the project
trained and positioned village level health workers and community mobi-
lisers in 10 villages, developed an effective repertoire of street-theatre, and
a work manual based on local health problems and remedies. However,
difficulties arose regarding implementation of the service aspect of the
project and the implementing agency decided to suspend the present
project work, but assured the integration of these health and family
welfare interests into a larger integrated project that is being developed.
PROJECT TITLE Planning and Development Grant to Stimulate Widescale Family Planning
Work in one District of Rajasthan
Sponsored by Family Planning Foundation
Institution
Date of Sanction
Family Planning Foundation
July 1983
Rs 30,000
Brief Description
This Project attempted a new direction for the Foundation; to catalysc
through its a.:tive involvement, support from institutions and individuals
both from within and outside a backward district, in support of family
planning efforts. Through these efforts, the Foundation has been instru-
mental in getting: (0 Jaipur Udyog, the major industrial unit in Sawai
Madhopur. to launch a comprehensive family welfare programme for its
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workers and their families; (ii) AFPRO, a leading NGO working in rural
development to survey and design a scheme for upgrading dry land
farming and animal husbandry through community participation in one
panchayat and to hold a workshop on gUlOea-worm eradication endemic
ill certain parts of Sawai Madhopur-with a view to show how develop-
ment and health care activity of this type can be linked with family
planning promotion, (iii) GOI, Rajasthan State Government .and
Hindustan Latex to formulate a project for and intensive family planning
drive and delivery of services involving every panchayat and the voluntary
organisations of the district.
PROJECT TITLE A Demonstration Project of Reorganising tbe Role of Anganwadi Workers
for the Total Welfare of the Community covered by the ICDS Scheme
By reconceptualising the role of the ICDS Workers and sensitising them to
population concern, the project demonstrates that this does not add undue
burdens. Methodology and materials for reorientation of ICDS workers
have been developed and considerable success in field work attained. The
project has also developed an alternative training model based on regional
training skills.
Brief DescriptioD
The basic idea was to develop, design and implement a model for deliver-
ing of family planning education and services with related health care to
a selected rural population.
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PROJECT TITLE Operation Concern: Demonstration Project for Primary Health Care and
Family Planning Services through the Milk Cooperative infrastructure
Director
Mr S S Bagga
Institution
Guru Cooperative Milk Producers Union Ltd.,
Date of Sanction June 1982 : Commenced July 82
Budget
Rs 2,70,000 June 1982
R'l 62,000 December 1983
Amount Disbursed Rs 2,37,243
Objectives
To stimulate the involvement of the milk cooperative infrastructure in
primary health care and family welfare work; and further, to demonstrate
its enormous potential to accelerate improvements in the community'.
health conditions through such involvement.
Progress
The pilot project was initiated in July 1982, but field work commenced
only in February 1983. Despite considerable teething troubles, com-
pounded by the complex politiCal situation in Punjab that made it
exceedingly difficult to attract and retain personnel for rural field work.
the project was sufficiently successful in the 14 villages covered to enthuse
Guru Milk Cooperative Union to upscale its involvement in a new
project-not only accepting the administrative responsibility for under-
taking such work, but also financially contributing substantially towards
its implementation.
Over the 2·year pilot project period, within the 14 villages health
care at the doorstep was provided to nearly 14,000 persons: It recruited
440 family planning acceptors of terminal and IUD methods, besidcs
arranging distribution of conventional and oral contraceptives. altogether
resulting in an increase of the percentage of eligible couples covered by
effective contraceptive methods from 35.8 per cent at the time of thc initial
survey to 60 per cent at the end of the 2 years. Similarly, immunisation
of children increased from less than 10 per cent to 40 per cent. Antenatal
care was provided to 523 women and 65 soakage pits and 73 smokeless
chulahs installed to demonstrate better sanitation practices. A community
bio-gas plant-separately funded by Department of Science and Technology,
Government of India-was also constructed in one of the project villages.
With the assistance of the Foundation, Guru Milk Cooperative Union
developed a project proposal for an approximately 1 crore, project that
would extend the activities undertaken in the pilot project, in a phased
manner over the entire district in 4 years. This was approved in early 85,
after a 5 member appraisal team of the Government of India and State
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Government had visited the pilot project and over the early part of the
year, the pilot project staff launched on the preparatory work that enabled
the larger project to commence on 1st April 1985. The Foundation has
no specific financial commitment for the expanded project, but has conti-
nued to provide technical assistance and other help as needed to ground
the work. A particularly challenging task was to find a suitable Chief
Medical Coordinator to head the project work, a search that only ended
late in the year when Lt Gen B D Verma, formerly Dean of the Armed
Forces Medical College, agreed to take up the assignment. Lt Gen Verma
joined in January 1986.
The Foundation continues to be actively associated with the GOl
funded Operation Concern project as part of the Coordination Committee
that has been set up to guide the project's implementation. Over 1985-86
Operation Concern expanded to 51 villages reaching 95 per cent of its
area target for the year and exceeding its targets for the year in providing
eligible couple protection, antenatal registration, immunisation of preg-
nant women and deliveries by trained personnel. An evaluation team
from the National Institute of Health and Family Welfare monitored the
progress of the fint year's work and reported it to be satisfactory.
The concept of the milk cooperative infrastructure's involvement in
health and family welfare work, either directly as in Bhatinda-or with a
separate voluntary organisation set up for this purpose as being experi·
mented in Anand, the headquarters of Operation Flood-is now a well
accepted philosophy. India's massive dairy development effort, Operation
Flood, has now proposed for ten districts to be brought into this type of
activity through funds to be set aside from its own budget and suggested
that these districts examine both the Bhatinda and Anand models to
choose their style of work. Several other models for carrying out this
work are now also coming onstream. In Andhra Pradesh, Chitoor
District, Ford Foundation is helping to develop a health project with the
women's dairy cooperatives that has built on the Bhatinda: experience.
Recently, a request has been received from the Ahmednagar Dist Milk
Cooperatives (Maharashtra) to assist in developing a project on the
Bhatinda pattern, to which they are also prepared to contribute funds.
PROJECT TITLE Involvement of Parliamentarians and Legislators in Promoting F'amily
Planning
(i) Second National Conference of Parliamentarians on Population and
Development.
(ii) Asian Forum of Parliamentarians on Population & Development
Exchange of Expertise & Experience in the Field of Population
Development and Related issues.
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(iii) [nvolvement of Parliamentarians and Legislators in Promoting Family
Planning in their Constituencies.
Date of Sanction
March 1985 Commenced May 1985
May 1985 Commenced May 1985
June 1984 (Block Grant)
Budget
Rs 50,000 March 1985
Rs 71,480 July 1985 (ratified)
Rs 1,00,000 June 1984
Amount Disbursed
Rs 50,000
Rs 71,480
Rs 1,00,000
To create awareness amongst the influential decision makers on population
and development issues, with a view towards their greater mobilisation in
support of the family planning cause; generate commitment and involve-
ment in direct work to prolllote family planning.
(0 The [APPD organised and held the Second National Conference of
Parliamentarians on May 13th, 1985,-four years from the day it held
the First National Conference. The Foundation was closely asso-
ciated with the efforts to organise this conference, as it had similarly
been with the first one.
The Second National Conference of Parliamentarians was
inaugurated by the Prime Minister and presided over by the Speaker,
Lok Sabha, 50 MPs, 88 MLAs and 261 educationists, social scientists
and public leaders are reported to have attended the one-day meeting,
where special guests included Mr J R D Tata, Chairman, FPF,
Dr Rafael Salas, Executive Director, UNFPA and Mr Takashi Sato,
Chairman, Asian Forum of Parliamentarians for PopUlation and
Development.
The Foundation provided at the inaugural function a
15 minute 3 screen audio-visual focusing on population and develop-
ment issues and released a s.pecial publication on the occasion : a
monograph of maps giving constituency-wise data on various popula-
tion and development indicators that was provided to every single
Member of Parliament. Further, the Foundation Commissioned
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three technical papers relating to the issues of women, youth and
labour respectively, which formed part of the background material
for the group discussions at the meeting. Programme Director
Communication chaired one of the group discussions.
(ij) In pursuance of the bilateral agreement between China and India
arrived at the First Conference of the Asian Forum of Parlia-
mentarians in New Delhi in February 1984, lAPPD sent a 10 member
delegation to China in June 1985, the Foundation sponsoring travel
for five of the members. The delegation included 7 MPs, one MLA.
one media expert and one health administrator; It met with leading
Chinese family planning officials and experts and studied the imple-
mentation of the programme in different parts of China. A return
visit by the Chinese delegation took place in early '86, when tho
delegation also had discussions with the Foundation staff and visited
Sikar project.
(iii) This project could not take off the ground in '84 because of tho
political uncertainties and turbulent events at the close of 1984. Early
in 1985, JAPPD developed, with the technical assistance of the
Foundation, a more ambitious project proposal for work in 10 consti-
tuencies, the minimum number with which it felt it would like to
commence the field work involving Parliamentarians at the grassroot
level in accelerating acceptance of family welfare goals in their areas.
Funding was expected from various other national and international
sources.
Meanwhile, one parliamentary constituency-Sikar. that of the
Speaker of the Lok Sabha, Mr Balram Jakhar was taken in hand to
create a pilot model for the work. Intensive field work was done in
Sikar over 1985. A series of meetings were held with the MLAs, and
panchayat pramukhs of the district resulting in the creation of a
network of committees comprising both official functionaries and
public leaders at every level: district, taluka, panchayat and village,
who would work for promoting family planning. The Eligible
Couple register of the district was updated and village-wise lists made
available to these committees so that there was systematic local-
specific information available on the people's situation that would
indicate the appropriate contraceptive measures to be canvassed to
each couple.
Following this, a massive intensive publicity campaign waa
undertaken in Sikar district and a detailed operational plan developed
for the holding of 50 camps across the district with full logistical
support. The aim was to increase family planning acceptance by
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10,000sterilisation-equivalents during the campaign period, which was
conducted from mid-November onwards. A report on the campaign
is separately listed.
Although the campaign shortfaJled on the original targets, it
nevertheless secured a set-up of family planning acceptance in what is
obviously a difficult area with a significant minority community
population, which is lagging in family planning acceptance to an even
greater degree than the general population. Although the popular
committees failed to function effectively, the involvement of the
development departments of the government and an improvement in
the quality of service delivery was secured. The pilot project has
highlighted the enormous complexities in practical field work, but
nevertheless constitutes a fair beginning in this direction in one
district. More recently, IAPPD has selected 5 more constituencies in
UP to commence work.
Mr B Chatterjee (June 83 to October 85)
Mr A C Sen (October 85 onwards)
Rs 5,00,000 December 1982
Rs 2,46,000 October 1985
Date of
Commencement
1st June 1983
Phase 11 : Ist December 1985
To train a cadre of village level health and women's development workers
and through those workers implement a programme of family planning
and basic health care, alongside mobilisation for socio·economic develop-
ment, benefiting the poorest families.
The project is situated in an extremely backward area-G Udgiri block
in the tribal district of Phulbani, Orissa, where 90 per cent of the popula-
tion is below the poverty line. Initially the project was designed to
undertake mother and child health activities in conjunction with economic
activities for the poorest families in the block being identified and
assisted under the Economic Rehabilitation of Rural Poor (ERRP).
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A sister organisation of AFFORD (AVARD) had in 1979, at the
request of the state government undertaken a detailed households survey
of below the poverty line families in G Udaigiri and prepared a block
development plan. At the time, the litate government had indicated the
possibility of letting AVARD/AFFORD implement or otherwise actively
assist in the ERPP work if not through the block, atlea~t in one
panchayat. But this did not materialise and eventually the Mother, Child
and Family Welfare project was the sole mechanism through which
AFFORD could assist the area. Because of this the economic activities
component has remained at a low key level, although the project has now
succeeded into netting into some government schemes under TRYSEM;
Housing of Weaker Sections, programmes for renewable energy, latrine
construction etc., altogether mobilising resources to the tune of roughly
eight lakh rupees for activities other than health.
With these changed circumstances it was not possible to demons-
trate on any scale the earlier hypothesis to be tested that family welfare
work when carried out alongside systematic economic development
activities has rapid acceptance. However, what the project has been able
to show is that where such activity takes place in conjunction \\\\ith even
some marginal attempts to improve the lot of the people, alongside basic
health care activities being made more accessible to the people, family
welfare acceptance is accelerated. It has further developed an infrastruc-
ture within the community, by training a cadre of 40 dais as basic health
workers demonstrating the worth of his field worker. Although the
pr"ject originally expected to cover 80 villages, work could only be carried
out in 40 villages, as the logistics of the area are difficult, villages being
far flung and public transport arrangements practically nOD-existent.
The project ended in December. But in recognition of the
difficulties of the area and the nature of the work, a second place was
sanctioned. A number of correctives were also made at this time and
the work in the 40 villages has shown considerable further improvement
with the new approach. Four area mobilisers selected from the community
have each been given responsibility for to villa&esin their vicinity, to help
with economic activities and keep tab of the performance of the village
level workers. The clinic at the project headquarters was closed and the
schedule rearranged, entirely based on field clinics, after December. The
doctor now visits most of the villages on motor cycle, while the economic
organiser has been provided a moped and the health supervisor assigned
the 16 villages in walking distance/on bus route from G Udaigiri, the
Jeep now being used only for the most distant and inaccessible villages.
The total shift of service arrangements to the periphery, ensurement of
greater mobility and stricter supervision though the arrangements for
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4 area mobilisers and more intensive monitoring, supervision and technical
assistance from AFFORD headquarter in New Delhi have paid off.
A District Icvel organisation that will take O\\'cr the project has now
been formed and registered. A major problem has been, because of a
recent change in stay in relation to AFFORD that no alternative funds
could be secured, so far, to carryon the project under its aegis. However,
with an independent district-based organisation now in position this
difficulty is hoped to be overcome.
Since commencement the project reports 225 acceptors of terminal
methods and 24 IUD acceptors, 7 nirodh users and 3 pill users recruited.
Not only famity planning, but immunisation and ante-natal registration
show steady improvement in the project villages, when proportional
performance is much better than in the nearby non-project villages,
according to independent evaluations by a medical expert arranged by the
Foundation. With regard to family planning acceptance (sterilisation and
IUD) the project, population, accounting for 47 per cent of the block
population, provided a little more than a proportionate return for terminal
methods (48.8%) and only 16.5% for IUD in 1984-85, a year after the
project's start. Two years later-in 85·86 the corresponding contribution
to the block was 71.7% for sterilisation and 63.7% for IUD.
PROJECT TITLE A Demonstration-cum·Study Programme for Family Development (with
special focus on family planning) for the Social Transformation of Two
Communities (Rural and Urban) in West Bengal.
Director
Dr Subhayu Dasgupta (Formerly Late Prof Sugata Dasgupta)
Institute
Jayaprakash Institute of Social Change, Calcutta.
Date of Sanction May 1981/September 1984.
Amount Disbursed Rs 423,600
The project aimed at social transformation of three communities, located
in urban, rural and urban fringe in and around Calcutta and promoting
health and family welfare alongside. The basic premise of the project,
aiming at total social transformation, was found to be too difficult to
achieve within the time and the resources. Accordingly, it was decided
to close the project in April 1985, at the end of the extended period of
six months.' Since Prof Sugata Dasgupta as well as his successor passed
away, a final report on the project could not be prepared. The present
Director has been requested to prepare a report identifying and describing
the achievements of the project with particular reference to the acceptance
of family planning and the social change that has occurred in the com-
munity which would be conducive to the further promotion of family
planning. The Director has promised to submit the report shortly.
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PROJECT TIlLE Innovative Scheme for Massive Family Planning through Widespread
PlJblicSupport in SikharDistrict, Rajasthan.
~Ir Ramakant Sharma, S-:cretary to Government, Heallh& Medical
. Department, Rajasthan.
COffiJ1lenced Nov. 1985
Rs 1,00,000 (June 1984)
(I) To create total environment of support for family planning work
throughout the district, ..through mobilisation of (a) a network of
people's committees, official and non-official, (b) all development
departments, alongside intensive lEe activities.
(2) To substantially increase the level of family planning acceptance in
the district through an intensive campaign.
(3) To organise quality services for family planning through a stream-
lining of the delivery infrastructure, increased 1l10bHity and improved
hygiene and follow-up care.
.... .
The project was originally envisaged for Sawai Madhopur, a backward
district of Rajasthan, in conjunction with the UNFPA-assisted area pro-
ject in that district which had already created a basic infrastructure that
remained underutilised. However, for a number of reasons the project
did not take off the ground in that district. Subsequently, in view of the
fact that Sikhar District had been selected by the Indian Association of
Parliamentarians for PopUlation and Development to develop a "pilot"
model for the greater involvement of parliamentarians and the political
leadership at all levels in generating a mass movement for family planning,
it was decided to take up this project in Sikhar, which is an equally
backward area of Rajasthan. Sikhar District has a population of 1.3
million that registered a growth rate of over 32 per cent across the 71-81
decade and only 17 per cent of its 2.4 lakh eligible couples were protected
by modern methods of contraception as of 1.4.1985. An intensive
campaign was designed in collaboration with Government of India, state
and district authorities, aiming to recruit the equivalent of 10,000 accep-
. tors of various effective family planning methods, that could raise the
family planning acceptance level to 20 per cent and simultaneously create
a base for continuing work in the field.
A number of meetings were held in Sikar District to mobilise the
community leaders, most particularly the people's representatives under
the leadership of Mr Jakhar, the elected MP of the area.
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Mr Krishna Kumar, Deputy Minister Health, Government of India
and Mr Miltal, Chairman, IAPPD played a major direct role. The eligible
couple registers in the district werc updated through an intensive drive;
lists were prepared village-wise and made available to the popular com-
mittees that were constituted at every level from the district to the village
so as to ensure systematic canvassing and adequate follow-up. Government
of India sanctioned a sum of Rs 5 lakhs and the State Government and
District authorities undertook to raise matching funds or otherwise make
the necessary arrangements to carry out the planned campaign, with extra
inputs to ensure greater efficiency, quality and reach. This campaign
was organised, in the first instance, from 20th November to 28th
December 1985 and later extended up to 31st January 1986. Although
the campaign shortfalled on the initial target, during the short span of
2, months 5626 persons accepted terminal methods, (5,343 tubectomies,
283 vasectomies) and another 2618 IUD3, while distribution of con-
ventional and oral contraceptives was also stepped up (4.5 lakh CCs
and 1800 pill cycles). These figures exceeded the total performance over
the previous year: 5,362 sterilisations. 1373 IUD, 3.4 lakh CC distribution)
and also showed a sizable upswing from the first 8 months of the year,
during which only 3029 sterilisation, had been done.
Although, the committees were constituted, they failed to perform
at expected levels; at the same time, independent evaluations of the
delivery of family planning services during this period showed a qualitative
improvement in the arrangements. The IEC activities were also fairly
intensive and local groups stimulated by the adult education/non-formal
education set-up participated actively. Efforts to further follow up and
build on the campaign are continuing. Rajasthan State Government has
been requested to send a consolidated report on the total activities under-
taken and further plan of action for the district. Simultaneously, efforts
are ongoing with the Parliamentarians to step up the involvement of the
political leadership in a more meaningful fashion.
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m. Information, Education and Communication
PROJECT TITLE A Demonstration Action Project in Developing Grassroot Worker-
Leaders: Experiment in Leadership Training
Director
Ms Jaya Arunachlam
Institution
Working Women's Forum, Madras
Date of Sanction July 1980
Date of
Commencement
2 October 1980
Budget
Rs 3,00,000
Amouot Disbursed Rs 2,90,000
O~jecti,es .
Provide a model for involvement and training of women's organisations;
Develop a cadre of workers and the competence of Working Women's
Forum to take on family planning work.
Preseot Status
Working Women's Forum has done excellent work in the field during the
3-year project period. It has now received a Rs 81 lakh grant from the
Tamil Nadu Government to expand the work across the slums of Madras.
It has a cadre of trained workers and organisational capacity to undertake
further work and provide a model that can be replicated by other
organisations.
PROJECT TITLE District Development Demonstration Project in Madurai District, Tamil
Nadu
Date of
Commencemeot
5 years
(extended by one year-1982-83)
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BUdget
Phase I : Rs 3,30,000 (November 1977)
Phase II : Rs 91,100 (August 1982)
Objectives
The overaHobjective was to facilitate better achievement of the various
health and family planning programmes in rural areas by:
(0 adopting A thoor Experience of increasing the efficiency of the ANM.
intensifying the motivation work and involving the non-government
agencies;
(ii) improving the management and recording system;
(iii) energise the Madrasangams (Mother's Club).
Though it was a collaborative venture, the Tamil Nadu Government had
not made available the services of the MPW (male). The Gandhigra1n
Institute recruited and trained personnel, developed a recording system.
energised few Madra~angams and improved the sanitation by providing
household latrines at subsidised cost. The Institute submitted the Report
in 1982. The efforts made by the Foundation to persuade the Tamil
, . Nadu Government to provide the multi-purpose workers of the Project
arid to unify the control at the district level were of no avail. The
Foundation's funds enabled the Gandhigram Institute to pursue the
project objectives but the failure of the Tamil Nadu Government to play
their role led to the premature closure of Phase II of the project and
. non-fulfilment of project objectives.
PROJECT TITLE Integrated Health Care Delivery including Family Planning with Com-
munity Participation
Date of
Commencement
Phase I : 1972
Phase II : 1978
Phase I : December 1972
Phase II : November 1978
Phase I : 3 years
Phase II : 4 years
Rs 1,84,000-December 1972
Rs 4,50,000-November 1978
Rs 1,75,000-December 1981
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Amount Disbursed Rs 1,64,036 from 1972 grant
Rs 5,45,556 from the two grants in 1978 and 1981.
Objectives
To develop a model delivering integrated health care including family
planning services and involving community participation.
Present Status
The first phase of an experimental project designed to test certain hypo-
thesis, implemented in 22 selected villages of Kawakol block. led to th~
development of an action project taken up throughout 151 villages of
Kawakol block. This was started in January 1979 and continued for 4
years. During the project period 1,325 group meetings were held and 85
demonstrations on important health practices to disseminate information
on primary health care and family planning, I I 59 men and women under-
went sterilisation and another 2,321 adopted other methods. This was in
addition to wide-ranging changes in environment sanitation, resulting in a
dramatic decline of gastro·intestinal infections and other communicable
disease. Nearly 29,000 patients were treated locally by the trained village
workers-representing 30% of the population of the area. The project
also developed an integrated multi·pathic approach to the treatment of
health problems giving primacy to indigenous remedies where suitable.
The Gram Nirman Mandai is now involved in socio-economic
development work of some scale with Ford Foundation and other funding.
The health and family planning consciousness built through the FPF
project is a part of its thinking. The Village Health Committees continue
to function.
PROJECT TITLE A Pilot Project on Health Welfare and Education with Special Emphasis
on Population Education
Director
Institution
Date of Sanction
Mr R K Sawhney
Sher-e-Kashmir National Medical Institute Trust, Srinagar
(i) September 1972
(ij) October 1979
(iii) January 1981
Date of
Commencement
Duration
Budget
January 1976
(i) 3·4 years, (ij) I year, (iii) 2 years
(i) Rs 3,00,000
(tj) Rs I,OO,CO,)
(iii) Rs 3,00,000
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Objectives
Present Status
(i) Intensive population education-creating
problems;
awareness of population
(ii) Providing family planning services through the delivery of medical
care at the doorsteps of people in selected villages.
This project was started in 1976 and was reviewed from time to time by
site visits. This project was also reviewed by the Evaluation Committee
appointed by the Governing Board in September 1978. The project
revealed that all the 25 villages with a population of about 25,000 have
been motivated for adopting a small family norm, mostly through sterilisa-
tion. There was not much evidence of spacing methods having been
adopted in those villages. The Foundation's financial support ceased in
March 1983. Unlike several other projects, it is heartening to note that
the project activities are being continued with the same tempo as hitherto
through the financial support provided by the State Government
Background
This is a project for identifying and defining the roles and functions of the
community health workers through the development of case studies of
relevant experiences in the field, with special focus on family planning,
followed by a Workshop. This subject is particularly relevant in the
present context where there is a growing disenchantment with the high
technology oriented clin ical approach of the health services.
One of the major mechanisms of making health care services more
community-oriented is the identification and involvement of a community
level worker to undertake the more basic part of both health and family
planning activities. A number of experimental projects in India, parti-
cularly in the non-governmental sector, have tried to develop just such a
functionary at the grassroot level with varying degrees of success. The
Foundation, therefore, thought it would be worthwhile to compare the
experiments of some of these projects and evolve guidelines for policy.
Five project experiences of an innovative nature, which recognized the
emerging critical importance of community-oriented health workers or
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volunteers in India and aimed at the identification and creation of such
community health workers were selected. These are:
(I) Jllmkhed Project in T\\1aharashtra
(2) Tilonia Project near Ajmer in Rajasthan
(3) CASA Project in Palghat, Maharashtra
(4) Raipur Rani Project near Chandigarh
(5) Village Health Care Project in Oddarchatram in Tamil Nadu.
Case studies were prepared on each of the five projects jointly by'
the Director of the concerned project and an outside expert on the subject,
who studied the project and spent some time at a project site. These
are process-oriented case studies with accent on various aspects of the
community health worker-selection process, training roles, interaction with
other agencies and effectiveness problems encountered, etc.
A case study has also been prepared on the international experience
in the field, namely "Village Level Health and Family Planning Worker-
An International Perspective." The case studies were reviewed internally
by the staff with the help of Dr J S Gill of the All India Institute of
Medical Sciences. After the preparation and analysis of reports, it was
planned to organize a workshop to discuss each of the case study in depth.
But the workshop was postponed as it was thought necessary to includo
the experience of the government's Village Health Worker's scheme in the
deliberations, and to wait and see how it works. Currently this scheme
is operating for three years, it is the time to look at the whole scheme
how it is working and what lessons can be learnt from it and see it in
relation to other voluntary efforts that had been made in this direction.
The Foundation has also identified a few more projects for preparing case
studies of an experimental nature in the country. Foundation staff has
also prepared a "Status Report on Community Health Worker Scheme."
All the case studies will be revised and updated with the help of experts
and the concerned Project Directors. Following new Case Studies will
be prepared:
(I) Case Study on Government Experience of CH V scheme in a historical
framework.
(2) An Analytical and process-oriented case study of government experi-
ence of CHV scheme.
(3) Case Study by Dr (l\\'lrs) Banoo J Coyaji about her project which is a
unique type of innovative project (Vadu Rural Health Project, Pune,
where P.H.C. is run by a voluntary organisation).
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Once all the Case Studies have been revised and updated and new
reports are prepared, a Workshop will be organiscd in which all the
reports and their findings will be presented and discussed in the context of
ano in r~lation to the em~rging needs of the country within the Govern-
ment framework of the CHVs Scheme. All those who are involved in
policymaking, those involved in action programme, senior field-oriented
staff from the government and leaders from voluntary organisations will
be invited for the Workshop. Practical recommendations for programme
and policy will be brought out as a result of the workshop's deliberations.
PROJECT TITLE
(i) First National Conference of Parliamentarians
Population and Development, 1981
on the Problems of
(ii) Promoting Family Planning and Population through Parliamentarians
(iii) Travel grant for 5 members of the Indian Association of Parliamen-
trians for Problems of Population and Development to attend the
Asian Conference
(iv) Technical Material for State Legislators Conference of IAPPD
Director
Mr Sat Paul Mittal, MP
IDstitutioD
Date or Sanction
Bndget
Amount Disbursed
IAPPD, New Delhi
Family Planning Foundation
(i) May 1981
(ij) July 1981
(iii) December 1981
(iv) March 1982
(i) Rs 50,000 in May 1981 for First National Conference
(ii) Rs 1,50,000 plus Rs 20,000 additional grant for Promoting FP and
Population through Parliamentarians in July 1981
(iii) Rs 40,000 travel grant for 5 delegates of IAPPD in December 1981
(iv) Rs 35,000 for technical materials for State Legislators Conference
of IAPPD in March 1982
(0 Rs 49,933
(ij) (Hi) & (iv) Rs 2.12 lakhs from the total sanction of Rs 2.45 lakhs
Objectives
PreseDt Status
To recreate political commitment to family planning as a national priority.
Promote informed opinion and mobilise parliamentarians to work in this
field.
IAPPD is today a major force on the population scene, both nationaIly
and internationally. Its work has gathered support from several sources
including UNFPA and GOI.
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Gandhigram Institute of Rural Health and Family Welfare Trust, Madurai
District
Date of
Commencement
To develop a training that would orient Mukhyasevikas to the Family
Planning and women's development issues leading to their greater involve-
ment in family planning and better performance in the field.
The demonstration training effort succeeded so well that during implemen-
tation the project was further expanded in its original objectives at the
request of the Government of India, to develop and conduct a course fOf
Key Trainers of Mukhyasevikas from some northern states and to imple-
ment the training in a pilot area. The Key Trainers course for North
Indian States took place, but while orders were passed by Tamil Nadu
Government to implement the reorganised role of Mukhyasevikas as
suggested by the training in this project, it could not happen. However,
the training and materials developed during this project have fed into the
thinking and materials development undertaken by GOI to revise the role
and functions of this category of workers for a new scheme-DCWRA-
which has been developed by Ministry of Rural Development as a major
thrust for the work of Mukhyasevikas across the country.
PROJECT TITLE
Director
Experimental Project Linking Population Education with Adult Education
Prof S R Mohsini
Date of Sanction
October 1980
May 1981
Budget
Rs 28,500
Rs 4,63.700
Amount Disbursed Rs 4,00,200
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By involving the Indian Adult Education Association, afederation of 250
affiliated organisations, it has been sought to develop methodology and
materials for integrating population education into adult education, and
build a strong motivation in the umbrella organisation to spread family
planning concerns through its network. Performance in the three experi-
mental demonstration projects in Tribal (Orissa), Rural (Haryana) and
Urban, (Rajasthan) areas linking income generating activities with popula-
tion education leading to acceptance of family welfare activities have
varied. Orissa and Ajmer projects are suitable for writing up as case
studies.
PROJECT TITLE Family Planning Foundation Awards for Various Categories of Family
Planning Communication.
Director
Collaborative
Foundation.
Programme of Doordarshan,
AIR and Family Planning
Date of Sanction
Budget
October 1980
July 1981
Rs 1,50,000
Rs 2,50,000
Brief Description
The project was designed to enhance efforts for family planninig com-
munication and raise the prestige of such work through instituting an
award scheme. It has had a two-phased effort. Tn the first phase, a
script competition was held in 16 languages that resulted in the prize
winning entries being produced and used by AIR and Doordarshan
respectively. In the second phase, the project attempted to encourage
AIR and Doordarshan to set up a system by which to review and select
their best programme on family planning in the various languages for
awards. Difficulties arose in implementing the scheme on such a scale.
However, AIR has eventually decided to have a single FPF award for the
best family planning programme, within the prestigious Akashvani awards,
and Doordarshan will similarly do so in collaboration with the Ministry
of Health. The project has also led to a realisation on the inadequacy
of present family planning media efforts. Tbe Foundation was subsequ-
ently associated with the Expert Working Group on Software Development
for Doordarshan, besides certain other efforts to bring more creative
approaches to family planning TV and radio communication.
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PROJECT TITLE An Experimental Project for TntegratingPopulation Education for All
India Handicrafts Board trainees in Carpet Weaving Centres
Director
Prof C P Goyal
Institution
School of Social Work, Yaranasi
Date of Sanction July 1980
Budget
Rs 93,000
Amount Disbured Rs 80,000
Brief Description
This project aimed to develop materials and methodology to demonstrate
h,)w the all India Handicrafts Board infrastructure for skill training can
be used for population education and the creation of an atmosphere
conducive to the small family norm. It has developed a curriculum.
teaching materials and methodology for carpet weaving training centres
and demonstrated its use at selected centres in Varanasi area.
Rs 77,000 October 1979
Rs 25,000 July 1981
Rs 1,02,000
The project on the Atlas of the Child earlier funded by the Foundation
was duly completed in 1984 and the 3 volume manuscript received in the
Foundation. In order to disseminate this valuable but fairly voluminous
data providing a comprehensive picture on the situation of the child to tho
planners and other critical sectors of the public in need of such material
for charting developmental activities, and also to bring it to the general
public at a more affordable price, the Foundation interacted with
UNICEF and secured an agreement for its advance purchase of 600 copies
for direct dissemination to an appropriate list of institutions and indivi-
duals. Unfortunately, the publishers ran into a number of difficulties
which had to be ironed out at every stage, resulting in an inordinate delay,
first in the printing and then the release of the publication. The release
is now being scheduled at a function to be cohosted by UNICEF, Centre
for Regional Development, JNU and Family Planning Foundation. In
view of the importance of the publication, the Union Minister of Health
has kindly agreed to release it. UNICEF already has a large number of
anxious enquiries for the book which is considered to be a pioneering
exercise not only in India, but globally.
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Family Planning Foundation
Rs 15,000 for printing of catalogue in March 1985
Rs 21,766 (Rs 6,766 ratified in GB Meeting March 86)
To make available comprehensive information on audio-visual materials
on Family Planning communication for users and media planners.
This catalogue was developed in computerised format by CENDIT and
the project finished by 1984. In view of the tremendous felt need for such
information, Family Planning Foundation decided to publish the cataloguo
and disseminate it. Copies of this catalogue have already been made
available to the Prime Minister's secretariat and to the Ministry of Health,
Government of India. It is being sent to all state Health departmentS,
Government of India and to selected Non-Governmental organisations, as
a part of the Foundation's direct communication activities over 1986.
PROJECT TITLE Development of an Innovative Puppet Based Video Serial on Family
Planning (Preparatory grant)
Budget
Disbursed
Ms Ranjana Pandey
Rs 12,000 September 1984; Commenced Jan. 85
(I) To involve a leading communication institution closely connected
with a minority community in the promotion of communication acti-
vities for family welfare.
(2) To develop successful field tested character prototypes using the
traditional puppet medium within a contemporary frame, i.e. for a
video serial.
Although the original objective of this project, as conceptualised and
discussed with Jamia, was to provide scope for the development and
scripting of a series of programmes that would constitute a serial, with
one pilot fully developed and field tested, ultimately this project ended up
as a one· play exercise. Problems and pressures within the lamia Millia
Mass Communication Research Centre inordinately delayed the project's
commencement into the final semester of the academic year, thus teles-
coping the time available to the students for working on the project.
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However, 30 students participated to survey target groups, identify
problems and suggest approaches to help conceptualise the presentation
which was professionally scripted. The 35-40 minute experimental play
developed is a combination of modern puppets and traditional nautanki
format of dialogues and music. 8 Jive performances were carried out in
various urban slum and resettlement colonies of Delhi to field-test
audience reactions. The play has been recorded on video cassette which
is in the Foundation library. Although the puppets developed during this
exercise were imaginative, the story content did not break any significant
new ground in presenting family planning communication. Therefore,
further efforts have not been made for using these character prototypes in
a serial, as earlier planned.
PROJECT TITLE Publication Grant: Population Compendium for World Population Con-
ference, Mexico City
Budget
Disbursed
Rs 20,000 June 1984
Rs 17,958
This publication (People Show the Way) which was undertaken at the
request of the Government of India for distribution by the Indian Dele-
gation at the International Conference on Population at Mexico City-
1984 was so well received that a second edition was printed and dissemi-
nated widely in NGOs, academics and others working in the family
planning field. Besides, the Ministry of Health requested and received
100 copies for distribution at its Conference of NGOs, A number of
agencies such as the UGC/UNFPA Population Education Project, Indian
Adult Education Association, UNICEF, All India Women's Conference
etc. have requested and received copies for distribution at various
seminars organised by them. A Hindi translation of this publication has
also been made and disseminated. The Sikar District authorities in
Rajasthan State have made particular use of the Hindi material.
National Institute of Design
Mr Vikas Satwalekar
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To create effective communication materials to build greater awareness
and informed knowledge base in regard to population problems and
commitment towards their solution.
The Foundation collaborated actively with the National Institute of
Design, Ahmedabad, to produce a 15 minute 3 screen audio-visual pre-
sentation using nearly 300 slides. This highlights the criticality of tho
population issue within India's development context. It aims to create
greater awareness and sensitivity, not only to the pressures of rising
numbers and how these are impinging on the quality of life in diverse
ways, but also to the stresses that are causing the situation and the
strategies that can help. This audio-visual was prepared in record time
at NID, despite the very ditlicult law and order situation prevailing in
Ahmedabad at the time, and was first screened at the inaugural function
of the second National Conference of Parliamentarians held in New Delhi
on May 13th, The audio-visual has been extremely well received.
A special showing was requested and provided to both the Ministry of
Health (where the Minister of State. Health Secretary, Commissioner
Family Welfare and about 30 officials viewed the audio-visual) and the
Planning Commission (where the Vice-Chairman and several members
viewed the audio-visual). Subsequently, the Ministry of Health arranged
for it to be screened at a special dinner that was proposed to be held by
the Prime Minister for about 100 MPs to sensitise them to the importance
of the population issue. Unfortunately, the function was cancelled be-
cause of the tragic assassination of Sant Longowal that day. The hope of
rescheduling such an event remains. Meanwhile, the IAPPD hns scheduled
further screenings of the audio-visual at meetings of MPs, MLAs, and other
political leaders to be held in U.P. in Dehra Dun and Varanasi. The
language versions have been prepared-in English and Hindi. The audio-
visual is now being reduced to a single projector arrangement for easier
availability, as also being put on video. Further plans .to make tbe audio-
visual and video tapes available on request to voluntary organisations and
interested groups are on the agenda for 86.
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To develop Software prototypes for use by TV and other non-broadcast
channels relating to 2 categories of motivational materials:
(i) profiling of successful projects that could provide ~'Inspiration" for
similar work
(ii) information and education for target audiences.
A budget of Rs 3 lakhs for 3 films to be made in the first category and an
agreement in principle to support the development of motivational
materials for target audiences, in colIaboration with other appropriate
institution/agencies, has set off the programme of work in this area in
which the Foundation is making a direct contribution of its technical
expertise.
One video film of 30 minutes duration has been completed. This
documents the UPAS[ project in the Nilgiris and other areas where the
plantation sector has brought about radical changes in family-planning
acceptance. Steps to take up the production of the other 2 films have
a;:-eady been taken. These are expected to be completed in the coming
months. Doordarshan is being approached with the pilots to commit
time for a series. Some alternative channels using these materials have
also been identified and further work to build such a network is on the
agenda. As soon as the Foundation has a set of materials ready for
distribution and dissemination, a more specific plan for use in non-broad-
cast channels will be developed.
Several meetings with ISRO and NID in Ahmedabad have been held_
to bring about the involvement of these leading communication institutions
in the development of direct motivational materials of different target
groups. Both organisations have informally given their commitment to
provide facilities, personnel and part of the budget to structure workshops
for the same in the coming months. These will be cooperative exercises
with the Foundation's technical inputs constituting a critical part of the
collaboration and the precise plans of work are being drawn up.
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IV. Policy Research and Evaluation
PROJECT TITLE Population Education through Agricultural Institutions-Developing Role
Definition and Role Commitments of Agricultural Institutions in Popula-
tion Education.
Budget
Rs.95,000
Amount Disbursed Rs 50,229
To assess status of population education in agricultural institutions as also
attitude of agricultural scientists to the subject and develop a concrete
plan of action for its incorporation in ongoing education, research and
extension work.
Implement on a pilot scale in one agricultural institution.
19 institutions in 3 states were surveyed and studied. A plan of action
developed and shared at a National Workshop held in Hissar, Haryana
Agricultural University. However, the action part of the project did not
take shape hereafter, despite some efforts by the Foundation.
PROJJLCT TITLE Developing Programmes of Information, Dissemination, Motivation and
Action in Population and Family Planning.
Director
Ms Rami Chhabra
Date of Sanction Phase I: November 1977
Phase II: June 1980
Date of
Commencement
June 1978
Duration
Phase I: 2 years
Phase II: 2 years in June 1980, plus I year in 1981 and I year in 1982.
Budget
Rs· 3,00,000 in November 1971
Rs 4,40,000 in June 1980
Amount Disbursed Rs 6,98,300
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Phase I: To help recreate an urgency for family planning work in the
media and amongst critical levels of leadership.
Phase U: To continue this work, build institutional supports for family
planning communication work and develop experimental projects
to provide models of action.
The project began when the family planning programme was in paralysis
and played a role in the relegitimisation of the issue which has been
recorded and recognised in the minutes of Governing Board and Advisory
Council Meetings from 1978 onwards.
The work of this "project" was integrated into the overall function-
ing of the foundation from inception, but particularly so from June 1980.
It has, therefore, constituted one section within Foundation, contributing
to its overall activities of project development and monitoring, workshops
and in particular to the promotional role increasingly played by the
Foundation in national and international forums.
However, the following specific projects have been developed, moni-
tored and assisted in operation through the 'project' activities:
1. "For a Better Future" and general work with parliamentarians.
2. Family Planning Foundation Awards for Various Categories of FP
Communication.
3. Communication Workshop for Developing Materials and Enhancing
Skills of Artists/Photographers and Copywriters in collaboration with
Rajasthan and Gujarat States Family Welfare Departments and
Directorate of Audio Visual Publicity.
4. Annotated Resource List of Family Planning Media Materials.
5. Atlas on the Child: A Visual Education Project Depicting The Place
and Importance of the Child in Population and Development.
6. Demonstration project for Evolving an Effective Role for Grassroot
Child Welfare Workers.
7. Orientation Training of Mukhyasevikas in Health and Family
Planning.
8. Developing an Institutional Base ina Northern State for Reorienta"
tion of Key Women Development Functionaries.
9. Provision of Population Education for AIHB Trainers at Carpet
Weaving Training Centres.
10. Demonstration Action Project in Developing Grassroot Worker
Leaders: Experiment in Leadership Tniining.
110
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11. Action Demonstration Project for Integrated Parasite Control and
Family Planning in the UNICEF Area Development Programme in
Trivandrum District.
12. Demonstration Project for Primary Health Care and Family Planning
Services through the Milk Cooperative Infrastructure.
13. Planning and Development Grant to Stimulate wide scale Activity In
one District.
During this period the Programme Director has served
following national and international bodies;
Member-Expert Working Group for Software Doordarshan,
Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
-Working Group on Women Development for
Seventh Plan, Planning Commission
-National Council for Science and Technology
Communication, Deapartment of Science and
Technology
83-86
-Media Advisory Committee, Ministry of Social Welfare 83-86
-National Committee for Review of Role of Rural
Women, Ministry of Agriculture
1980
-All India Handloom Board
79-81
-Task Force on Self Employment of Women,
Ministry of Industry
-Post Literacy Follow-up Committee, Ministry of
Education
- Board of Directors; Programme for the Adaptation
of Contraceptive Technology and Programme for
Appropriate Technology in Health
-Participation in International Consultation of NGOs
on Population Issues, Geneva
PROJECT TlTLE Developing an Institutional Base in a Northern State for Orientation
Training of Key Women Development Functionaries
The Foundation had an earlier project in Gandhigram for Orientation of
Mukhyasevikas in health and family planning in which nearty200
Mukhyasevikas from Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu received training,
also instructors from some of the Northern States participated and
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Badget
lastitatiOD
observed one session. As a direct follow-up of this effort, it was attempted
to duplicate, within a northern State the training carried out by Gandhi-
gram in the South. In view of the keen interest to promote family
planning shown by Rajasthan, this state was picked up for the work. In
consultation with the State Government, the Institute of Community
Development and Panchayats, Udaipur, was identified to undertake the
training, as it is one of the two official institutions of the Rajasthan Stato
Government conducting training for officers of its development depart-
ments.
One training programme was conducted in the Institute of Community
Development, Udaipur, with the collaboration of Gandhigram and local
Udaipur institutions and this has been reported upon last year. The
evaluation of the training course given by Gandhigram and other allied
i~stitutions pointed to a critical need for the training to take place, but
also indicated that the Institution of Community Development lacked the
necessary capabilities and cooperative attitude to make the programme
really meaningful. In view of this it was decided to shift the venue for
the next training session. Also in the meanwhile, it was seen that the
Tamil Nadu State Government which has initially been most enthusiastic
about the Mukhyasevika orientation project, did not take the necessary
steps to implement a reorganised work pattern necessary for the training
to be meaningful. This was due to conflicting pressures of other prog-
ramme activities on Mukhyasevikas. From a position that it would ensure
all trained Mukyasevikas to implement the revised work pattern, the
Tamil Nadu State Government moved to a decision to do this in one
district and even this was not implemented.
Besides the doubts raised by these problems, the organisation of
further training programmes in Rajasthan has been deliberately held back:
by the Foundation for another reason that the Foundation has been inter-
acting with Rajasthan State Government· for a possible role in the UNFPA
project districts. In view of this development it was felt that rather than
train all LNEOs in Rajasthan who then like Tamil Nadu mar not receive
the necessary backing to make the modifications in their working pattern-
it would be better to pick up women functionaries within the UNFPA
project districts, ensuring that they have the requisite back-up to apply tho
training. It is hoped that work can be taken up in the coming months.
alongside a larger involvement in the project districts.
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Director
Background
Budget
IustitutioD
Family Planning Foundation
The Foundation supported the Indian Association of Parliamentarians for
Population and Development in the organisation of its earlier conferences
at the National and State level, providing it with technical assistance and
communication materials for dissemination to promote discussion and
debate. As these materials were found to be useful, a request was made by
the JAPPD to the Foundation, for it to continue support to its work with
similar technical materials for the other State Conferences it proposed to
conduct across the country.
Materials were provided for State Conferences in Karnataka and
Maharashtra during 1981. During 1982 there was only one conference
held by IAPPD in Madhya Pradesh. But a series of conferences are now
scheduled for 1983. As and when further requests are received, further
materials pertaining to the areas will be made available.
Rs. 35,000 (sanctioned in March 1982)
Family Planning Foundation
PROJECT TITLE Population Policy-2000 AD-A Study of the Relationsl.ip between Popu-
lation and Economic Development.
Budget
Rs. 95,000
Amount Disbursed Rs.94,775
Objectives
Over the last few years; there has been a considerable concern with the
long term implications of the growth of India's population on economic
development and the quality of life for its masses. The project seeks to
develop alternative population scenarius and study:
(i) whether it is feasible to bring about a more effective relationship
between economic development and population growth;
(ii) whether it would be possible to meet the minimum needs of the
people at an earlier period;
(iii) whether relationship can be established between high income and
reduction in the rate of population growth.
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The publication 'Population and Development' has been brought out by
the Centre for Policy Research. Of the 36 socio·economic variables
studied, seven were identified as having significant influence on birth ratc:
(i) Effective female literacy, (ii) Crude death rate, (iii) Hospital beds per
1,000 population, (iv) Radios per thousand population, (v) Motor vehicle
per thousand population, (vi) Per capita income at current prices, and
implications of various findings, it needs to be further pursued at the
socio-economic variables and fertility behaviour ..
PROJECT TITLE India's Population: Aspects of Quality and Control
Director
Dr Asok Mitra
Amount Disbursed Rs. 6,43,548
Objectives
It was felt a population of one billion in 2000 AD would leave very little
options because of the overall constraint. The Foundation therefore
commissioned this study to bring out the implications of population
growth in India by 2000 AD.
Present Status
The publication 'India's Population-Aspects of Quality and Control' was
brought out in two volumes in 1978 as a FPF/ICSSR book and the project
was closed on 1.4.1978. Based on the material gathered for this book.
more publications were brought out by ICSSR.
(i) The Status of Women: Household and Non-household
(ii) The Status of Women: Literacy and Employment
(iii) Implications of Declining Sex Ratio in India's Population
The book has been widely welcomed for its broad sweep with its
development relevance and serves as an invaluable source of reference.
Gandhigram Institute of Rural Health and Family Welfare, Madurai
District.
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The project aims at:
(i) studying the inter-relationships of socio·economic inputs in the family
planning programme in Tamil Nadu; and
(ii) identifying the factors responsible for regional differences in family
planning acceptance.
Work on the project has been completed. The typescript of the report
based on multi-variate analysis of data was received in 1980 and was refer-
red to two experts for comments. But the comments have not been sent
to the Gandhigram Institute and hence a final report is not available.
After completing the project, the Gandhigram Institute sent proposals
for a second phase with part-funding by the Foundation, but this has not\\
been considered. The data analysed in the report is now obsolete and of
limited use because of the radically changing population scene in Tamil
Nadu, thanks to the potential support to the programme.
In 1973, the Foundation commissioned three Studies on population
Research to understand the research that had gone on in India on
behavioural sciences, demography and biomedical research. These have
served the purpose as reference literature. The Advisory Council recom-
mended the recommissioning of the study after a suitable review of the
earlier version not only to update them but to make them more relevant.
An expert has been identified for Biomedical Research, but the search is
on for other areas as the authors of tbe earlier version are not available.
This would be a combined effort of the Family Planning Foundation,
Registrar-Genera!'s Office and the Indian Association for the Study on·
Population (IASP)
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The project was undertaken especially for the World Population Con-
ference in 1974 held at ~ucharest, Romania, and was considered to be
very valuable. The publication was purchased in bulk by the United
Nations for distribution to all the delegates. The Indian delegation had
the advantage of this publication, apart from what the Government
prepared for them. The idea of bringing out the publication was to look
at the whole question of population of India in the context of develop-
mental programmes within an overall policy framework. The Advisory
Council at its meeting held on 28.11.1981. recommended that some of the
studies supported earlier and/or commissioned by the Foundation be
recommissioned. The idea was to update them and revise them in the
light of current needs. This was one of the projects recommended as it
was considered useful to the Indian delegation participating in the World
Population Conference in 1984.
The objectives of the recommissioning would be to bring out the publi-
cation which would have relevance to the World Population Conference in
1984 in Mexico. The publication based on commIssioned papers would
need to' be revised as to content, form and other aspects, so that it
becomes relevant to the population problems as extent in the eighties.
The Registrar General's Office, rASP and the Foundation have informally
. discussed this as a possible joint project. The expenditure on tbis, as in
previous publication, would be for payment to various authors and also
other supportive work. Forty chapters are expected in the publication.
Tbe whole exercise would be revised in the light of discussions with the
Registrar General's Office and the rASP. The publication would be as
relevant as possible for the time.
In the light of the information interaction that the Foundation had with
the Registrar General of India and the officers of the Indian Association
for the Study of Population, it has blo1en decided to reconceptualise and
revise the design in such a manner that it will confirm to the basic objec-
tive as approved by the Governing Board. At the same time, it would be
relevant and neeessary to produce something meaningful for the World
Population Conference. The study would be designed in a rigorous con-
ceptual framework that it subserves the cause of both research and policy
in the country.
Family Planning Foundation, Registrar-General's
Association for the Study on Population.
Office and the Indian
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Budget
Institution
K Sadashivaiah
Chandrakala Dave
Pre!ient work is the outcome of the review of various Doctoral and
Master's degree theses in the field of Education and Home Science-some
of them are journal articles, papers presented in conferences and some
unpublished reports obt~ined by personal contact as well.
There are over 59 studies conducted in the field of Population
Education during the period 1968 and 1980. These studies are classified
into four categories: Exploratory, Curriculum Development, Teaching
Methodology and Innovation and Experimentation. Under those categories
these have been presented as far as possible in a common format. The
studies have been arranged serialIy and in chronological order of their
submission to the concerned university and for publication.
The Governing Board sanctioned a publication grant of Rs. 5,000
for the study at its meeting held in December 1982 subject to the satis-
factory review by the experts.
Manuscript was sent for review to the two experts and their comments
were received. The manuscript along with the comments of the reviewers
has been sent to the author for revision. The revised manuscript from
the author is still awaited.
Rs 5,000 (sanctioned in December 1982)
CM AICH and FP Project, Bangalore.
Dr K Mahadevan
The study is an attempt to highlight the considerable knowledge that
exists in the field of sociology, anthropology and other social sciences for
strengthening population control and other development programmes in
the field of social development. The selection of the chapters has been
made to bring about the empirical and theoretical understanding of
various concepts of behavioural sciences and explore their application for
population control. The other main purpose of the study is to simplify
and synthesise certain valuable findings extended in research reports for
their value to students, researchers, change agents and administrators so
that they can use them effectively for promoting social development
programmes. The themes covered are mostly anthropological and socio-
logical in nature, they could be relevant to students of psychology and
other social sciences.
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11.3 Page 103 |
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A publication grant of Rs 5,000 was sanctioned for the above
manuscript by the Family Planning Foundation in the meeting of itI
Governing Board in December 1982.
Tbe study report was sent to two experts in the field for review. Ono
expert has sent bis comments on the study while the other has regretted
his inability to review. The manuscript is being sent to another expert for
his comments. As soon as the comments of the reviewer are received, tho
same will be forwarded to the author for reviewing the draft of the
manuscript for publication.
PROJECT TITLE Mangadu Study-Socio-Economic Change: A Diachronic Study of
Changes in Contraceptive and Fertility Behaviour and its Socio-cultural
Determinants.
This study conducted during 1977-78 is in the nature of a diachronic study
of a village, Mangadu in Tamil Nadu, in which the famous demographer
Dr S Chandrasekher, wrote a series of papers in 1957-1962 based on the
data collected in 1956. Though the baseline available consisted of data
on economic infrastructure. vital events and family planning, the authors
have enlarged the scope by including social structure, culture, health and
medical care and socio-economic change in their contextual relevance to
get a clear indication of the demographic profile including family
planning. The attempt was to make the study more holistic, compre-
hensive and analytical. The Governing Board meeting held in December
1982, approved a grant of Rs. 5,000 for publication of the above study,
subject to satisfactory review by experts.
Manuscript was sent to two reviewers for their comments. Tbe Reports
from the reviewers have been received and sent to the author to finalise
the manuscript in light of the comments of the experts. A revised report
from the author is still awaited.
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PROJECT TITLE A Critical Study of Allocation to the Family Planning Programme in India
during 1971-81 with Policy Implications and Construction of Data Bank
on the subject
Director
Institution
Dr J G Krishnayya
Systems Research Institute. Pune
Date of Sanction
Budget
Amount Disbursed
Brief Description
June 1982
Rs 2,25,000
Rs 1,36,799
The concern for Rs 1,000 crores spent on the family planning programme
with nO commensurate impact on population growth rate led the Founda-
tion to study the spending pattern of funds in relation to family planning
activities and demographic outcomes. Accordingly. the project objectives
are to design the format of a data bank which will contain information
about expenditure pattern and physical achievements of the programme
and to illustrate the usefulness of the data bank by conducting analysis of
the data stored therein. Under the project, data was collected in
Maharashtra and Gujarat, but the response was feeble from the other
States.
PROJECT TITLE Broad-based Research Programme on Infant Mortality and its Interrela-
tionship with Fertility
Director/Institution Sponsored by the Family ~Ianning Foundation
Date of Sanction March 1982
Budget
Rs 30,000 for preparatory work (for the main research programme. the
IDRC, Canada, has agreed to give Canadian Dollars 2,47,000)
Amount Disbursed Rs 28.870
Brief Description
High infant mortality in India has both intluenced family planning
adoption and is influenced by it. There has been no comprehensive study
on the multi-dimensional aspects of the infant mortality problem nor on
the interrelationships between fertility and infant mortality. It is there-
fore intended to have a network of projects which would be implemented
by leading institutions in sociology, demography, health and management.
PROJECT TITLE (I) Study of Population Policies in India
(2) Study of Family Planning Implementation Programme
Directors
Dr Ali Baquer, Dr Ramashray Roy, Dr Rajni Kothari, Dr Prodipto Roy
and Dr Bashiruddin Ahmed
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11.5 Page 105 |
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Date of Sanction Project No. I: July 1975
Project No. I: November 1977
Budget
Rs 2,70,000
Rs 2,58,800
Amount Disbursed Rs 2,60,274
Rs 2,50,000
Brief Description
The two projects are reported together because of the common conceptual
approach. The first project is a historical study of population policy and
its implications for family planning programme. The second was designed
to study the experiences of family planning acceptors in 1975-77. A
review of all available literature and documents pertaining to the first
project has been conducted. Useful data on experiences of those sterilised
and non-sterilised, explanations from officials at all levels and drawn from
different states and their views on establishing method of participation is
reportedly available.
Brief Description
According to the Working Group on Population Policy, the task of
reducing fertility to NRR-I is not possible without effective participation
of the people in family planning programme. The project therefore
undertook to study how and through what formal and informal processes
and structures people participate, the level of citizen participation in
successful cases and factors behind non-participation. The major recom-
mendation is that people's participation being not autonomous, needs to
be mobilised as a matter of deliberate policy and that in this task the best
instruments are elected panchayats and voluntary agencies. Based on case
studies of the following voluntary agencies; New Delhi Family Planning
Association of India, Gandhigram Institute, Vadu Health Project,
Jamkhed Project, Panchayats in Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat, socio-
psychological factor emerge as the causes of non-participation and apathy.
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11.6 Page 106 |
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PROJECT TITLE Socio-Economic Determinants of Age of Female at Marriage and its Effect
on Fertility Behaviour in India
Director
Dr J G Krishnayya
Date of Sanction March 1982
Budget
Rs 28.000 (sanctioned in March 1932)
Amount Disbursed Rs 28,000
Brief Description
The 1971 ·81 decadal growth rate adding about 15 million new-born every
year has caused considerable concern. Fertility control measures, their
identification and interrelationships continue to demand the highest
priority. Age at marriage is one such crucial factor. A need was felt
therefore to design a properly structured population stimulation model
based on a system approach and in a certain time-frame explaining inter-
linkages between age at marriage and socio-economic factors, so as to
evolve optimum strategies and test alternatives. Raising age at marriage
without related key social changes like literacy and education arc found
to increase social tensions.
FPF, ESCAP and the Indian Association for the Study of Population
(IASP)
Brief Description
As part of its work programme the Population Division of ESCAP under-
takes preparation and publication of a series of country monographs in
close collaboration with UNFPA and country experts. The monograph
on India was prepared as a joint collaboration UN (ESCAP), FPF and
IASP. The monograph has been widely distributed internationally and
within the country.
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11.7 Page 107 |
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Brief DescdptioD
The study explores perceptions of programme personnel at various levels-
State Family Welfare Bureau, District Family Welfare Bureau, Rural
Welfare Centres and MCH at subcentres of selected PRCs in Andhra
Pradesh and analyses their implication for future policies and programmes.
Suggestions for an open organisation systems approach to improve family
welfare administration and also administration in general are provided.
Vir ector
Institute
Prof Kodanda Rao
. North Eastern HilI University (NEHU) Shillong.
Progress
The project was expected to provide an insight into how the cultural
background of Khasis and Garos influence their fertility behaviour and
their family organisation. After colIecting the field data. Prof Kodanda
Rao left the NERU and joined the University of Hyderabad. As
expenditure of Rs 20,000 had been incurred in the field work, but as no
report was received by the Foundation till 1984, the unspent balance of
Rs 6.000 was surrendered.
Sub~equently, Prof R10 sent the report on "Culture and Fertility
Among the Garos" with a request that to enable him to complete similar
project on Khasis tribe, for which the data had already been colIected the
Foundation may make available Rs 50,000.
In order to enable Prof Rao to complete the project, the Foun-
dation has sanctioned Rs 5,000 for the Khasis Study with the condition
that Khasis report may incorporate the suggestions and comments of the
Foundation on the Garo report and bring out the implications of the
findings for the family planning programme in a tribal area. The
Governing Board has ratified the sanction.
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11.8 Page 108 |
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v. Conferences, Seminars and Workshops
PROJECT TITLE Workshop on Promotion of Oral Pills
Director/Institution Sponsored by the Family Planning Foundation
Date of Sanction 31 July 1981
Budget
Rs 90,000
Rs 50,OrO (Additional Sanction on 16.3.1983)
Amount Disbursed Rs 1,09,432 (up to May 1984)
Objectives
If India has to make a real dent into the population problem, there is
critical need to promote spacing methods. Motivation for accepting
spacing methods by younger couples requires techniques and approaches
different from those used for sterilisation. The Foundation, therefore.
organised the Workshop to focus on social aspects, manufacture, market-
ing and lEe and other non· biomedical aspects of pill promotion.
Present Status
The Rapporteur's statement were prepared for inclusion in the report.
A draft declaration was drawn up which is yet to be finalised. The
recommendation regarding concessions in import duty on the steroids
imported was sent to the Government. In order to prepare a compre-
hensive report, the Foundation wanted the authors to revise their paper in
the light of the discussion in the Workshop and also update them. But
barring the foreign authors, there was no respOnse and the progress is not
satisfactory.
PROJECT TITLE International Symposium on Gonadotropins Releasing Hormone in
Control of Fertility and Malignancy
Director
Dr P R K Reddy
Institution
University of Hyderabad
Date of Sanction June 1984
Brief Description
Recent literature shows that Gonadotropins Releasing Hormone has good
potential as a fertility regulating agent in both males and females. A
number of leading laboratories working in this field have developed nasal
spray based on GnRH ",hich has been clinically tested in human females.
The symposium plans to discuss various advancements in this field.
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11.9 Page 109 |
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IDstitutioD
Budget
Date
ICMR and others.
Rs 25,000
] 7 March] 986.
The Foundation organised a Plenary Session on 17 March 1986 on the
topic "Family Planning-A National Priority-Ethical,
Social, Cultural
and Medical Aspects" as a part of the International Conference on Health
Policy. Mr J R 0 Tata, the Chairman, presided over the session. In his
address. Mr Tata eJthorted the medical profession and the educational
agencies to display greater commitment, since family planning involves the
total transformation of the 750 million people in the country. Dr K L Wig
delivered the key-note address on the topic "Population Explosion and
Health Policy-Ethics and Human Values". The other invited speakers
at the Plenary Session covering different aspects of the subjects were:
Mr Justice H R Khanna (Ethical and Legal Aspects), Mrs Tara Ali Bai&
(Social, Religious and Cultural Aspects), Mrs Avabai Wadia (Voluntary
Efforts), Dr Dipak Bhatia (Role of Medical Profession), and Dr B N
SaJtena (Ethical Aspects of New Contraceptive Technologies). Mr V K
Ramahhadran, Director (Evaluation), Family Planning Foundation, who
was the Rapporteur for the Plenary Session, prepared a summary report
on the deliberations at the Plenary Session and has forwarded it to the
orgaOlsers of the Conference who are expected to publish the proceedings
of the Conference.
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11.10 Page 110 |
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Accounts
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12 Pages 111-120 |
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12.1 Page 111 |
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A. F. FERGUSON & CO.
CHARTERED ACCOUNT ANTS
Scindia House, Kasturba Gandhi Marg,
Post Box No. 24, New Delhi
We have audited the attached Balance Sheet of the Family Planning Foundation as on
December 31, 1987 and the Income and Expenditure Account for the year ended on that date
with the books and records submitted to us and have found them in accordance therewith.
We have obtained all the information and explanations which to the best of our knowledge
and belief were necessary for the purposes of our audit and, in our opinion, the Balance Sheet
and the Income and Expenditure Account set forth a true and fair view of the state of the
affairs of the Foundation as on December 31, 1987 and of the excess of Income over Expendi-
ture for the year then ended respectively, according to the best of our information and
explanations given to us and as per the books and records submitted to us.
NEW DELHI
13 April, 1988
sd/-
Chartered Accountants
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12.2 Page 112 |
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Previous Year
Rs.
67,65,194
1,00,000
Corpus FuDd
Society FuDd
Grants and Donations as at
December 31. 1986
Add: Received during 1987
36,47,976
1,94,21,819
2,62,87,013
1,84,44,114
10,10,572
1,94,54,686
68,32,327
ll,2S,524
49,671
11,75,195
9,61,039
2,14,156
35,000
1,05,654
1,40,654
Add: Surplus Fund
Balance as at December 31, 1986
Add: Amount transferred during
the year from Income and
Expenditure Account
Less: Disbursements
Upto December 31, 1986
During 1987
1,94,54,686
15,52,878
2,27,82,782
2,96.47,976
2,10,07,564
I.D.R.C. Project Graat
Balance as at December 31,1986
Add: Received during 1987
Add: Interest earned thereon
2,14,156
5,49,564
14,930
-------
7,78,650
5,73,401
Creditors and otber Pro,isioas
Sundry Creditors
Gratuity
2,96,830
1,30,037
86,40,411
2,05,24'
4,26,867
3,92,72,5%8
Notes:
1. Of the entire actual disbursements deducted from the total Society Fund, audited accounts from
grantees for Rs. 14,95,302; (Previous Year RI. 25,83,789) are yet to be received.
2. In respect of disbursements made out of I.D.R.C. Project Grant, expense statements from the
Iran tees for Rs. 12,25.000; (Previous Year Rs. 7,70.000) including those pertaining to the year tor
Rs. 4,55,000; (Previous Year Rs. 7,70,000), are yet to be received.
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12.3 Page 113 |
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Prev;o~.s Year
Rs.
8,91,132
3,48,00,000
9,16,723
1,53,500
5,950
30,339
3,89,493
Fixed Assets (As per Schedule 'A' Annexed)
Investments (As per Schedule 'B' Annexed)
Interest Accrued
Incentins 08 Investment Receivable
Sundry Deposits (As per Schedule 'c' Annexed)
Advances (As per Schedule '0' Annexed)
Cash and Bank Balance (As per Schedule 'E' Annexed)
46,00,400
3,24,00,000
11,75,097
5,950
90,855
10,00,226
NEWDELH[
13 April, 1988
As per our report of even date attached
Sd{-
CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS
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12.4 Page 114 |
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Previous Year
Rs.
Administrative and Operational
Expenses (As per Schedule "F' Annexed)
Excess of In.:ome over Expenditure transferred
to Society Fund Account in the Balance Sheet
. Notes:
1. The Executive Director's remuneration for the year amounted to Rs. 1,69,582. (Previous Year
Rs.l,51,182). In addition a sum of Rs. 30,182 has been paid as reimbursement of loca,l conveyance
expenses (Previous Year Rs. 26,502).
'
2. All grants received/disbursed during the year are reflected in the Balance Sheet. See noleson the.
Balance Sheet.
,'
3. The provision for gratuity has been made at the rate of half 1l10n~h's Jlalary for each completed
year of service (service period of sill: months and above has been considered as completed year) in
repect of all employees and not on an actuarial basis,
4. Previous year's figures have been regrouped/recast wherever necessary.
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12.5 Page 115 |
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FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,1987
Previous year
Rs.
INCOME
46,34,441
23,861
3,31,250
303
onInterest
Investments
On Savings Bank Accounts
In~entives on Investments
Miscellaneous Receipts
47,40,962
23,777
47,64,739
18,000
17S
NEW DELHI
13 April, 1988
As per our report of even date attached
l
Sd/-
CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS
to the Balance Sheet
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12.6 Page 116 |
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SCHEDULE OF FIXED ASSETS ANNEXED TO AND FORMING PART OF THE BALANCE SHEET
AS AT DECEMBER 31, 1987
COST
DEPRECIATION
Particulars
As at
Dec. 31,
1986
Additions
during
the year
Rs.
Rs.
Total
as on
Dec. 31,
1987
Rs.
Upto
Dec. 31,
1986
Rs.
For the
year
Rs.
Total
upto
Dec. 31,
1987
Rs.
Land-Leasehold
Furniture, Fixture
and Equipment
Previous Year
Capital Work-in-
Progress Buildings
4,75,023
2,74,609
----
7,49,632
----
-6,-27-,43-9
13,589
---
--13-,58-9
1,22,193
---
4,75,023
2,88,198
---
7,63,221
----
7,49,632
----
13,341
1,18,654
---
1,31,995
----
1,03,592
----
4,798
39,359
44,157
28,403
18,139
1,58,013
----
-1-,76-,1-52
1,31,995
---
WRITTEN DOWN
VALUE
As on
Dec. 31,
1987
As on
Dec. 31,
1986
Rs.
Rs.
4,56,884
-1,-30-,18-5
5,87,069
4,61.682
--- 1,55,9'5
6,17,637
40,13,331
46,00,400
2,73.495
---
8,91.132
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12.7 Page 117 |
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SCHEDULE OF INVESTMENTS ANNEXED TO AND FORMING PART OF THE
BALANCE SHEET AS AT DECEMBER 31,1987
Indian Oil Corporation Ltd.
Hindustan Machine Tools Ltd.
Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd.
Indian Petro Chemicals Corpn. Ltd.
Bharat Electrollics Ltd.
Indian Telephone ludustries Ltd.
Ralhtriya Chemicals & Fertilizers Ltd.
Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd.
Steel Authority of India Ltd.
Hindustan Zinc Ltd.
Cement Corporation of India Ltd.
Housing Development Finance Corporation Ltd.
Amoaat
1987
Rs.
1986
Rs.
20,00,000
10,00,000
40,00,000
7,00,000
5,00,000
25,00,000
25,00,000
25,00,000
31,00,000
10,00,000
95.00,000
31,00,000
3,24,00,000
20,00,000
10,00,000
40,00,000
7,00,000
5,00,000
25,00,000
25,00,000
25,00,000
31,00,000
17,00,000
95,00,000
48,00,000
3,48,00,000
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12.8 Page 118 |
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SCHEDULE OF SUNDRY DEPOSITS ANNEXED TO AND FORMING PART OFTHE
BALANC.e,SHEET AS ATDECEMBER 31, 1987
'- "':-":'
.",
1987
1986
Rs.
Rs.
1. Kiran Gas Service-TOC (Security Deposit for two cylinders
@ Rs. 475 per cylinder)
2, Sbri Prem Sagar Gupta (TDRC Project Director's Rent
Oeposit)
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12.9 Page 119 |
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'SCHEDULE OF ADVANCES ANNEXED TO 'ANQfORMING PAIt T BFj-tHE
BALANCE SHEET AS AT DECEMBER 31, 1987
1987
1986
Rs.
RI.
3. . Prepaid Expenlcs
il. :"Income Tax deduetedat source on exempted interest Income
,; ofFPF
66,900
'2;822
:13,541
22,270
2,028
6,041
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12.10 Page 120 |
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SCHEDULE OF CASH AND BANK BALANCES ANNEXED TO AND FORMING PART
OF THE BALANCE SHEET AS AT DECEMBER 31, 1987
1987
1986
Rs.
Rs.
(i) Indian Overseas Bank
(ii) Citibank
(Hi) IORC Project Account with Inclian Overseas Bank
7,21,417
73,S60
2,OS,249
97,2S9
78,078
2.t4.1S6
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13 Pages 121-130 |
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13.1 Page 121 |
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SCHEDULE FORMING PART OF INCOME AND EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT
FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1987
December 31,
1987
Rs.
December 31,
1986
Rs.
Salaries
Dearness Allowance
House Rent Allowance-Staff
-Executive Director
City Compensatory Allowance
Interim Relief
Other Allowances
Secretarial Assistance
Contributory Provident Fund
Family Pension Fund
Administration Charges-EPF
Deposit Linked Insurance Scheme
Gratuity
Medica I Expenses
Leave Travel Concession
Children Education Subsidy
Leave Salary Encashment
Ex-gratia Payment
Bonus to Staff
Honorarium and Consultant Fee
Lega 1 Charges
Office Accommodation
Composition Fee
Ground Rent
Residential Accommodation (Net after adjusting a recovery
of Rs. Nil from the Executive Director-Previous year
Rs 1,750)
4,08,451
36,035
67,455
48,000
10,336
4,296
1,720
35,088
1,919
3,302
2,678
38,986
25,975
27,938
9,464
40,122
50,000
8,582
6,950
3,300
1,20.000
15,360
11,250
2,52,952
1,71,631
34,607
12,267
8,729
18,622
3,162
34,012
1,853
1.668
2,589
32,992
25,005
28,651
8,589
51,838
13,946
8,414
12,600
3,840
1,20,000
15,360
J 1,296
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13.2 Page 122 |
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Executive Director
Other Staff
Consultants, Members, Advisory Council and Advisory
Panel Members
ConYCy<lnce Expenses
Office
Residence
Electricity and water
Postage, Telegram and Telephones
Library (Books and Periodicals)
Printing and Stationery
Printing and Publications
Meetings, Entertainment and Staff Welfare Expenses
General Expenses
Bank Charges
Audit Fee
Depreciation
December 31,
1987
Rs.
10,07,207
8,022
47.289
59,192
24,447
12,074
25,989
84,724
20,427
28,527
16,425
38,040
1,231
200
4,000
44,157
14,21,951
December 31,
J986
Rs.
9,78,781
7,156
9,798
33,231
72,885
29,152
11,553
25,336
4J ,618
14,848
34,870
14,038
33,442
2,726
42
4,000
28,403
13,41,879
.~------ --_._-
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Year of
Sanction
Sanctions
Rs.
1972/73
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980 (Biomedical)
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
22,75,568
7,44,798
19,96,500
7,08,557
11,98,600
13,50,392
5,32,764
16,43,544
26,86,800
46,22,300
25,95,100
12,60,000
7,11,590
23,44,813
9l68,425
23,74,917
2,80,14.661
....•
w
1Q
Surrender
(-)
Rs.
1,12,123
58,620
1,48,092
1,38.683
1,33,780
68,980
55,934
35,723
1,59,657
16,16,892
9,80,419
3,31,047
2,042
12,793
1,71,000
DISBURSEMENTS
Uplo
31.12.1986
During
1987
Rs.
Rs.
Total
Rs.
15,41,945
6,32,178
16,03,908
5,81,468
8,53,320
4,91,412
3,44,830
3,24,821
26,47,143
31,59,109
15,35,170
3,33,953
12,16,801
1S,74,968
5,00,460
21, 13,200
( -) 1,594
90
3,35,168
2,08,190
10,11.024
15,41,945
6,32,178
16,03,908
5,79,874
8,53,320
4,91,412
3,44,830
3,24,821
26,47,143
31,59,199
15,35,170
3,33,953
12,16,801
19,10,136
7,08,650
31,24,224
AMOUNT
Accounted
To be
Accounted
Rs.
R~.
15,41,945
6,32,178
16,00,366
5,70,286
8,53,273
4,91,412
3,30,917
3,24,821
25,16,320
31,07,795
14,67,286
3,33,953
11,04,801
15,57,381
3,99,511
26,50,018
3,542
9,588
47
13,913
1,30,823
51,404
67,884
1,12,000
3,22,755
309,139
4,74,206
40,25,785
1,94,54 686
15,52,878 2,10,07,564
195,12,263
14.95,301
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13.4 Page 124 |
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(Figures in lakhs or Rupees)
0·
._
Sl.
UplO
During
No.
31.12.1986
1987'
III. TRvestments
(i) As Fixed Deposits for 3 years
with Public Sector Companies.
(ii) As short term fixed deposit for
(; months with H.D.F.C.
IV. Income and Expendlture-1987
Expenditure on Establishment
Disbursement for Projects Sanctioned
Interest/Incentive receipts
Excess of Income over Expenditun~
V. Project Finance
Sanctions (excluding the proposals
placed in this meeting)
Less: Surrender (reported in this
meeting)
Less: Disbursements
Yet to be disbursed against grants
}
Sanctioned (will be met out of the
current revenues such as interest
on investment and small donations).
VI. IDRC Project Grant
Receipts
Add Bank interest
Less : Disbursements
Amount deposited with I.O.B., Golf Links
-Actual and Anticipated
300.00
48.00
100.43
194.56
296.18
221.76
194.55
10.61
1.14
9.61
(-) 7.00
(-) 17.00
13.60
14.50
4825
20.15
18.77
5.62
14.50
5.50
0.09
5.72
293.00
31.00
114.03
209.06
344.43
240.53
5.62
209.05
----
25.86
---
16.11
1.23
--1-5.3-3
2.01
----
|
|
13.5 Page 125 |
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Budget
for
SI. No.
1986
SUMMARY OF THE BUDGET FOR THE YEAR 1988
Account Heads
(Rupees in lakhs)
For the year 1987
Expenditure
Budget
11.19
1.96
2
1.48
3
0.18
4
0.95
5
0.08
6
0.10
7
0.04
8
15.98
Pay and Allowances
Office Establishment
(Rent, Repairs, Electricity etc.)
Other Establishment Expenses
Stationery, Printing, Postage, Telephone,
General Expenses etc.
Library Account
Travel Expenses
Honorarium/Consultation Fee
Meetings & Entertainment Expenses
Audit Fee
9.45
1.97
1.35
0.20
0.55
0.07
0.15
0.04
13.78
12.57
1.96
1.31
0.18
l.OS
0.10
0.10
0.04
17.31
Proposed
Budget
for 1988
13.20
2.00
1.48
0.20
0.85
0.05
0.10
0.04
17.92
|
|
13.6 Page 126 |
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List of Publications
|
|
13.7 Page 127 |
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Publications Financed by
Sl.
Price
No.
Rs.
~. Status Study on Population Research in India
(0 Vol. I
JiO . Aii) Vol. U
Vol. III
Behavioural Sciences
Demography~
Bio- Medical
~luntary
Efforts in Family Planning: A Brief History
6. Cultural and Human Fertility in India (Rural Study)
~
Wastage of Children
8. India's Population: Aspects of Quality and Control (two
volumes)
9...)?amily Planning under the Emergency:
V Policy Implications of Incentives and Disincentives
10. Family Planning Communication: A Critique of the
Indian Programme
11. Lectures on Contraceptive Pharmacology (Dr B C Roy
VMemorial Lectures)
12. Communication for Social Marketing: A Methodology for
..../ Developing Communication Appeals For Family Planning
. Programme
|
|
13.8 Page 128 |
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Family PlaIUling Foundation
Prof Udai Pareek &
Dr T V Rao
Mr S P Jain
Prof G P Talwar
Dr Asok Mitra
Prof Ashish Bose
Prof P B Desai
Prof J N Sharma (IASP)
Mrs Kamala Mankekar
Dr (Mrs) Kamala Gopal Roy
Prof C N S Nambudri &
Prof Baldev R Sharma
Dr M N Srinivas &
Dr E A Ramaswamy
Dr Surjit Kaur
yo".
\\t Dr Asok Mitra
Dr V A Pai Panandiker
RN Bishnoi
o P Sharma
Centre for Policy Research,
New Delhi
Sumanta Banerji
Dr Ranjit Roy Chowdhury
POI, Chandigarh
Prof L R Bhandari,
Indian Institute of Management,
Ahmedabad
Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd .•
12/4 Asaf Ali Road, New Delhi·J WOOl
-do-
-do-
Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.,
5 Daryaganj, Ansari Road, New Delhi-1l0002
Abhinav Publications,
E 37 Hauz Khas, New Delhi-I 10016
-do-
Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
Sterling Publishers
A B/9 Safdarjang Enclave, New Delhi-ll0016 .
Abhinav Publications
Radiant Publishers,
£-155 Kalkaji, New Delhi-I 10019
Radiant Publishers,
E-155 Kalkaji, New Delhi· 110019
Arun and Rajiv Pvt. Ltd., Chandigarh
The Macmillan Company of India Ltd.
4 Community Centre, Naraina Industrial
Area Phase I, Delhi-I 10028
|
|
13.9 Page 129 |
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SI.
No.
\\f/t3. Family Planning Among Muslims in India
15. Gonadotropins and Gonadal Function (Proceedings of a
Conference held in 1973)
16. Regulation of Growth and Differentiated Function in
Eukaryote Cells
18. Neuroendocrine Regulation of Fertility
19. "Demography India" (Biannual Issue Journal)
..)p. Health for All
7Urban Family and Family Planning in India
~22. Population Flo~d and Land Inequality in India 1971
23. Organization For Change
~
..J:
VYOPulation
and Devel~pment
25. Population, Poverty and Hope
V
Price
Rs.
US $59
20
|
|
13.10 Page 130 |
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~rM
E Khan
Operations Research Group, Baroda
Dr K R Laumas, All India Institute
of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
Prof M R N Prasad &
Prof T C Anand Kumar
Indian Association for the
Study of Population (IASP)
v
V Asok Mitra
Shekhar Mukherji
Bhaskar D Misra
Ali Ashraf
Ruth Simmons
Geoge B Simmons
P D Malgavkar
V A Pai Panandiker
Manohar Book Service
2 Ansari Road, Oaryaganj,
New Delhi-l 10002
Ankur Publishing House, Uphaar Cinema Bldg.
Green Park Extension, New Delhi·1l0016
Raven Press, 1140 Avenue of the Americas,
New York-10036, USA
Indian National Science Academy,
I Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi-llO002
S Karger, Basel, USA
Hindustan Publishing Corpn. (India)
C-74 Okhla Industrial Area, Phase I,
New Delhi·lloo20
Popular Prakashan Pvt. Ltd., 35C Tardeo Road
Popular Press Building, Bombay 400034
Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd.,
13/14 Asaf Ali Road, New Delhi-II 0002
Radiant Publishers,
E-155 Kalkaji, New Delhi-l 10019
Somaiya Publications Pvt. Ltd ,
172 Mumbai Marathi Grantha Sangrahalaya
Marg, Dadar, Bombay·400314
Uppal Publishing House,
3, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi-I 10002
Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd.,
l:'
L-lO Green Park Extension, New Delhi-l10029
|
|
14 Pages 131-140 |
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|
|
14.1 Page 131 |
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Sl.
No.
'-../"28. Decision Making in Family Welfare Planning
29. XXIH Annual Conference of the Association of the
Physiologists and Pharmacologists of India
30. International Symposium and Workshop on Biomedical
Engineering
31. Second AnnulI Conference of the Federation of the Indian
Societies of Endocrinology
32. An Across the Board Study of UNlCEF's Involvement in
Population Activities in India
33. Social Development Aspects of Social Education
34. The Indian College of Allergy and Applied Immunology,
Xth Convention
35. xxvr International Congress of Physiological Sciences
37. The Mechanism of Action of Some Anti-Fertility Agents
on the Contractility of tho Fallopian Tube
38. Family As a Unit of Welfare in National Planning
Proceedings of the Regional Asian Conference held in
New Delhi-17-21 October 1972
39. Abstract-Symposium Lectures Fifth lnternational Congress
on Hormonal Steriods, New Delhi-28 October-4 November
1978
Price
Rs.
|
|
14.2 Page 132 |
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K Sadashivaiah
Chandrakala Dave
P Seshachalam
Dr K N George
Association of School of
Social Work in India
Dr (Mrs) A Dass
Dr J Bebari and
ProfS K Guha
Naveen Mudran Pvt. Ltd.,
6/6, 5th Cross a.T.C. Road, Bangalore
Marwah Publications
H-39, Green Park Extn., New Delhi-I 10016
Indian Institute of Technology and All India
Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
Central Drug Research Institute,
Lucknow and K.G's Medical College, Lucknow
The Family Planning Foundation, New Delhi
Indian College of Allergy and Applied
Immunology Medical College, New Delhi
Department of Physiology, All India Institute
'of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-l 10016
Indian Council for Child Welfare.
4 Deen Dayal Upadhaya Marg,
New Delhi-I 10001
Centre for Biomedical Engineering, All India
Institute of Medical Sciences and Indian
Institute of Technology, New Delhi
I ndian Council of Social Science Research,
Delhi
Congress Secretariat Vth International
Congress on Hormonal Steroids-All
India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
|
|
14.3 Page 133 |
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F---------------------------------------·----
r.
i
Sl.
No.
40. Proceedings of Family Planning Programme Strategy
Medical Practitioners-Workshop Seminar
41. Contraceptive Technology: Relevant to Indian
~onditions
4:!. Research Utilisation. Priorities and Interface and the Role
of Family Planning Foundation
43. Incentives and Disincentives to Promote Family Planning
V44. People Show the Way j-tA'-,A..;.
45. Diagnostic Study of Population Growth,
Family Planning and Development, 1971-81
46. Population and Development Towards tho 21st Century
|
|
14.4 Page 134 |
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Status report by a
Biomedical Study Group
Dr V A Pai Panandiker
Prof P D Malgavkar
The Family Planning Foundation
Prof Moonis Raza and
Dr Sheel Chand NUDa
Indian Medical Association, IMA House,
Indraprastha House, New Delhi
The Family Planning Foundation, New Delhi
Centre for PolicY Research,
Dharma Marg, Chankyapuri, New Delhi-I 10021
Statesman Press, Connaught Circus,
New Delhi-llOOOl
Statesman Press, Conn aught Circus,
New Delhi-l 10001
Radiant Information Systems,
New Delhi
Statesman Press, Connaught Circus,
New Delhi-I 10001
Radiant Publishers,
E-15", Kalkaji, New Delhi·l10019