PFI Annual Report 1982

PFI Annual Report 1982



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A.dministrative Office
198 Golf Links
New Delhi-ll 0003
Registered Office
AKASHDEEP BUILDING (5TH FLOOR)
BARAKHAMBA ROAD, NEW DELHl-llOOOl
New Delhi
July 1983

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Members of the Family Planning Foundation
v
Members of the Governing Board
vi
Members of the Advisory Council
vii
Members of the Advisory Panels
viii
i) Biomedical and Health
ii) Demonstration and Action. Programmes in the field of Social
Development, Training & Management
iii) Information, Education and Communication
Staff
Structure of the Report
Chairman's Report
Executive Director's Report
Index of Ongoing Projects
Details of Ongoing Projects
i) Health Related Programmes
27
ii) Biomedical Research
43
iii) Information, Education and Communication
61
iv) Policy Research and Evaluation
83
v) Marketing, Management and Administration
103
vi) Conferences, Seminars and Workshops
109
List of Completed/Closed Projects
113
Accounts
Auditors Report
133
Balance Sheet
134
Income and Expenditure Account
136
Schedule A-I (Fixed Assets)
140
Schedule A-2 (Investments)
141
Donations-Summary
142
Donations during 1982
143
Grants Sanctioned and Disbursed (Summary)
144
Financial Review
145
Budget (1983) and Expenditure (1982)
146
List of Publications
147

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Members of the Family Planning Foundtltliett;·
1. Mr J R D Tata
2. Dr Bharat Ram
3. Mrs Tara Ali Baig
4. Mr M V Arunachalam
5. Dr Dipak Bhatia
6. Mr G K Devarajulu
7. Mr S P Godrej
8. Dr M S Gore
9. Mr Jaykrishna Harivallabhdas
10. Mr B M Khaitan
11. Mr Justice G D Khosla
12. Mrs Yamutai Kirloskar
13. Mr Arvind N LaIbhai
14. Prof Ravi Mathai
15. Mr A L Mudaliar
16. Mr H P Nanda
17. DrlllA~i.
;.
18. Dr K N Raj
19. Mr Raunaq Singh
20. Dr S S Sidhu
21. Dr D P Singh
22. Dr L M Singhvi
23. Mr A Sivasailam
24. Mr T T Vasu
25. Mr B G Verghese
26. Mrs Avabai B Wadia
27. Dr K L Wig
28. Prof J C Kavoori

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Members of the Governing Board·
1. Mr J R D Tata
2. Dr Bharat Ram
3. Mr M V Arunachalam
4. Mrs Tara Ali Baig
5. Dr Dipak Bhatia
6. Mr S P Godrej
7. Mr J\\lstice G D Khosla
8. Mr Arvind N Lalbhai
9. Mr A L Mudaliar
10. Mr H P Nanda
II. Dr S S Sidhu
12. Dr D P Singh
13. Mr A Sivasailam
14. Mr B G Verghese
15. Mrs Avabai B Wadia
16. Dr K L Wig
17. Prof J C Kavoori
Chairman
Vice-Chairman
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member and Executive Director, FPF

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Members of the Advisory Council
1. Dr Malcolm S Adiseshiah
2. Dr R S Arole
3. Mr J S Baijal
4. Mr Ashok Chatterjee
5. Dr (Mrs) Banoo Coyaji
6. Prof P B Desai
7. Prof K E Eapen
8. D.r T N Madan
9. Dr (Mrs) Madhuri Shah
10. Dr D D Narula
11. Mr P Padmanabha
12. Prof Udai Pareek
13. Dr V Ramalingaswami
14. Dr Baldev Sharma
15. Dr Lotika Sarkar
16. Prof M N Srinivas
17. Prof G P Talwar
18. Dr K N Udupa
19. Dr Y L Vasudeva

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Members of the Advisory Panels
Panel I (Biomedical and Health)
1. Dr Nitya Nand
2. Dr Badri N Saxena
3. Dr T R Tewari
4. Dr J S Bajaj
S. Dr (Mrs) Anusuya Dass
Panel II (Demonstration
Training &: Management)
1. Dr R K Sanyal
2. Dr K Srinivasan
3. Prof Udai Pareek
4. Mr B Chatterjee
and Action Programme
in the field or titedttt
l)eYehip_mt,
Panel III (Information, EclucatioD and Communication)
1. Mr Chanchal Sarkar
2. Dr Y P Singh
3. Dr (Mrs) Veena Majumdar
4. Mr G N S Raghavan
S. Prof B S Parakh

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Prof J C Kavoori
Commodore C Mehta AVSM
Dr V K Ramabhadran
Dr P Seshachalam
Mrs Anjali Ghate
Mr Narendra Kumar
A F Ferguson and Co
Post Box No. 24
New Delhi·1l0001
Executive Director
Secretary & Treasurer
and'Director Administration
Programme Director (Biomedical & Health)
(upto October 1982)
Programme Director (Communication &
Women's Programme)
Programme Director (Evaluation)
(upto December 1982)
Programme Director (Special Studies)
Programme Officer
(upto March 1982)
Research Associate
Research Associate

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Structure of the Report
The Annual Report has been divided into five parts: the Chairman's report, the Executive
Director's roport together with brief details of the ongoing projects, list of completed/closed.
projects, accounts and the list of publications.
The Chairman's report is an overview of the population problem in a framework of
concern of a forward-looking kind.
The Executive Director's report endeavours to describe the nature and extent of the
Foundation's current efforts in the light of emerging population changes. This is followed
by an index of on-going projects and a brief report on each category-wise. The categories
are as follows :
i) Health Related Projects
ii) Biomedical Research
iii) Information, Education and Communication
iv) Policy Research and Evaluation
v) Marketing, Management and Administration
vi) Conferences/Workshops/Seminars
This is followed by a list of completed projects.
The accounts section contains the auditor's report, balance sheet, income and
expenditure accQunt, grants approved, donations received- and budget for the year 1983.
The last section gives the list of publications supported by the Foundation.

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CilaitmaIi "s :Report

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actu-ally received during the year was Rs 3 lakhs only. Performance in the other two regions,
namely, Calcutta and Ahemdabad, has been even more disappointing, as the're was no contri-
bution at all from these two regions.
It is unfortunate that the response from the business and industrial community has not
been easily forthcoming or generous inspite of the growing gravity of the population
situation. The size and scope of the problems to be encountered in the decade ahead will
require a massive mobilisation of effort to ensure wider application of available knowledge
and experience, apart from further research towards improving contraceptive techniques.
Further, education and involvement of the population are indispensable prerequisites for
success. In the years ahead we are seeking to make fundamental changes in the people's
behaviour. The move towards the small family, ifit has to have a demographic impact, will
now entail more than convincing those with large families to stop producing more children.
We will have to reach the enormous ranks of the young couples moving into parenthood to
-delay the first child, space the second and avoid the third. We will have to overcome the
barriers created by the strong preference for sons and the insecurity of old age. These
issues cannot be solved by programmes and activities of the Government alone. The non-
governmental sector, and within it the community, has a key role to play to create a mass
movement that makes family planning a way of life. In this context every sector will have to
play its role fully and responsibly.
While it is fully appreciated that it may not always be possible for each industry to
develop and implement a large scale familyjplanning programme of its own, the situation
warrants a commitment on their part for support of national programmes. In any case this
should be in addition to whatever family welfare activities are being undertaken at their own
level. The obligation of the industry extends beyond the confines of its respective complexes.
It is in this connection that I plead with the industrial sector to assist the Foundation by
giving donations·on a regular basis, for sustaining its activities at the national level in the
stupendous task of developing new approaches to solve the population problem. The need for
their support has become all the more urgent and important in view of certain likely changes
in the investment policies of the Trusts and institutions which hitherto could get a higher
rate of interest on their Fixed Depositsplaced with the private sector. For the industrial and
business community in India at this point of time, I reiterate that there is no more deserving
and urgent cause to support than family planning •....
In spite of the financial constraints mentioned above, the Foundation continues to
Pl1rsue its role with vigour and dedication. But the momentum already generated can only be
sustained at the required level if there is assure"dfinancial support to the Foundation.
A~counts
I now present, the. Accounts for the year ended 31st December 1982 annexed at page
nos. 131-146. It would be seen therefrom.thatduring the year uuder review, the Foundation:
i) received donations of Rs 25.67 lakhs from the industrial and business community in
India;
it) san~tioned R,s 25.951akhs as project support for programmes all over the country;

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iii) disbursed Rs 26.90 lakhs as project grants in instalmentsagainst the projects sanction-
ed in 1982 and other ongoing projects sanctioned earlier;
iv) incurred an expenditure of Rs 9.69 lakhs on promotional activities, developing
programmes, monitoring and evaluating projects and establishment; and
v) earned Rs 32.50 lakhs as interest on its investments.
In order not to dip into our corpus, particularly in the face of the likely reduced income on
our investments, it is, as I have already stated, necessary for the Foundation to raise larger
donations. We shall, therefore, continue the fund raising efforts in India, as also from other
philanthropic and international organisations,keeping Government of India in the pic,ture.
Budget for the Year 1983
As shown on page 145 of this report, in the last 12 years of its activities, the Founda-
tion has supported about 175 projects all over the country, allocating a sum of Rs 203.39 lakhs
so far. Of this amount, the Foundation has actually disbursed Rs 132.98 lakhs, thus leaving
outstanding commitments of Rs 70.41 lakhs.
.
As mentioned earlier, we have been strongly advised by the Advisory Council that for
any meaningful role by the Foundation, the fiQl,lDcial support for projects/programmes
should be increased to the level of Rs 35 to 40 lakhs. The demand on the Foundation for
project support also continues to increase but keeping in view the financial position of the
Foundation, we have decided to compromise and have a tentative budget of Rs 30 lakhs as
project support for new programmes during the year 1983.
With regard to the establishment, a certain minimum infrastructure is inescapable to
enable' the Foundation to promote, develop, evaluate and monitor various programmes all
over the country. Considering that the Foundation has to incur expenditure for the prepara-
tory work for developing programmes, and the need to have high level'professionally
competent staff, particularly the technical component, it has been decided to have a budget
of Rs 11.5 lakhs for promotional activities and the establishment.
Acknow Iedgement
During the course of the year, the following members of the Governing Board had
completed their tenure and were unanimously re-elected:
Mr J R D Tata
Mr M V Arunachalam
Dr Dipak Bhatia
Mr H P Nanda
Mr A Sivasailam
Mrs Avabai B Wadia
I take this opportunity to express my appreciation of the keen interest taken by my
colleagues on the Board in the affairs of the Foundation.
The Foundation has continued to receive willing and invaluable help and guidance

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from the members of the Advisory Council and in particular from its Chairman, Dr Malcolm
S Adiseshiah. Their contributions and directions have been of immense value in evaluating
the programme of the Foundation Ana also for developing new programmes.
The Foundation is a:Jso indebted to the members of the Advisory Panels, Task Groups
and the individual social workers, professionals and scientists who have always responded to
the Foundatien's call for their advice.and help in developing new programmes and promoting
the role of the ·Foundation in a true spirit of social service. We are gratefUl to the various
Departments of the GovernmeDt, particularly the Ministry of Health a~d Family Welfare,
and the Ministry of Information· &.:8roadcasting, for their sustained inter~st~ valuable
guidance Bnd full cooperation in furthering the "aCtivities of tbe Foundation.
.
I also take this opportunity to express my appreciation of the good work and dedicat-
ed team spirit of all the members of the Foundation's staff which has continued to discharge
itscJf'es witb enthusiasm.
C~lasioD
As the problem iBtensifies and the nation strives harder to seek solutionso'theFounda-
tion hopes to continue to function still more relevantly andpurposefuUy in a creative spirit
and attem.pts. to bring about a. g~eater Po.pul~r par.tic~a7~0..n"n this national ork. Through
W.
action programmes and research, It will provIde meaOlDgfu support to the governmental
pro~ramme and pioneer new ways that show promise.

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Executive Director's Report
Introduction
The present report is an attempt at reviewing the wdrk of the Family Planning
Foundation in the past nearly one year, with an accent on someoftheinote noteworthy of
its activities. The review should be viewed as a supportive exercise to that ofthe Chairman's
report in the preceding pages. The report is in two parts:
i) An attempt to describe the population situation in the country and the correspon-
ding response from the Foundation as a fund in. and promoting organisation.
ii) This is followed by a description of some of theapecial programmes and activities
that have been undertaken by the Foundatiori asafunding and promoting
organisation. The report thereafter is followed' by a separate 'section which des-
cribes briefly the programmes/projects supported and promoted by the Founda-
tion in the pastone year. The attempt in the section is to give a bird'seye-viewof
the various areas in which the Foundation has sought involvement along the
status of each project.
Population Situation
The Foundation carried on its work against' the background of considerable degree of
optimism on the part of the Government about its population policy. The Government's policy
during the past one year has been directed. by its performance, especially the upswing in
several of the States in family planning performance. The spurt in family planning. perfor-
mance has prompted the governmental spokesman to see "light at the end of the tunnel"
and also say that they have "pierced the sound barrier" as far as the birth rate ili· concern-
ed-meaning that it is now under 2.0 per cent, in fact 1.9 per cent. There has been. in fact an
impressive performance in some of the states, vis-a-vis the targets assigned to therb, espe-
cially sterilisation. The number of sterilisations in 1982-83 is reported to be 4 miltiOli. This
is a record for any year except the year 1976-17 which was not exactly a typical yeat.The
acceptance rate of IUD and conventional contraceptives have been reported as 1 millIon and
6 million respectively. These are the highest figures in any year. It is, therefore, natural for
the Government to have its perceptions and hopes in optimistic terms.
While this may be encouraging and understandable to a considerable extent, looking at
the population problem in all its complexity there is no room for complacency. From the
long term point of view the population problem remains as intractable and unmitigated as
ever. A closer look at this may prove instructive.
With a population base of 700 in 1982, the figure ofa billion by 2000 AD is a definite
possibility with an annual growth rate which has not abated inspite of nearly three
decades of effort. It is not merely a question of numbers; there are ominous structural

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implications not be speak of the degradation in the physical quality of life. Indian popu-
lation would be much larger before it can cease to grow because of what is called the
'momentum of population growt~.'ThfJe.cy of put higl}birth r~es is that we have a broad-
based pyramidal age structure wlttilC)~t~'6ffM
populatiOti.\\elow tbe age of 15 years;
with ever-growing cohorts moving from the early teens into the child-bearing ages and witb
potential fertility much higher tban. the cohorts leaving the reproductive age group. Even
though declines in fertility through eft'ective family planning may begin to affect the num\\)ers
in the; youn&OS~a~ gt_ups, ~twcbild ~ma J>0pulation (already born) will continue to grow
for quite some time. It il estimated,thatto, d1e stock of 120 miUion couples. at present, tbere
would be 3n as!ditioll of ov~r 2 mjli.\\thl cOlJples each year. The faD)ily planning programme
bas not only to increase the C01fI*r~~io,n ~evel of the couple stock progressively but ~as
also to provide for new entrants every year. Then there are many concommitant develop-
-ment proble$. that will,U11f~ q,rsont att~1;ltion.
,.
The problem a8 ~Jleady it\\4icat,ed is much more than controllins th~ 4~ivmbers.
In a fundamental senleit ~~ts of 0 tack,ling the development pro,blems :ji~~.popu-
latian becomes a ~Dtr~tan4 baaic CGtlccfn and, ii) pursuit at ~be pro-61c:ins.oWing level
needs to be geared to ~eservatioa,ri.4 improvement of the quality of life.
While we may dJbate abo.qt the inadequacies in the gp'Vem.mental policies and
an.se the population pj:c.lllleDi)t~lf, there -•.re welcome developdJDts ill governmental out-
look abollt the non-governmental sector. Th,ere is evidence in its stance. in recent months-
an openness about the noh-governmental sector. The government is,eekin,g cooperation from
every possible non-governmental source of help of an earnest kind-+voluntary organisations,
indus.tries, co.opera.tiVes, .lab.o. ur unions,.wo.men. and .y. outh organ!,. ab'ons, etc, For.the .first
t~.- an earnest search for. p~tnership se~(l1sto be evident. Apart rom this, there is also
evidence of willin~s to learn and a welcome attitude of liste ing to criticism from the
non-governmental sid~. The attitlJde and willing:ness.to change falllPY planning programme
aDd: policy on the part of. the &Overnment mllY prove in the (;oming years fruitful and
rewarding. The atmllJsphere is; therefore, ripe for helping the goveUlm,ental effort, in accele-
rating its progrlUJ1mes lAd policy mR}ting and help it tp make it move in a
desjt.b~. di~e~tio)l. The FqUt1d,a.ti~n looks upon this development as a real oppor-
t~i'y for playing vigorous a,qd p~.fpo$efU.l role and seek the active cooperation of the
Goveramopt i, itl! w,or~ .~ Rro.rarom. im.pleIPc,ntation. The Foundation is in the process
tQ take II:.ICXlk witl1iJ;l, in a ~PU'~o' f obJ~~ive analysis, with a view to upderstand its
strength a ap(llimita.tions for ~n effective role in the coming year.
Role of tbe Fouud.tioQ
Over thcyears t1K;Foua4ation's rPle hils been a SIlP·til\\ing ope. in a spirit of. ipdepen-
dence and creativity. ThJt role can be made more etr~tiveand rel~Yantjn the coming years.
The popUlation situat~ and the governmental ove•.~ll stan~ as il\\dicated abOve keep the non-
governmental organisations get .closer to the goverome(lt. And for the Foundation tbis is a
propitious mOUlcot for bringing the two. together as part oJ its own role. The Foundation,
therefOre.. needs to move througb decisively it;l th~s direction. While the support to projects
. over; the· years; has continu¢ intbeir inn()v~tive st~p.ce the projects initiated and supported
..

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·during' ,the year "unt! erreview' tl1'e'.btlthdnnav.~eriWld ,rqspansive,and-tbesc areimtCr-itif:al
areas, like infant mortality and farlility ..•n.dmiclorJe-vel researdl ' invasied. ~llr.al, ~sofilio-
logical situations. This is an attempt to respond relevantly and dynamically to the current
situation in matters of population. The workshop on oral pills completed in October,.is.}Qt1e
conspicuous and serious·, attempt, in' .,this;dlfeo,iQn; aDd, so ·is ltbe,warks~op.on ipjdCtables
coming up in the lattelT part, of 1981. The ~.IJPY i~n i'illCeoti:lfes·.and 'disineentives • .oommis-
sioned by the Foundation iS1~mother activity Itha ueeks, active ,'cooperation ,oNhe-'lovern-
ment. This is. an attempt toslrengtben the Govelnment;'sl,pol~y,which haSf cwar:Jy ;:;an
innovative stance.
Important Programmes
While the later'part oHhis reyiew ilonsists·bf reports on individURI.pl'ojects, it· would
be useful to recall a few'projeets arld 1lctivitiesoofoan importantkirtd.
i) Incentives and Disincentives
One ofthe tasks,,,hich the Foundation has accoP:lp1i:shedis th~ pr,epatation of a compre-
hensive study on IncentIves and Disincentives to Promote Family Planning which examines
not only the rationale behind the scheme of incentives..and disincentives but also its legal
and ethical implications in the context of a deve~opit,lgsociety. 'This .stlidy which makes
detailed recommendations for individual incentives,deferrtd incentives,.and commun~ty
incentives also lists how the iridividual Ministri~sOftheGovernment can.participatethrolJ'gh
an incentive scheme embedded in their development programme to' promote family planni~g.
The study has provided the basis for a national debate on the issue of incentives and
disincentives. The study has been printed both in English and Hindi. Also popular versions
in both English and Hindi in a summary are brought out for the widest possible dissemina·
tion. Dr Bharat Ram released the study at a specially arranged meeting. Justice G D
Khosla, Chairman of the Task Force, answered the questions raised by the press at the
meeting. The study was discu.sed over the radio both in English and Hindi. Doordarshan
reported the press release as well as the study. The newspapers have covered the study and
the press release widely. There has also been some editorial comment.
ii) Collaboration with International Organisations
In the last few years, the Foundation has been trying to explore the possibilities of
collaboration with a few of the international organi$ations for joint-funding purposes.
The two projects that have been taken up in the course of the year are (1) on infant
mortality which is likely to rdsult in a collaboration with the International Development
Research Centre of Canad4 (lORC) to the extent of $200,000 and (2) on determinants of
population growth in six stat4s with the Population Council. The details of the project on
these are given elsewhere in the Report.
The two projects should be regarded among the most important ones in the contem-
porary population research unlike most of the population research in the country. They
cover large areas involving corresponding large population. Consequently the overall value

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for policy is likely to be 9f a higher order. The research on infant mortality would involve
a larger network of research and a considerable number of research institutions.
Finances
The Founda.tion over the years with its limited resources has used its finances as judiciously
as possible and will continue to do so. This year, there has been an adverse development
becauseof'the introduction of the new Finance, Bill by the Government. Under the new
Finance Bill, the Foundation's funds can be invested only in the Public Sector where the
rate of interest is comparatively lesser than what we have been getting from the Private
Sector. This would lead to considerable loss to the Foundation. Besides, this year, there
will be a further loss of income on account of statutory requirement of withdrawal of the
i 'existing fixed deposits,at present with the Private Sector before November 1983.
Though the exact figures 'Cannot be indicated at this stage, the Foundation isliltely to
suffer a loss of about Rs 4 lakhs because of the reduced rate of interest on future investments
and perhaps Rs 7 lakhs to 8 lakhs on the existing Fixed Deposits consequent upon the
withdrawal of funds prematurely. At the financial level, this is a critical development and
''there is need therefore. to study the implications arising out of these and take remedial
.. measures most expeditiously •. '
~,~ ·'Aga.1nst! the backgrounclof the report by the Chairman and the Executive Director,
"the pr~jects and programmes funded and supported by the Foundation in cumulative
r~sJiion are ifldicated in the following pages listing' specifically what the Foundation has
r done arid what it propo,ses to do. It also reveals the status of programmes and projects of
. tIle year under review. .'
.
'I:,";"
.',
Ii,
j. :.

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Index of Ongoing 'Projects

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SI.
Amount
No.
Sanctioned
Rs
I. realtb Related Programmes
J !Integrated Health Care Delivery including Family Planning with
Community Participation
J
-:\\I),~ . 2. District Development Demonstration Project in Madurai District
1,84,000
4,50,000
1,75,000
3,30,000
91.100
'X
3~ Pilot Project on Health Welfare and Education with Special
3,00.000
~Phasis on Population Education
1,00,000
3,00.000
4.-hntegrated Rural Socio-Economic Programme linked with Family
2,70,000
Planning
5. Family Planning-Ao\\ion RCiearCA Pro,Kct inlkban ,and~RdtaL
Settings
6. Village Level Health and Family Planning Workers (Case Studies)
7. Demonstration Project to Integrate Health and Family Planning
with Rural Development
8. Integration of Population Education and Promotion of Small Family
Norm in Rural Areas through Voluntary Agencies
60,000
12.500
2.00,000
5,000
5.00.000
9. Mechanism of Secretion of Chorionogonadotropins in Pregnant
2,40.000
¥onkeys and Human Placental Tissue Cultures
2.00.000
10,vStudies on Carrier Proteins for Water Soluble Vitamins in Pregnancy 80.000
2,00,000
11. A Clinico-Pharmacological Evaluation of Plant Products used in 4,35.000·
Indigenous Systems of Medicine for Fertility Regulation, including 2,70,000·
Studies on the plant' Banjauri'
50.000·
1.50.000**
50.000··

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Ongoing Projects
Principal Investigator/
PToj«l -Dit'eetor
Dr ,Farooq Abdullah (now
Chief Minister, Jammu &
Kashmir)
Dr E B Sundaram
Commissioned by FPF
Dr Bhartendu Prakash
The Gandhigram Institute of Rural-. Health ~
and Family.; Welfare .Trus~ Madurai,. Tamil' ,
Nadu
Sher-e-Kashmir National Medical Institute 32
Trust, Srinagar (J&K)
The Naujhil Integrated Rural Project for 34
Health and Development Society., MathuIa ,.
UP
Centre for PopulatiollConcerns,Hyderabad,
36
AndluaPradesh
37
Vigyan Shiksha Kendra {VSK1 Blftila.'UP
39
Award Foundation for Rural Development
40
(AFFORD), AVARD, ,New-·Delbi
ProfN R'Moudgal
Dr A Jagannadha Rio
Prof P R Adiga
*postgraduate. Institbteof Medicil1 Education
and Research, Cbimdigarh
"Iridian Institute of Science, Bangalore
49

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Sl. Title of the Project
No.
Amount
Sanctioned
Rs
14. Study Group on "Injectables" and "Implants"
)5. Control of Fertility
Development of Anti-Pregnancy Vaccine and
Pregnancy Testing Kit
(1AhJ~fl1
for long-term
Development of
3,75,000
25,000
1,90,000
3,15,000
1,00,000
30,000
5,000
95,000
5,00,000
25,000
2,00,000
16. A Demonstratiol) Project for Evolving an Effective Role
for Grassroot Child Welfare Workers in Family Planning
in an Urban Slum/Rural Area
17. Atlas on the Child in India: A Visual Education Project
Depicting the Place and Importance of Children in Popula-
tion and Development
18. Annotated Resource List of Family Planning Media
Materials
19. An Experimental Project for Integrating Population Educa-
tion for All India Handicraft Board Trainees in Carpet
Weaving Centres
20. Family Planning Foundation Awards for Various Catego-
. ie of Family Planning Communication Sponsored by
amily Planning Foundation
21~ A Demonstration/Action Project in Developing Grassroot
Worker-Leaders: Experiment in Leadership Training
22. Demonstration Project for Primary Health Care and Family
Planning Services through the Milk Cooperative
Infrastructure
23. Action Demonstration Project for Integrated Parasite Con-
trol and Family Planning Services in UNICEF-assisted Area
Development Programme in Trivandrum District
92,000
20,000
77,000
25,000
5,000
93,000

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Principal Investigator!
Project Director
Prof S K Manchanda
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New 53
Dr (Mrs) Jayasree Sengupta Delhi
Department of Endocrinology, Post-Graduate
54
Institute of Basic Medical Sciences~ University
of Madras, Madras
Commissioned by the Family· Planning .' 55
Foundation
All India Institute of Medical Sciences,' New . 56
Delhi
Ms Akhila Gho~h
Ms Krishna Das
Prof C P Goyal
Family Planning
Foundation
National Institute of Child Development aI1a' . 63
Public Cooper~ti~n, New De,lhi"
Centre for Regional peve~opm~nt, Jawaharlal
Nehru University, New Delhi '"
Centre. for Deve10prttent of instructional
'Technology, New Delhi
Varanasi SchQol of Social ~<?rk, Va'ranasi
",!
Collaborative Programme of AIR, rioor~
darshan and Family Planqing F~undati~n .
Working Women's Forum, Madras
Guru Milk Cooperative ,Producers Unid~
Ltd., Bhatinda
Collaborative Programme with UNICEF 72
and Kerala State Government

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81.
Title of the Project
'No.
24. A Demonstration Project of Reorganising the Role of
Anganwadi Workers for the Total Welfare of the Communi-
ty covered by the ICDS Scheme
25. Developing lin Institutional Base in a Northern State. for
Orientation Training of Key Women Development
Functionaries
'26. ElipeEimentalProject Linking Population Education with
Adult Education
_27. P9pulation Education through Agricultural Institutions-
Developing Role Definition and Role Commitments of
Agricultural Institutions in Population Education
28. Publicity Programme for the Foundation
29. Technical Materials for State Legislators Conference of
JAPPD
30. Developing Programmes of Information, Dissemination,
Motivation and Action in Population and Family Planning
Amount
. Sanctioned
c-Rs
28,500
4,63,700
-95,000
25,000
2,50,000
35,000
3,00,000
4,40,000
Broad-based R-esearch Programme on Infant Mortality and
Fertility and the Implications of the _Interrelationship for
Family Planning
~. Socio-Economic Determinants of Age of Female at Mar-
riage and its Effect on Fertility Behaviour in India
A Demonstration-cum-Study Programme for Family Deve-
lopme~t (with special.focus on family planning) for the
Social Transformation of two Communities (Rural and
Urban) in West.Bengal
34. A Study of People's Participation in Family Planning
,35. Study. of Population Policies in India
36. Study of Family Planning Implementation PJ'9gramme
1,70,800
2,70,000
2,58,800
37. Population Monograph, on India
WI>j<:.-l(
rn-- (}I ••,A0 1£ () tV'
·2i\\"""""

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Principal lnvestigator/
Project Director
Ms Ptema Malhotra
Mr P Venkat Rao
Institute of Community
Udaipur
Development,
Indian Adult Education Association, New
Delhi
HarYana Agricultural Utti\\JersitYt Rissar
Comm;seK1l1ld tty Famil, PIaDBiag Fouada· 84
tion
Jayaprakasl1 Institute of Social Chansc. 86
Calcutta
Dr V A Pai Panandiker
Dr AU Baquer
Dr Ramashray Roy
Dr Rajni Kothari and
Dr Prodipto Roy
Centre for Polley Rr!lltarcb. New Dcll1i
88
Centre for the Study of Developing Societies 89
(Earlier the Council of Social Development
was also involved in the Project 'Study of
. Population Policies in India')
Family Planning Foundation, ESCAP and 91
the Indian Association for the Study of
Population (IASP)

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Si.
.imount
No.
sanctioned
Rs
38. Study on the Status of Women and Jts Impact on Popula-
J9. i~~:~~~:SiQ~:~l tion Practices
St~~~ia's
.
Development-I 947-2000-A
Jo. Status Study of Population Education Research in India
Jt. Strategies for Population ~ont;ol
-:f ~:~;a::c~?!:es~O~~~~~i~~~t~
;:d~ee:iil~y ~:~~~~on~~
and its Socio-Cultural Determinants
.}3. Manag~ent of Family. Welfare lrQgp~mp1e-A Study in
Perception
4A.!. Diagnostic Study of Population grow~h Rate! and Family
...:7' Planning in Six States in a Developmental Perspective
\\~~~5. Dissemination of the Foundation's Study on Incentives and
/ Disincentives to Promote Family Planning
...¢. A Critical Study of Allocations to the Family Planning
Programme in India during 1971-81 with Policy ImpJica-
tions'aoo Construction of DataJJank on the subject
5,000
5,000
3,00,000
(for phase I)
5,00,000
(for phase II)
1,00,000
V. Marketing, Management and Administration
-::. ~.
47. Demonstration Project in Community Based Distribution
(CBD) ahd Cdrilmuniiy Bilsed S1.irgical'Services (CBS)
30,000
4,50,000
48~ WorkshopoilProlDotjon of Oral Pills
I
90,000
50,000

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Principal Investigator/
Project Director
Mr K Sadashivaiah
Ms Chandrakala Dave
DrK Mahadevan
Prof A Aiyappan
Dr K Mahadevan
Mr V Nagarajan
DrP Seshachalam
Gandhigram Institute of Rural Health and
Family Welfare Trust, Madurai
Family . Planning Foundation, Registrar
General's Office and the Indian Association
for the Study of Population
CMAI CH and FP Project, Bangalore
Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati
Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati
Creative Education Systems Society,
Hyderabad
Family Planning Foundation
Kasturba Medical College Hospital, Manipal, 104
Karnataka
Sponsored by the Family Planning
Foundation

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I. Health Related Programmes

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I. Health Related Programmes
Family Planning, including health care and welfare of mothers and
children, has been long acknowledged as both a catalyst and corollary
of development efforts. During 1982 the government has been particular-
ly emphasising the need to promote informed and voluntary change in
individual and social perceptions and behaviour so that "planned parent-
hood" as a concept is widely accepted, adopted and woven into the life-
styles of the people. The participation of the people in the programme is
being particularly solicited; alongside, the intimate link between family
planning and health on the one hand and on the other, the link of both
with overall development and an improved quality of life has had
renewed focus.
The Foundation has been giving due importance to this aspect of
bringing about implementation and follow-up of family planning pro-
gramme through their integration with comprehensive health care deli-
very and other community welfare programmes, to be undertaken with
the active involvement of the community itself. Some projects have been
initiated to· develop experimental models for action-cum'research-cum-
training programmes of health care delivery including family planning,
which have a special innovative character of their ow~, with emphasis on
'developing concepts or models which will help to strengthen and improve
the government system.
Various models of health care delivery including family planning,
having certain innovative characters and concepts, are being experiment-
ed with, in the hope that the lessons derived from these should be help-
ful for strengthening and improving the Government's system of health
care-cum-family-welfare and family planning. The stress is also on
developing such health care systems in somewhat bigger areas, covering
large sections of population and further keeping in view that gradually
the successful projects have to become self-supporting with the efforts of
the community itself with only marginal support provided, if necessary,
by the State or by some organisation.
PROJECT NO 1 ~-)
Title
Integrated Health Care Delivery including Family Planning with Com-
munity Participation

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A pilot project aiming to find out the extent to which voluntary organi-
sations could assume the responsibility for organising health and family
planning programmes, and to assess the improvement in family planning
acceptance when these services are integrated with the health care activi-
ties, was undertaken by the Gram Nirman MandaI, Sokhodeora, Bihar
in 1975. One of the innovative dimensions was the identification of
voluntary health workers from the local community, an idea which later
has also become a part of the Government and primary health care
delivery system. A package programme consisting of MCH, family
planning, and environmental sanitation, etc. was worked out.
Based on the experience gained from this pilot project, another
comprehensive project was worked out by the Gram Nirman MandaI
for the people's participation in health and family welfare programmes,
through the joint endeavour of the different systems of medicine. 'This
project proposal envisaged developing for the whole of the Community
Block integrated health care services, including family welfare and family
planning, to be carried out with the active participation of the local com-
munity. The knowledge available with different indigenous systems of
medicine locally operating, in addition to modern medicine, is to be
utilised for such an integrated health care delivery.
The programme on this project is being carried out through the
establishment of "Village Health Committees" in each village, which are
responsible for the selection of one male and one female (local Dai)
"Village Health Volunteer" in each village. The training of these village
health volunteers, however, is the responsibility of the Gram Nirman
MandaI, and this training programme includes preventive, promotive~:
and rehabilitative health care, and health education in addition to cura-
tive services. The different types of health care delivery systems such as
allopathy, homoepathy, ayurveda, unani, naturopathy etc. already in
operation in the rural areas, are included in the integrated training of
these village health volunteers. Such an integrated type of health ~are.
delivery for the rural community is probably being attempted for the
first time on this project. The Village Health Volunteers also have th~
facility for utilisation of the services of locally available practitioners of
Integrated Medicine, themselves suitably trained. Referral services arc'
also provided through the State's Primary Health Centre Complex.
The Foundation's support to Gram Nirman MandaI started in 1973 and
its last phase put· into operation in January 1979 and was originally
scheduled to terminate in December 1981. However, a year's extension
was later siven to consolidate the work which was found to be at a

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critical stage. During 1982, the project continued the work of providing
health care through the village health workers chosen and trained by the
project and supervised by village health committees, further using indi-
genous practitioners fot referral and general support. A particular
attempt during 1982 was made to fill the lacuna in relation to trained
women workers that bad been earlier noted as a major impediment to
tbe further ptogres9 of the project work. In this connection 52 new
female health volunteers were identified and given a one day pre-training
orientation, of which 36 underwent the training, while another 15 male
health volunteers were also trained to make up for loss of those that had
left the project meanwhile. Two more batches of nurse dais were also
. given training, bring their bumber to 55.
The project was visited mid-year by the Foundation staff which noted
that considerable motivation for family planning bad developed in the
area but that there was a lag in the services. The Foundation staff met
with the Healtb Ministty and Health Commissioner of Bihar to attempt
to initiate remedial action. To some extent, the project itself has stepped
up delivery of the health services; it served more than 1,500 women and
children with MCH services, belped to secure terminal methods for 142
men and women and provided regular services to?OO conventional con-
traceptive users. Chlorination of drinking wells, inoculation for cholera
was extensively undertaken by the project personnel. 82 motivational
meetings on family planning were held during the year and a house-hold
survey for eligible couples was carried out in 147 villages. The Gram
Nirman MandaI is now making efforts to continue the work with funds
arranged from other sources.
Rs 1,84,000 (sanctioned in December 1972)
Rs 4,50,000 (sanctioned in November 1978)
(In addition Rs 1,00,000 provided by OXFAM)
Rs 1,75,000 (sanctioned in December 1981)
J . JIMltudOD
Gram Nirman MandaI, Sarvodaya Ashram, Sokbodeora, Bihar.
PftOJECf NO. 2
Title
Distriet Development Demonstration Project in Madurai District
Dr L Ramach~ndran
The Gandhigram Institute of Rural Health and Family Planning has for
some years been involved in innovative family planning programme.
Athoor Block in Madurai District, covering a population of 1,20,000 is
one such project, in which besides raising the health standards of the

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local population in the area,a substantial decline inbirth rate from 43 in
1959 to 27.4 in 1975 was achieved.
On the basis of the Athoor model the Institute prepared an action-
research project covering the entire Bindi 801 Division containing 10
blocks, with a population of 10 lakhs, for demonstrating its replicability.
The project basically attempts an integrated health care in and
around the existence of primary health centre through newer methodo-
logies of work and a larger emphasis on community involvement and
coordination with the block agencies by phasing the programme and
integrating family planning programmes with MeR services.
The major experiences of the Athoor Block were attempted to be
spread further by:
i) Developing an infrastructure for reducing the area by population
allotted to each ANM and thus enabling her to increase the fre-
quency of contacts with couples;
ii) Developing the programme in a phased manner by a team of
workers adopting certain methodologies and pattern of work to
carry out intensive motivational work in a small area and then take
up other areas by stages;
iii) Periodical job-oriented training for the staff;
iv) InYolving and utilising community leaders, voluntary workers like
dais, teachers, indigenous medical practitioners etc. and voluntary
agencies like Madar sangams, youth clubs, village health committees
etc. for obtaining social support for the programmes;
v) Establishing a network of multiple channels of communication
like mass group and individual approach for educating the commu-
nity on various aspects of health and family planning programmes.
vi) Improving managerial and supervisory skills; and
vii) extending adequate service and frequent follow-up visits through-
out the area.
The project was put into operation with effect from April 1978.
Gandhigram Institute recruited and oriented personnel to plan pro-
grammes, assess progress and develop a new recording system, besides
providing orientation training to the traditional birth attendants, school
teachers, Gramsevikas and Mukhyasevikas to support the health infra-
structure. Also, action committees were organised at various levels.
However, for the transfer of this experience certain aspects that were..to
be taken care of by the Government of Tamil Nadu, for instance the
introduction of the multi-purpose health workers scheme in which both
male and female workers were put into operation in the area did not
materialise completely. (Only female workers were put in position).

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Further, there was evidence of lack of coordination between Gandhi-
gram and State Government leading to problems and the training and
management methodoIogycould not therefore be utilised systematically.
In February 1982, the Foundation staff, alongside Gandhigram person-
nel, held discussions with Health Secretary, Tamil Nadu, pinpointed
the problems and sought solutions. This meeting brought to the fore
a considerable interest on the part of the State Government to imple-
ment the Athoor experiment on a wider scale and a willingness to
provide support for the same. Accordingly, the Foundation processed
a year's extension of the proiect with a budget of Rs 91,100 (which was
sanctioned in AligUSt). A new detailed work plan was developed in
which it was hoped to transfer, the management skills with Gandhigram
playing a minimal direct role and concentrating more on training moni-
toring and evaluation. This it was hoped would finalise a feasible model
of delivery of health care for wider extension. However, at this juncture
Director of Gandhigram unexpectedly retired which resulted in disruption
of the work. With the placement of the new Director at Gandhigram,
the Institute again took up the work and put certain elements of the
action plan into operation in the field. However, this has not yet been
done comprehensively. Initial interest shown by the Government has
also not fully materialised and the Foundation now proposes to reexa-
mine the project further, before releasing more money from the sanction-
ed amount.
Rs 3,30,000 (sanctioned in November 1977)
Rs 91,100 (sanctioned in August 1982)
The Gandhigram Institute of Rural Health and Family Welfare Trust,
A7rai. MaduraiT. amilNadu.
A Pilot Project on Health Welfare and Education with Special Emphasis
on Population Education
Dr Farooq Abdullah
(Now Chief Ministet, Jammu and Kashmir)
In order to popularise the Family Planning methods through a new
concept of delivering medical oare at the doorsteps of people in selected
villages in the vicinity of Sher-e-Kashmir National Medical Institute
Trust, SOUIa, .a pilot project with the above-mentioned objective was
started in 1976. The programme proceeded in phased manner systemati-

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cally. Inspite of hard opposition which the Project faced due to illite-
racy and backwardness, the situation has been carefully analysed and
the difficulties overcome by educating the people about the benefits of
small family norm. For this purpose free medical care and treatment at
Sub-centres, in the field and at the Sher-e-Kashmir Hospital, Soura,
were provided where sterilisation operations, both vasectomy and tubec-
tomy were performed. Free transport facilities are also being provided
to the persons brought under the family planning programme. The con-
cerned antenatal cases are advised and encouraged to attend Sub-centres
in larger number where pills and condoms are supplied and all possible
medical aid is given.
The project staff has been actively carrying out health care delivery
and population education/motivation activities in all the villages, by
manning site visits to the villages on three days in a week. During the
remaining three days of the week the staff has been working at the health
sub-centres where health care and family planning services are rendered.
In urgent and emergency cases, the project staff has been visiting the
sites/houses on the request of the nurse/dai. The constant efforts of the
whole field staff working as a team has attracted people from all walks
of life and the programme is becoming popular in the area, covered by
the project.
The evaluation of the project revealed that all the 25 villages with a
population of 25,000 have been visited during the year under review, and
that strong motivation is being created for adopting a small-family
norm. It was also observed that women who volunteered for sterilisation
are within the age group of 20-25 and have had two to three children.
Their main motivation was that th~ child birth makes them weak and
thus they are unable to work in th~ fields, whereas after tubectomy they
appear to enjoy better health. This is one of the important inducement
for other women to volunteer for sterilisation.
Unfortunately, tliere was not much evidence of spacing methods
having been adopted in the villages and, therefore, there are not many
women who are using contraceptive pills.
The project is now exploring the possibility of obtaining a lapro-
scope and also training the lady doctors on this subject in carrying out
laproscopic sterilisation, particularly in view of the big demand from
women.
The Foundation's support stopped in March 1983. It is understood
the programme under the project is continuing with the same tempo as
it has been functioning so far and the financial support is being provided
by the State Government.

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Rs 1,00,000 (sanctioned in October 1979)
Rs 3,OO,Coo (sanctioned in January 1981)
Integrated Rural Socio-Economic
Planning.
Programme Linked with Family
The NaujhiI Integrated Rural Project for Health and Development
(NIRPHAD) Society has been undertaking various programmes/projects
for the socio-economic development of the Naujhil Block in the District
of Mathura, V.P. It conducted a baseline survey in 7 Blocks of Mathura
district, as a result of which it has chosen one Block for developing an
integrated rural project, laying emphasis on the interaction of health
and development.
The project for socio-economic development of NaujhiJ Block was
started in January 1979, after providing training to the Village Level
Workers (VLWs). The programme of socio-economic development
undertaken include (i) agriculture and irrigation saturation; (ii) streng-
thening of animal husbandry; (iii) cottage industries; (iv) functional
education and training; and (v) health programmes with components of
immunization, water disinfection, nutrition education and domiciliary
midwifery. These programmes have been undertaken by the Society
through a bank loan provided to it. The Society is also running its own
hospital clinic in the Block. It has now planned to undertake family
planning programmes integrated with its rural development programmes
to demonstrate the acceptance of family planning based on the inter-
action of health and socio'economic development.
The programme is being conducted through the utilisation of pro-
perly trained local indigenous workers (Dais), who work in close col-
laboration with the other Village Level Workers (VLWs) involved in
the socio-economic development programmes. Besides making available
family planning services, the family planning workers also lay stress on
maternal and child health. .
With this strategy the programme is being so structured that along
with the implementation of the socio-economic programme there is an
emphasis on health and family planning, a large number of village
population between the ages of 15 to 45 (females) can be covered by
the cafeteria method of family planning. To increase the acceptance for

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small family norm the target couples are also exposed to family plliln-
ning education.
The project started functioning with effect from September 1980. The
programme is being conducted tilrnugh the utilisation of properly train-
ed local indigenous w9rkers (Dais) who work in close collaborlltion
with the Village Level Workefsinv6lved in the socio·economic de\\1elop-
ment programmes. These indigenous dais have been' trained following
the development of a curriculum for their training, and are being utilis-
ed in the villages fOf providing primary health care including MCH and
family planning services. The work carded out by indigenous workers
is supervised by a lady doctor wlloisresPansible for referral services at
the hospital level; further, the health education work is integrated at
the point of delivery of diversified socio-ecQnomic services. During the
last year the project staff bas tr~nslated the syllabi for ANMs and
primary health workers into easy Hindi. Two publications: "Primary
Health Care" and "Lady Social Worker" are hoped to be printed
through tunds additionally raised and made available for wide circula-
tion by the end of 1983. Tbecgplmunication techniques used during
this project !ire also being tested and translated for subsequent publi-
cation. The Family PI~nning programme .is ~urrently undergoing
evaluation by the Administratjve Staff College, Hyderabad and the
National Council of Applied Economic Researcp, New Delhi. The preli-
minary reports indicate considera1:l1eprogress in family planning accept-
ance in the lnitial 15 project villages reaching a.n acceptance level that
is nearly 50%.: 139 women. on oral pills, 802 men using Nirodh, 30
women inserted copper T,.Surgical services for· sterilisation and MTP
were added in early, IQ83 and.served 249 and 42 women respectively.
The socio-economic entry point to the community has enabled the
evolution of several other social programmes in the area such as creche
programme. functional education, Mahila malldal Qrganisation, which
. together have .contributed to the build-up of.all environment which is
improving acceptance of family planlling in what was formerly consider-
ed a difficult area.
.
The Naujhil Integrated Rural Project for Health and Development
Society, Mathura, U.P.

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The Centre for Population Concerns, Hyderabad, has been running an
urban Family Welfare Centre (Shilpa Cliriic) in the city of Hyderabad.
Besides other contraceptive methods, the clinic is providing surgical
contraceptive services of MTP and Sterilisation, in addition to some
gynaecological services. The Clinic has extended family planning services
into a rural area, with an innovative stance'based on the assumption that
much of the indigent population is becoming disillusioned with family
planning services which are being provided to them in an ad hoc and
fragmented tnanner, and further the quality of services provided being
poor. Thus improving the delivery of contraceptive services in the
periphery, with baCk-up of the expert services of the family planning
clinic, ShOllJdmake these more acceptable.
The project started functioning withetfect from September 1980 and
covers a rural population of 50,000. The project was reviewed in .
December 1981 and a number of corrective measures were suggested, as
it was observed that the project was deviating from its original design in
a number of ways. First of aJl, it was found that the project was becom-
iog largely a clinically-oriented strategy with the rural areas feeding
eases for sterilization, instead of the well-developed thrust for improve-
ment of contraceptive services in the rural areas through a team of rural
based women workers which was the primary objective in the project
design. There have been difficulties in recruitment of the fuJI comple-
ment of statT, including the positioning of a doctor at the periphery, and
the medical and training work in .the villages was being overseen by
occasional visits of the Project Director. Moreover, spacing methods
were not figuring in the programme at aU. The modifications in the
training and reward system for the village workers and strengthening of
the supervision at the- periphery through stationing of personnel was
emphasised. This led to some reorganisation of the project and an effort
was made for greater concentration on supervisiOll of services at the
periphery. However, when a second review took place in April 1982 it
w.as found -that this had o~ly limited success# Non-availability of a
vehicle with the project restricted movement to the outlying areas and
despite the acquisition of residential accommodation for field staff, it was
found difficult to persuade them to stay in the villages. A lady doctor
simply could not be found for the periphery services and a male doctor
had to be recruited who found it more difficult to establish rapport on

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family planning matters. The Advisory Council, 1982, reviewed the
projcctand suggested tbe project be closed.
The Executiv~ Director recently visited three villages in the Medak
district and had discussions with the people of those villages, and few
women from a fourth village and with workers. During this visit and
discussions, distinct change for the better was observed, a trend towards
involvement of the local community was clearly evident. An innovation
in field work has been developed-a team consisting of an educated un-
employed local youth and an elderly woman are working as WOf'ers-.
This team approach seems to be acceptable to the community. One lady
doctor has als() been appointed, who visits the field head office twice a
week. Emphasis on spacing methods which was absent earlier is current-
ly being given special attention. As a result, spacing method is emerging
as an important contraceptive choice. Both in, terms of outlook and
infrastructural facilities, there is a shift towards a group approach with
emphasis on education andeommunieatiron aspects. Thus the character
of the project is becoming community oriented.
In addition, a recent report of the project indicated that the project
has undertaken a survey of villages for preparing a general sooio-econo-
mic profile of each village. Identification and training of local man-
power from the villages is also being undertaken to provide comprehen-
sive contraceptive services to all in need ()f such services. Special
attempt has been made to involve women from lower socio-economic
groups in meetings as to increase their access to health information and
services.
This is a project for identifying and defining the roles and functions of
the community health workers through the development of case studies
of relevant experiences in the field, with special focus on family planning,
followed by a Workshop. This subject is particUlarly relevant in the
present context where there is a growing disenchantment with the high
technology oriented clinical approach of the health services.
One of the major mechanisms of making health care services more
community oriented is the identification and involvement of a community

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level worker to' undertake the more basic part of both health and
family plannirtg activities. A number of txperimental projects in India.
particularIyih the non·governmental seotor; have tried to develop just
such a funotionarYat the grassroot level with varying degrees of success.
The Foundation, therefore, thought it would be worthwhile to compare
the experiments of some of these projects and evolve ~uidelines for
policy:
Five project experiences of an innovative nature, which recognized the
emerging critical importance of community oriented health workers or
volunteers in India"and aimed at the identification and creation of such
community health workers were selected. These. are:
1) JamkhedProject in Maharashtra
2) Tilonia Project near Ajmer in Rajasthan'
3) CASA Project inPalgbat, Mahluashtra
4) RaipurRani Project near·Chandigarh
5) Viliage Health Care Project in Oddarchatram
in Tamil Nadu
Case studies Were prepared on each bf the five projects jointly by
the Director of the cohcerned project' and an outside expert on the
subject, who studied the project and spent some time at the project site.
These are process-oriented case studies with'accent on various aspects of
thecomm'unity health,. worker-selection ·process, training roles, inter-
action with other agencies and effectiveness problems encountered, etc.
A case study has also been prepared on the international experience
in the field, namely"Village Level Health and Family Planning Worker-
An International Perspective." The case studies were reviewed internally
oy the staff with the 'help ()f Dr J S Gill of the All India Institute of
Medical Sciences. After the preparation and analysis of reports, it was
planned to orgnize a workshop to discuss each of the case ,study in depth.
But the Workshop was postponed as it was thought necessary to include
the experience of the governinent'sViUage Health Workers' scheme in
the deliberations, and to wait and see how it works. Currently this
scheme i's operating for three years, it is the time to look at the whole
scheme, howiUs working and what lessons can be learnt from it and see
it in relation to other voluntary t;fforts that had been made in this
direction. The Foundation has also identified a few more projects for
preparing c~se studies of an experimental nature in the country. Founda·
tion staff has also prepared a "Status Report on Community Health
Worker Scheme". All the case studies will be revised and updated with the
help of expet:ts and the concerned project Directors .. Following new case
studies will be prepare:a~
, : , ~ '; ,<- I'
.i

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1) Case study on Government Experience of CHV Scheme in a
historical framework.
2) An Analytical and process-oriented case study of government
• experience of CHV Scheme.
3) Case Study by Dr (Mrs) Banoo J Coyaji about her project which
is a unique type of innovative project (Vadu Rural Health Project,
Pune, where P.R.C. is run by a voluntary organisation).
Once all the Case Studies have been revised and updated and new
reports are prepared, a Workshop will be organised in which all the reports
and their findings will be presented and discussed in the context of and in
relation to the; emerging needs of the country within the government
framework of the CHVsScheme. All those who are involved in policy
making, those involved in action programmes, senior field-oriented staff
from the government and leaders from voluntary organisations will be
invited for the Workshop. Practical recommendations for programme
and policy will be brought out as a result of the workers' deliberations.
Demonstration Project on Health and Family Planning for Integrated
Rural Development
Vigyan ShikSha Kendra (VSK) is working in Banda (UP), which is one
of the backward districts, to organise and mobilise people for develop-
ment, Witb a planning grant of Rs 12.000 provided by the Foundation,
Vigyan Shiksha Kendra's youth wing conducted a survey of 4S villages
with a view to understand the problems of the people, identify their
causes, study their consequences, and suggest ,some of the ways and
means by which the problems can be solved and conditions of people,
particularly poorer and weaker sections. improved through the interven-
tion of VSK.
-
The project thus worked out aims at developing ,an. experimental
model for social action, to integrate income and employment generating
activities with social service, including health, family planning, nutri-
tion, and education. It further aims at demonstrating that health and
family planning services, corn:bitred'with other extension services are
essential for the integrated socio-economic development of the village

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community_, Health is looked upon as a human condition, which is the
responsibility of the individual, the community, and the Government as
a whole, and that signifi(:ant changes in health can be possible only
through fundamental. so~ial and economic changes.
The project is b~ingcarried out in an area covering 25 villages
around a Primary Health Centre. ;.Thework is to be taken up in two
phases; p~ase I cqvering 10 villages, and phase II another 15 villages.
20 Health Workers (in teams of 2) are to be trained to undertake this
work. The project will also have a doctor for the training of VRWs,
plus some community helpers required for the cenduct of the project. In
addition, four locally practising indigenous practitioners of medicine
are to be used as resource persons, and their services used both for
training. as well as for providing referralServices.
The project started functioningwlth effect from June 1981. During 1982,
a base.:.line survey was conducted in the 10 villages selected for the pro-
jectwork., Village Health Workers were selected and trained to deal
with simple illnesses, first-aid situations and to detect malnutrition and
other health problems' that could be .rectified through appropriate
education apd for referral to PRe for further help. A worker's hand-
book was developed, alongside a list of effective but simple and cheap
medicines from the traditional system of medicine to be included into
the portable medicine kits 'which were provided to all workers. An
ayurvedic doct,or helped in the development of training manual and
medicine kit and in supervising work in ,the field. The project was visited
at mid-point by the Foundation' ~taff and steps initiated for a more
intensive action programme in the field and greater cooperation with the
government health system. This programme of work includes regular
camps in the project villages involving the cooperation of the primary
health centre persOJ1pel.'The project bas made headway in' developing
communipation materials. There has.however~ been a lag in practical
health wotkin t.hefiel~ which ids hoped will be made up now.
Rs 12,500 (planning grant sanctioned in October 1980)
Rs2,OO.OOO(sanctioned in M, .ay 1981)
Integration of Population Education. and Promotion of Small Family
.Nor.m in Rural Area~througb Voluntary Agencies

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AVARD is a central national federation of voluntary agencies. Its
action-research consultancy organisation is AFFORD (Award Founda-
tion for Rural Development) working in the field of rural development in
India. At present, AVARD is developing a project for the integration
of general health care and family planning with its other rural develop-
ment activities through training and utilisation of community health
workers, and further involvement of the health staff of the primary
health centres and sub-centres.
A planning grant was given to AVARD in October 1980 which
led to the development of a project proposal for Orissa which is one of
the poorest, most backward states in the country. AVARD selected G
Udaigiri block which is a particularly deprived tribal district of Orissa.
This project hopes to integrate the work being done under different
departments of the Government for the social development and health
betterment of the people and so maximise its impact with the view that
the small family norm is internalised and economic development does
not lead to larger families in the first flush of betterment.
Since the proper implementation of the project is dependent on coordi-
nation with resources in the area stemming from government, with the
project personnel acting as a catalyst for maximising utilisation impact,
it was essential to seek and ensure the cooperation of the government in
this activity in G. Udaigiri Block. An expert team consisting of senior
representatives from AFFORD and the Foundation alongside a medical
consultant visited Orissa, including the project site and held discussions
with government officials at the State, District and Block levels. This
has prepared the ground for the implementation of the project. Follow-
ing the visit, the project was re-formulated bearing in mind the present
situation in the area and the needs emerging from this expert review. The
project commenced on 1st June 1983 with a project coordinator being
identified and undergoing orientation and training in Delhi prior to pro-
ceeding to G. Udaigiri in mid-June to commence work in the field.
Rs 5,000 (planning grant sanctioned in October 1980)
Rs 5,00,000 (sanctioned in December 1982)

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II. Biomedical Research

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Mechanism of Secretion of Chorionio-gonadotropins (CG) in Pregnant
Monkeys and Human Placental Tissue Cultures
Prof N R Moudgal
Dr A Jagannadha Rao
The production of chorionic gonadotropin (CG) is confined (in the
monkey and human) to the early part of pregnancy. In humans, peak
values are reached between 60-70 days of pregnancy and in the bonnet
monkeys, between 23~35 days of pregnancy. The amplitude and the
amount of gonadotropin production is very less in the monkeys compar-
ed to the humans. Although cosiderable knowledge has occurred on the
chemistry, biosynthesis and action of chorionic gonadotropin, relatively
little is known about the factors responsible for the initiation and arrest
of CG production. The understanding of these mechanisms may be help-
ful in control of fertility by inhibiting implantation of the fertilised ova
in the uterus.
1. To identify the mechanisms for regulation of chorionic gonadotropin
production in llon-humanprimates and bumans using in vivo and in
vitro approaches.
2. To investigate feasibility of developing a suitable method to interfere
with CG production.
It is planned to study the effects of gonadal steroids, LHRH, and its
analogous and other peptides such as Inhibin on the levels of CG in the
pregnant monkey. It is also planned to study the effects of both active
and passive immunisation with LHRH on the course of pregnancy and
CG levels in the monkey.
A sensitive RIA for LHRH will be developed to monitor the levels
during pregnancy. The studies on the regulation of CG will also be
investigated using isolated cells from subterm placenta.
The work started in April 1979.
Using antiserum to ovine LH raised in rabbits a sensitive RIA for
CO in monkey serum has been standardised. With sensitivity of the
assay around 5 nglml, serum CG levels reached peak values by day
34-35 of fertile cycle and were undetectable by 55-60 days of the fertile
cycle. The hormonal pattern observed during early pregnancy indicates

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Follow-up and
Future Plan of
Action
increase in testosterone and estrogen levels parallel to the increase in
CG, but only testosterone levels seem to parallel CO secretory pattern
both showing a decline in their levels at the same rate. Further studies
revealed that administration of the steriods (E and P) individually or in
combination did not result in any change in the duration or magnitude
of the CG levels in monkeys. It is proposed to examine the effects at
higher concentration of progesterone and estradiol.
In view of the reports .on the presence of a LHRH synthesising
system in human placenta distinct from pituitary the effects of LHRH
on CG levels in the monkey was examined. It was found that daily in-
jection of 10 pg of LHRH did not have any effect on CGsecretory
pattern. However, with a single injection of 100 pg of LHRH, a signi-
ficant increase in CG levels within' two hours of administration was
observed in all animals. These results suggest that LHRH may have a
role in the regulation of CG; main function of CG is to rescue the corpus
luteum of the fertile cycle·· and maintain steroidogenesis until placenta
takes over. Thus, using a suitable agonist'oraritagonist of LHRH can be
used as a post coital contraceptive by interfering with CG production.
A simple method to obtain functional cells from the subterm human
placenta has been developed. These cells have been maintained in cul-
ture and were found to secrete bethbCG and progesterone. Using 125
I LHRH, the presence ofLHRH receptors on the membranes of,pJacelltal
cells has been demonstrated.
'
The Project Director plans to continue ..the work by seeking further
financial support fr<?m ~he Indi~R Counell of Medical Research and the
Department of Science and Technology" apart from the Family Planning
Foundation.
Rs 2,40,000 (sanctioned in NQvemper 1977)
Rs 2,00,000 (sanctioned in December 198i) ..
. Department of 'Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.
,
Studies on Carrier Proteins for Water Soluble Vitamins in Pregnancy
Professor P R Adiga
Earlier studies have shown that transplacent~1 transport of vitamins
like riboflavin, thiamin, etc. during gestation in the rat is mediated by
specific high affinity carrier 'proteins (RCP-ribo6avin-carrier protein
. and TCP~tbiamin carrier"protein) which are estrogen inducible in the

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maternal liver. They were essential for foetal vitamin nutrition and
develol'ment and l'rogression of the pregnancy. Importance of these
proteins during gestation was further demonstrated by passive immuno-
neutralization of these maternal vitamin carrier proteins resulting in
blockage of vitamin uptake by the embryo which led to acute feotal
wastage.
These observations indicated for the first time that a new approach
to suppression of early pregnancy is feasible, and could be exploited as
an immunological approach to fertility control.
In view of the fundamental role of Rep and TCP in fetal well-being
and proper pregnancy progression, studies were undertaken with the
following objectives:
i) Isolation and characterisation of vitamin carrier proteins (RCP
and TCP) from sera of pregnant mothers and cord blood in
humans;
ii) To develop sensitive methods of assays for monitoring their levels
during pregnancy, menstruation and during pill intake; and
iii) To rule out deleterious effects of RCP and/or TCP active immuno-
neutralisation on maternal health by using rat and monkey models.
In view of the minute quantities of the vitamin-carrier proteins expected
to be present in the human pregnancy sera, specific bioaffinity proce-
dures were developed for the protein purification. 'thus, riboflavin was
derivatised by chemical means to riboflavin-acetic acid, which, in turn
WIS covalently coupled to aminohexyl-Sepharose to immobilize this
vitamin on the solid support. The pooled human pregnancy or cord sera
treated with dextran:coated charcoal to remove firmly bound vitamins
from the Serum proteins and the clarified protein supernatants were per-
colated through the affinity matrices (riboflavin and TPP-AH-Sepha-
rose). After washing off non-specific proteins, the proteins specifically
held on the vitamins immobilised on the inert Sepharose were eluted by
competition with concentrated solutions of the respective vitamins. From
th~ protein elutes, RCP and TCP were purified further, by preparative
electrophoresis on polyacrylemide gels and their firmly bound vitamins
were removed by dextran/charcoal treatment.
For active immunisation of female rats with RCP and/or TCP puri-
fied chicken proteins were used as the heterologous antigens. Because of
the avian proteins, immunologically cross-reacting with the rodent RCP
and TCP, they were preferred in terms of eliciting good antibody res-
ponse. Female rats of proven fertility were injected with chicken Rep
or TCP emulsified with Freunds adjuvant at weekly intervals for 6 weeks
and RCP antibodytitresas well as their growth pattern, vitamin status

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biochemically by measuring erythrocyte riboflavin, content glutathione
reductase and transketolase activities and cyclicity were measured.
When the antibody titres were high, they were mated with fertile males
and their pregnancies were monitored by measuring serum progesterone
concentrations.
By bioaffinity chromatography, a specific high affinity (Kd=1 X 1O-8M)
RCP was purified from human pregnancy serum and characterised
physico-chemically. The human RCP was pure by the criteria of a
analytical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, get filtration chromato-
graphy, immunodouble diffusion and immunoelectro phoresis. It, bound
with high affinity and did not interact with flavin coenzymes like FAD
and FMN. This specific carrier protein could not be detected in the
sera from normal males or post-menopausal females. But its presence in
the cord blood is unequivocally established by actual isolation and puri-
fication, the concentration being at least 2.5 fold higher vis-a-vis in the
fetal circulation. Attempts are underway to isolate the human RCP in
sufficient amounts to develop a radiommunoassay to monitor its levels
under different physiological states.
Similarly, using affinity chromatography on TPP-Sepharose specific
high affinity TCP was isolated from pooled human pregn.ancy sera as
well as the human cord sera. The purified protein was homogeneous by
various criteria, had a molecular weigbl of 60,000 and crossreacted
immunologically with the specific antisera to chicken and rat TCPs. Its
levels in fetal circulation was over 2 fold higher, thus accounting for
higher vitamin content in the fetal circulation. The evolutionary conser-
vation of the protein from the chicken all the way to humans indicates
the feasibility of using the chicken proteins for active immunisation to
suppress early pregnancy in higher animals and humans.
Active Immunisation with the Vitamin-carriers as an Approach to Preg-
nacny Suppression in the Rodents.
The female rats actively immunised with the chicken RCP during a
3 month period did not show any growth retardation or cyclicity
changes indicating that their normal metabolism and hormonal profiles
remain undisturbed despite the high titres of RCP and TCP antibodies
in circulation. Further, the levels of the erythrocyte flavin content,ftut-
athione reductase activity as well as transketotase activity were compar-
able to those in non-immunised controls as well as to those in ovomu-
coid-immunised animals. This leads credence to the earlier hypothesis
that as in egg laying chicken, the sole physiological roles of these vita-
mins-carrier proteins in placented higher systems are confined to vita-
min suppl)' to the growing fetus during pregnancy.

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Follow-uP and
Future Plan
On mating with the males, these immunized animals conceived
normally with implantation sites comparable to controls; but during
days 7-9 of pregnancy, i.e. as soon as placentation took place their
pregnancies were terminated as reflected by rapid fall in maternal pro-
gesterone levels. This was confirmed at Laparotomy on day 18. The
whole pattern, i.e. regarding early pregnancy termination, recurred 10
times as long as their antibody titres were kept high by booster shots.
However, when the titres were falling with time, the animals conceived
normally and delivered normal pups at term without any detectable
abnormality. These results indicate that this immunological approach
of pregnancy suppression is reversible.
The feasibility of extending this novel approach of immunosuppres-
sion of early pregnancy to the sub-human primates became evident in
preliminary experiments with bonnet monkeys (M. radiata) actively
immunized with chicken egg vitamin-carrier proteins. As expected, the
normal cyclicity, hormonal profiles and vitamin status of these monkeys
were not affected. After mating with fertile males, their early pregnancies
appear to be terminated due to the circulating antibodies to the vitamin
carriers elicited in them in response to vaccination with the heterologous
proteins. These experiments are currently being extended to more
monkeys to confirm these preliminary findings.
From these encouraging results from the animal model systems and the
findings that these proteins are present in pregnant women also, it is
anticipated that the future experiments will herald a new Successful
method of early pregnancy suppression in humans also, thus contri-
buting to national efforts regarding population control.
The Project Director has anticipated that the Foundation would
continue to extend whatever help it can to this project in the coming
years to bring the project to a successful conclusion. In addition the
Project Director has approached the Indian Council of Medical
Research and other government agencies for greater financial input on
a priority basis so that the pace of progress can be substantially stepped
up.
Rs 80,000 (sanctioned in July 1980)
Rs 2,00,000 (sanctioned in December 1981)

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A Clil.1ico-Pharmacological Evaluation of Plant Products used in Indige-
nous Systems of Medicine for Fertility Regulation, including Studies 011
the plant 'Banjauri'
Professor V S Mathur
Professor N R Moudgal (for some studies in Banjauri)
The need for a safe, economical and acceptable contraceptive cannot be
over- emphasized. Various methods of contraception at present are
either not easily available or not acceQtable to rural population of our
country due to side effects or socio-cultural reasons. A number of
potential fertility regulating agents are being used by practitioners of
indigenous systems of medicine. Attempts have been made to scienti-
fically evaluate these agents in the search for an ideal contraceptive
for Indian population.
Before human studies can be undertaken for reasons of cthics and
safety, it is essential to obtain reasonably sufficient data on toxicity
potential of the plants, indigenous antifertility plants, in animals.
Unfortunately, most of the work carried out so far is restricted to
experimental animals like rats, rabbits, guinea-pigs, etc., and Done of the
studies have reached the stage of clinical trials in humans. For various
reasons, it is felt that the best model for evaluation of antifertility agents
would be human subjects themselves.
i) To select plants and their products with potential antifertility
properties based on knowledge from ancient literature, folk-lore
claims and experimental animal studies;
H) to evaluate the toxicity potential of these selected plants by a rapid
and detailed toxicity studies in two species, including primates; and
Hi) to evaluate antifertility activity of the plant products on
humans after obtaining the approval of an Ethical Committee
based on the toxicity data.
The approach adopted for toxicity studies is as follows:
i) The plants/products are administered as prescribed by the
practitioners of indigenous systems of medicine, or used in folk-lore.
Conventionally, various extracts would have been prepared and
studies conducted on them. One of the common objections raised by
indigenous practitioners is that the plants/products lose their
activity on fractionation by 'modern techniques.'
ii) The toxicity studies are undertaken for six weeks duration only in
two species of animals with comprehensive monitoring and evalua-

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tion of parameters. The conventional toxicity studies would be for
longer duration.
iif) Toxicological evaluations involve expertise in clinical chemistry,
haematology and pathology in addition to pharmacology. Nowhere
in the country, experts in the above disciplines are jointly involved
in toxicological evaluation. In the technological studies, experts in
relevant fields are actively involved as members of the Project
Advisory Committee.
iv) In conventional investigations of this nature, efficacy for antifertility
activity is assessed in experimental animals. However, it is felt that
evaluation should be carried out in human subjects. Accordingly the
plant mat~ial is taken for clinical evaluation immediately after
assessing the toxicity potential. Emphasis is not given to animal
efficacy studies. Antifertility effect is assessed in humans.
As was reported in last year's Annual Report the Project started in
January 1979 and the following plants/herbs/ayurvedic drugs were
identified for investigation:
1) Semacarpus Anacardium*
2) Vicoa Indica ('Banjauri')
3) Daucus Carota Seeds
4) Citullus Colocynth is
5) Apium Graveolens
6) Polygonum Hydropiper
7) VIP Tablets (mixture containing
assfoetida and bo~ax).
Embelia
ribes,
piper
longum
1. Studies on Daueus Carola Seeds
Carrot seeds (D. carota) have been reported to be used in folk-lore as
an abortifacient, confirmed by a site visit to Ramgarh village near
Chandigarh. Acute toxicity studies in rats and rabbits showed that the
drug is relatively non-toxic. Sub-acute toxicity study in rats and rabbits
is in progress.
2. Studies on Vicoa Indica ('DaDjauri')
(i) Investigations at the Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and
and Research, Chandigarh
The plant is known to be used for generations by Adivasis in Bihar as
a contraceptive agent. The Gram Nirman Mandai at Sokhodeora
(Bihar) has carried out some preliminary investigations on its contracep-

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tive effects. During a field visit to Sokhodeora, the mode of use of the
plant by Adivasis was recorded; clinical examination of women who had
used 'Banjauri' was conducted and specimens were collected for identi-
fication. The plant was identified as V. Indica (Willd)/DC/Synonym
V. auriculate Cess. Acute toxicity study in rats and rabbits showed that
the drug is relatively non-toxic. Subacute toxicity study in rats revealed
a decrease in reticulocyte count and increase in BUN which were not of
significance. Subacute toxicity studies in rabbits and bonnet monkeys
also did not reveal any serious toxic effects of the drug. The toxicity
data has been cleared by the Toxicology Review Panel of the Indian
Council of Medical Research and is under submission to Ethic
Committee of PGI, Chandigl;lrh.
2. (ii) Investigations at the Indian Institute of Science, Baugalore
The primary objective is to ascertain the efficacy of the plant extract
in female monkeys.
A. Feeding of the Drug
A mixture was prepared of 2.5 gm of the dried plant extract with 10 gm
of groundnuts and 20 gms of brown sugar (jaggary) in the form of a
cake. Only those monkeys who took the drug completely were consider-
ed for the experiment. The control monkeys were fed only jaggary and
groundnut mixture.
B. Toxological Studies
These were carried out in 7 monkeys (4 study group and 3 controls). A
total dose of 25 gm per monkey (2 gm of dry powder/day) was fed over
a period of 13 days. The drug was administered on different days of
menstrual cycle. Blood samples were collected before and during period
of drug administration. At the end of the experiment the animals were
sacrificed, brain, liver,kidney gonads muscle and other tissues were
collected for histological examination at the Department of Pharmaco-
logy, PGI, Chandigarh. The blood samples were subjected to
haematological, biochemical and endocrinological studies at the Depart-
ment of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. The results
of the above study reveal that there are no gross changes in the above
organs and the plant powder at the does tried is non-toxic.
C. Studies in Post Partum Monkeys
A group of 6 monkeys were fed 1.5 gm of the plant powder/day on 2nd,
3rd, 4th and 5th day after delivery. Blood samples were collected on
the first two days of initiation of treatment. Following return of cycli-
city the animals were mated with proven fertile males (day 9-14). Serum
estraidal-17 (on day 9), progesterone (on day 18 and 23) and chorionic
!,onadotropins (on day 28) of the cycle, were estimated. So far 3

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Follow-up and
Future Plan
monkeys have been exposed to males thrice during successive cycles. No
pregnancy has been reported till now, whereas four out of the six control
monkeys have already conceived during the same period. The studies
are continuing. It is proposed to expose the females to males for a
minimum of 8 times before reaching a conclusion.
D. Studies in Cycling Monkeys
A group of 6 cycling monkeys were fed 1.5 gm of plant powder on days
1·14 of the cycle. The treatment is repeated during the 2nd and 3rd
cycle also. Blood samples for hormonal estimations (Estrogen and
Progesterone) are collected. This group will later on undergo fertility
testing.
Conclusions
As planned, the toxicological studies have been completed and it appears
that the plant powder is not toxic at the doses tested. The results
obtained with the postpartum monkeys appear encouraging, but the
studies need to be continued before final conclusions are drawn.
An ideal toxicity centre for toxicological evaluation of fertility regulat-
ing agents hardly exists in this country. With considerable effort, a
centre with a multidisciplinary approach has been identified at PGI,
Chandigarh. Efforts are being made to consolidate this achievement in
the form of a permanent centre for toxicity studies at the PGI,
Chandigarh.
Apart from seeking long-term support from Health Ministry, Indian
Council of Medical Research, Central Council for Research in Ayurveda
and Siddha and Department of Science and Technology, the Project
Director at PGI, Chandigarh is looking to the Foundation for its
continued support for another 5 yea,rs during which time, organisation
of a Toxicology Centre in the field of Reproduction on a permanent
basis would have been completed.
PGI, Chandigarh
1) Rs 4,35,000 (sanctioned in November 1978)
2) Rs 2,70,000 (sanctioned in December 1981)
3) Rs 50,000 (sanctioned in August 1982)
IIS, Bangalore
I)Rs 1,50,000 (sanctioned in July 1981)
2) Rs 50,000 (sanctioned in August 1982)
1. Postgraduate Institute of Medical
Chandigarh.
2. Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.
Education and Research,

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ProfS K ~anchanda
Dr Jayasree Sengupta
Implantation being critical stage of early pregnancy offers opportunities
for contraceptive intervention. Studies conducted earlier (Dickmann,
el al. Vitamins and Hormones, 34:2150 1976), a source of steroid
hormones which may playa role in controlling early embryonic develop-
ment and implantation of the blastocyst.
I. To study the metabolic events taking place in the fertilised ovum and
responsible for imrlantation, and
2. To develop mechanisms to block implantation.
Methodology and
Status of Work
I. Using in vitto culture models embryonic development was studied in
the mouse and in the rat. It was observed that embryonic development
during transformation of the morula to the blastocyst was critically
dependent upon the action of embryonic estrogen. The steroidogenic
ability appeared temporarily coinciding witb)he time of transformation
from morula to blastocyst and that of implantation of the embryo.
Hence estrogc;n may be regulating various metabolic and morphologic
changes occurring during the period. These studies were extended to
hamsters and results suggested that estrogen plays a role in triggering of
cellular events during embryonic differentiation.
In rats and mice embryonic estrogen exerts a critical local influence
on endometrial cells whereby implantation was initiated which was
associated with local changes in lysosomal function. Thus in these two
species ovarian estrogen and embryonic estrogen complement each
other and implantation cannot take place in the absence of estrogen
from either source.
In species like hamster and rabbit it is already known that implan-
tation occurs in the absence of the ovaries provided progesterone is
supplemented exegenously.
In mouse, rat and rabbit blastocyst formation occurs in animals
ovaricetomized early in pregnancy. No reports are available on hormon-
al requirement for embryo development and blastocyst transformation
in hamster.
The studies indicated an involvement of steroids (E and P) in pro-
moting pre-implementation
embryo development and implantation.
Progesterone is essential during the first 3 days of gestation, results in

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embryo arrest at such stages. The morula to blastocyst transformation,
however, requires involvement of estrogen. Hence Estrogen and Proges-
terone are essential for hamster pre-implantation embryo development.
II. Studies were undertaken in 14 female regularly cycling monkeys
(Macaca Mulatta) to monitor the normal changes (Estrogen and Pro-
gesterone) by RIA and perforuvng enzyme studies on endometrial
samples. The results suggest enhanced glycolysis with aerobic metabo-
lism in endometrial cells during pre and periovulatory phases of cycles.
The lysosomal enzyme, ACP and LNase showed steady increases with
maximal levels obtained on day 20.
The studies are continuing.
The Project Director is planning to take long leave and will be
submitting a complete report for the total period of the project up to
October 1983. He, however, expects that his colleagues including
Dr J Sengupta, Principal Investigator, will continue their interest in the
project and further funding by the Foundation.
Rs 3,75,000 (sanctioned in February 1978)
Rs 25,000 (sanctioned in July 1981)
Rs 1,90,000 (sanctioned in December 1981)
Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New
Delhi.
Contraception for ,Males-Studies on Epididymis
Prof P Govindarajulu
Majority of the family planning methods available today are for use by
the females. Research is being carried out all over the world to evolve
methods which can be used by the males. Various approaches are being
explored in the endeavour.
Earlier studies were mainly directed for inhibiting the formation
of sperms through use of steroids or other substances. These had a
disadvantage of inhibiting testosterone production-decrease in libido.
It is well established that testicular sperms do not have the ferti-
lizing capability which is developed duriug the maturation process
occurring in the epididymis.
To identify the specific acidic glycoprotein in the epididymis in monkeys
and to find out its relationship in sperm maturation process in an
attempt to block them to avert sperm maturation,

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Methodology and
Status of Work.
The methodology involved is centred around ultra centrifugation,
polyacrylamide gel disc and slab electrophoresis.
The epididymal tissues from immature and mature animals were
homogenised in tris buffer PH 7.4 and the homogenate was subjected
to ultracentrifugation at J,05,000 x g at 4°C for one hour, to separate
the cytosol fraction.
The cytosol fraction, thus attained was subjected to gel electrophore-
tic separation of protein fractions. The protein fractions were stained
with PAS for identification of glycoprotein.
The specific glycoprotein band was cut off from the gel, homo-
genised in saline, emulcified with Freund's adjuvant (complete) and
injected, to rabbits to raise antibody against these glycoproteins.
Further purification and identification of the glycoproteins involved
are affinity chromatography on concanavalin-A Sepharose 4B, fel filter-
ation and isoelectro focusing.
The main finding of the project is the identification of specific,
acidic glycoprotein from the epididymis and its dependence on andro-
gens. The identified glycoprotein separated by using relevant techniques
and antibody was raised against the glycoprotein separated and was
found to have cross reactivity with testis. However, due to the cross
reactivity of this glycoprotein the attempt to use it for interfering with
sperm maturation was nullified.
Follow up and
Future Plan
The Project Director has plans to continue purification experiments
for obtaining highly purified glycoprotein and to evaluate the same for
fertility control.
Rs 3,15,000 (sanctioned in July 1978)
Rs 1,00,000 (sanctioned in December 1981)
Rs 30,000 (sanctioned in March] 982)
Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Basic Medical
Sciences, University of Madras, Madras.
Study Group on "Injectables" and "Implants" for Long-term Control of
Fertility
Sponsored by the Family Planning Foundation
Scientists have been looking for alternate methods of delivery of steroids
such as injectable preparations which can overcome the problem of daily
intake of pills and reduce some of the side-effects associated with

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estrogens. Such preparations may have better acceptability by Indian
women due to the fact that our population likes to take injections.
Two such preparations-Depo-Provera (DMPA) and Norethisterone
enanthate (NET-EN)- are being used with a high level of success in
certain countries like Thailand, Australia, etc. Depo-Provera has been
approved for distribution in 80 countries and NET· EN is available in
more than 25 countries. DMPA has so far given little cause for concern
except for certain doubts of carcinogenic risk.
Some multicentric clinical trials have been carried out under the
aegis of World Health Organisation. But in this country very few con-
ttoJled trials have been undertaken. There is thus a need for taking
assessment of the status of research based on information gathered from
various scientific and clinical studies for making a recommendation or
otherwise of including any of these preparations in the national family
planning programme in this country.
In October 1980 the Foundation had sanctioned a Planning Grant
of Rs 5,000 for preparing a Working Paper before undertaking the afore-
said detailed study. The Working Paper was reviewed by the experts and
the experts recommended that a Study Group comprising of eminent
scientists from India and other countries, particularly those where use of
injectables has been adopted with good results should meet and discuss
the issue.
In consultation with the Indian Council of Medical Research
(ICMR) a "Task Group" has been constituted which will meet in the
third week of October 1983-(from 19-22 October 1983) to achieve the
above objective.
Rs 5,000 (Planning Grant-sanctioned in October 1980)
Rs 95,000 (For Task Group Meeting-sanctioned in March 1982)
Sponsored by the Family Planning Foundation.
i) Development of Anti-Pregnancy Vaccine; and
ii) Development of Pregnancy Testing Kit
The general objective of the project is to develop workable immuno-
logical approaches for control of fertility. The project has several facets
and receives support from national and international agencies. FPF
grant has a historical significance. It was provided at a critical stage.

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The project attracted thereafter grants from other Agencies. The FPF
grant of Rs 5 lakhs was used sparingly over the last 7 years.
Immunological methods if safe and effective are expected to be
particularly useful to population control programmes in developing
countries, by virtue of their amenability to mass use, freedom from user
failure risk and other features. The strategy adopted in this research is
to align the modus of eliciting antibody production against reproductive
tract hormones with an immunoprophylactic benefit, namely protection
from tetanus, which continues to be a sizeable health hazard.
Currently four vaccines are under development. The anti-gonado-
tropin and antizona pellucid a vaccines are destined for use in the female,
while the third, anti-LHRH, is usable in both sexes. The fourth is
against the late developing sperm proteins and is primarily meant for
veterinary use. One reason for enlarging the project base is the con-
sideration that a mixture of vaccines may eventually be required to coun-
teract constitutional variations in immune response and thus ensure that
the large majority of recipients make anti-bodies to one or the other
vaccine.
Summary of Work during the First Three Years, 1975-78
A vaccine was developed by linking immunochemically purified beta sub-
mit of hCG with tetanus toxoid. Antibodies against both tetanus toxoid
and hCG were produced in all animal species tested. There were no
aberrations in the immune system nor any development of hypersensiti-
vity. Phase I clinical pharmacology studies have been carried out in
various centres throughout the world with highly encouraging results.
Six.ty-one out of sixty· three women taken for study responded with
formation of anti-hCG, and anti toxoid antibodies with vaccine given
as a single dose schedule. Nevertheless, a major limitation of the
vaccine was the large variability of antibody titres resulting in failure of
termination of pregnancy in women with low titres. This required
further research in order to enhance antibody titres and maximize the
range of responders.
Summary of Work done in the Second Phase Period, 1979-82
A number of studies on potentiation of the antibody response to
Pr·~-hCG-TT were carried out. Over thirty compounds were tested for
their adjuvant property. The test antigen was not only Pr-(3 hCG-TT
but also LHRH-TT. The logic in choice oflatter was the consideration
that ~-hCG is a "nonself" protein for mouse and monkey, whereas the
selected adjuvant would have eventually to work in a situation where
~·hCG will be a "self" protein. LHRH could serve as a homologous

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model as its molecular structure is essentially conserved from mouse to
man. Each compound was initially tested in mice to obtain data on a
sufficiently large number of animals for statistical analysis. Positively
index and peak titres attained were determined. Adjuvants enhancing
titers over and above those obtained with slum were screened in the sub-
human primate species, monkey or baboon and/or dogs. Three adjuvants
showed promising results for primary immunization and one for
secondary immunization.
Efforts were made to investigate more carriers in the hope that the
use of mixed carriers may help elicit immune response in those indivi-
duals non-responsive to a given carrier. Tetanus, however, remained
comparatively one of the best carriers. Conditions were also standardis-
ed for optimal utilization of various carriers.
Protein to protein linkage by a bifunctional reagent such as ECDI
can give rise to homopolymers besides heteroconjugation. Several
methods for linking proteins were studied to define conditions giving
only heteroconjugate of desired stoichometry and good immunogenicity.
Research on the immunodominant epitopes of ~-hCG revealed that
the carboxy terminal region of the ~-hCG was immunorecessive and that
the immunodominant epitopes reside probably in the core of the mole-
cule. Synthesis of a peptide conforming to the sequence from amino acid
82-101 was accomplished recently with an intact linkage of S-S between
93-and 100. The choice of this peptide was also indicated by virtue of
some important amino acid substitution in relation to hLH. Synthesis
of some other N-terminal and C-terminal pep tides containing Cysteine
is in progress.
A large number of hybridomas have been generated against hCG,
LHRH, other reproductive hormones and tetanus toxoid. The products
of some of these are characterised. Clone PaW80 produces anti-hCG anti-
body of high specificity and affinity. The ability to neutralize the bio-
activity of hCG in vitro and in vivo is an outstanding feature of this
hybridoma derived antibody. A side but very useful application of
these antibodies has been in the development of a highly sensitive and
simple assays for diagnosis of pregnancy and hCG synthesizing tumours.
Pregnancy can be detected on or about the expected date of mens-
truation in contrast to 10-13 days thereafter as required by the
currently available commercial kits. This is likely to be manufactured
and distributed in the country this year. Another interesting observa-
tion is the termination of pregnancy by anti·LHRH monoclonal anti-
bodies. It is speculated tbat placental LHRH may be involved in
regulation of heG synthesis. The mechanism of action of the antibody
is under study.

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Rs 5,00,000 (sanctioned in 1975)
Rs 25,000 (sanctioned in 1978 for Central Drug Research Institute,
Lucknow.
Rs 2,00,000 (sanctioned in October 1981 for Pregnancy Testing Kit)
Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences,
New Delhi.

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III. Information, Education and Communication

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1982 has been officially described as "a year of retrieval of credibility".
The family planning programme re·established itself as a politically
acceptable priority during this period. In the field performance improv-
ed visibly to approximate pre-emergency peaks in sterilisations and sur-
pass earlier peaks in total new acceptors. Though still a long way from
meeting present needs, the programme could be said to be out of the
deep woods. A critical change in attitudes at the bureaucratic leader-
ship level has been evident alongside. This has provided a very different
overall context for the Foundation's IEC work than in the years im-
mediately preceding.
The climatic change brought a watershed to the Foundation's IEC
and Women's Programme which entered its fifth year of work in 1982-
having begun in June 1978 as an effort to bring back legitimacy to a
traumatised programme. The Foundation's efforts in this direction have
been recorded in the past years and well recognised at all levels. 19i2,
therefore, has been mainly a year of consolidation of earlier efforts.
Several projects initiated in past years have come to a successful
conclusion during this period. Amon!st these are ~he Demonstration
Ptoject for Evolving an Effective Role for Grassroot Child Development
Workers in Family Planning which has led to the development of a
training curricuhimarid materials for integrating population education
into the Anganwadi (ICDS) workers training and work routine thus
providing a critical input to a major national programme; An Experi-
mental Project for Integrating Population Education for AIBB Carpet
Weaving Training Centre which has developed the curriculum, methodo-
logy, training and educational aids for such work; The Atlas on the
Child providing a comprehensive survey and analysis of available data
on the children's situation which has a bearing on family planning work.
Also an Annotated Resource List of Family Planning Media Materials
which has made available on-line a computerised catalogue of audio-
. visual materials. The Mukhyasevikas Project while having difficulties to
get the training applied in the field has had its conceptual point accept-
ed. Other earlier initiatives have been able to find practical acceptance
now, requiring vigorous implementation and follow up action; notably,
the project with the milk cooperatives, the Family Planning Awards
programmes with the I&B Ministry; while the level of interest in major
organisational structure like UNICEF and the handloom and handicrafts

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infrastructure-activated through earlier efforts of the Foundation-
though not yet showing tangible results has reached a state of preparedness
that could develop a major dimension.
Work with Information and Broadcasting Ministry has resulted in
two developments that have provided significant new opportunities for
the Foundation's input.
1. Programme Director-Communication has been nominated to the
Expert-Working Group set up by Ministry of Information and Broad-
casting to advise on a Software Plan for Doordarshan with a view to
use the medium more effectively for socio-econonic development-
family planning, women's development and allied issues being consider-
ed key areas of interest within this thrust.
. ··2. All India Radio and Doordarshan have been examining the family
.drama serial concept for projecting family planning communication in
a more imaginative way. Family Planning Foundation has been associa-
ted with a number of workshops that have been held to develop this
strategy including an examination of the Mexican experience in this
field.
Altogether, it has been felt that the IEC&WP work now has an
established base, from which' it can move systematically to a second
phase of a larger canvas of operational activity.
A Demonstration Project for Evolving an Effective Role for Grassroot
Child Welfare Workers in Family Planning in an Urban Slum/Rural Area
The Integrated Child Development Services Scheme is the government's
major thrust for Child Welfare and Development Work. The ICDS
Scheme-has been recently approved to be taken up in 1,000 blocks across
.the country. The ICDS is an effort't6 deliver at the doorstep a basic
minimum package ofhealtb,nutriHopand education development ser-
vices to 'pregnant and nursing mothers and young children under the age
of six. However, while this scheme is supposed to stress on an integrat-
ed approach and highlights that only through mutually reinforcing
components of health; 1l11tJ:'itionandedueation can a totality of care foJ:'
the child be established, it has so far, comparatively ignored the contri-
bution family planning must make to integrated care. In the ICDS, the
child is taken care offro~ the womb onwards. But the pre-child phase of
family planning critical to ensure the birth of healthy children and to
reduce tIle risk of older siblings of a family bas not been adequately

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understood or etnphasised. The Foundarion has been highlighting the
importance of such linkages from the very outset of the planning of
the ICDS Scheme. A strong recommendation for this input was made
in the Foundation's Across the Board Study of UNICEF Projects. The
basic thrust of the present demonstrationprojecM is to reconceptualise
the role of the Anganwadi workers' role in aft additive sense, but to
bring about a qualitative change in thinkin! and alongside, to identify
the entry point for incorporating population interests in a more concrete
way within the day-to-day functionin'g.
The project was initially sanctioned for a year and should have been
completed by the 1st December 1981 but as more time was required to
work on two source books developed during the project for training of
Anganwadi workers and for their further use in the community as also
to finalise the recommendations to be made to the Government in con-
nection with the ICDS Scheme, the project was extended by 3 months
and ended April 1982 a further allocation of Rs 20,000 from the Founda-
tion,and a contribution of Rs 30.COO from NIPCCD's own resources
were made for this period. The two source books were finalised and the
same, alongside recommendations discussed at a meeting of experts
called by NIPCCD during this period.
There has been a considerable fallout from this prQject. It has
helped in evolving the methodology of integrating development of popu-
lationeducation in IeDS package nationwide. The two source books
developed as an outcome of this project. are expected to be used as
guidebooks for trainers and the training manual for on job training of
AWWs respectively. On the basis of experience gained on the .project,
the syllabus for ICDS functionaries has been already reviewed to include
population education. Population Education is also now being included
in all the training/teaching materials that are being further developed for
ICDS. Further, NIPCCD is undertaking on its own a follow-up of the
project to study the nature and extent of the impact generated by the
training given under this project on the knowledge, attitude and prac-
tices of the community about population education issues as also on
the activities of the Anganwadis.
Rs 92,000 (sanctioned in October 1980)
Rs 20,000 (additional sanctioned in March 1982)
National Institute of Child Develo.pment and Public Cooperation, New
Delhi.

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Atlas on the Child in India: A Visual Education Project Depicting the
Place and Importance of Children in Population and Development
It is well recognised today that child welfare and family planning accep-
tance are inextricably intertwined. Unbridled population growth retards
development and the principal victim is the child who is always more
vulnerable than the adult. Conversely, in a society in which the child's
plight is not meaningfully addressed, the consequent devaluation of child
life inevitably leads to unplanned population growth. The needs and
rights of the child must therefore be established and addressed alongside,
if family planning is to win acceptance as a human national policy. But
for specific programmes of child development to take place there is need
for information which generates awareness of the existing conditions of
the status of the child. Very little work has so far been done in the
country to present a comprehensive picture of the situation and this
project is a step towards rectifying the lacuna. The research for the
Atlas-the first on the child in India-aims at building a comprehensive
picture in visual terms. It further aims at not only establishing national
and state comparative values of different indices, but by providing
disaggregated district profiles to pin-point for local administrative units
the precise remedial thrusts needed in different areas of child welfare
and development work.
Two distinct target audiences are visualised as end users of the
Atlas:
1) Policy makers and administrators
2) Informed lay public
While this project is limited to researching and processing the
matCfial, it is"hoped that eventually two (or more) separate presenta-
tions would follow for the different categories.
The work was completed in October 1982. The manuscript in 3 massive
volumes is currently under reference to experts to develop a smaller core
volume which the Foundation may help to publish and disseminate.

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Rs 77,000 (sanctioned in October 1979)
Rs 25,000 (sanctioned in July 1981)
Centre for Regional Development, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New
Delhi.
The national family planning programme in India relies heavily on use
of media material both for motivation and training purposes. New
materials are continually being prepared by a number of agencies
located all over the country and often there is considerable duplication
of effort because of ignorance of work done in other places. The
Foundation has often received queries, as also felt the need for such
information in its own project development work. It is felt that the
availability of an annotated reso.urce list of family planning media
materials which would provide descriptive information on each material,
as also the availability and its cost, and rules covering availability would
be most useful for severalditTerent segments of users. Decision makers
need this information to review the media support available to the
programme and to identify significant trends and lacuna so as to direct
efforts towards filling these gaps; grassroot workers need information as
much to avoid duplication as to locate materials they need; and the mass
media could equally step up usage of existing materials and avoid
duplication of themes in new productions.
The catalogue has been completed in computerised from. The data base
is available on-line on the HP 3000 computer using the MINISlS soft-
ware and CENDIT is bearing the continuing cost for maintaining the
data-base. The catalogue has been reviewed "and arrangements for its
publication and wider distribution are currently being made.

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An Experimental Project for Integrating Population Education for All
India Handicraft Board Trainees in Carpet Weaving Centres
The All India Handicrafts Board's craft training programme serves
nearly 100,000 boys and girls in the age group 12-18. A major craft
area is carpet weaving for which 6,000 training centres exist in the
country mostly concentrated in UP, Bihar, Jammu and Kashmir, which
are the areas of lowest family planning acceptance in the country.
Nearly 30,000 boys and girls are involved in the carpet weaving train-
ing programme alone. This infrastructure could provide a valuable
base for additionally subserving the national population objectives by
providing population education toanimportant target group -the parents
of tomorrow. Eventually there is also potential for using the training'
centres as a base to reach out to the families of trainees which health
education and services' that include family planning as an integral part
of improving the quality of life.
The present project's attempt is to develop a suitable strategy and
the materials for carrying out population education which could be the
starting point for other activities.
The project commenced on 1st January 1981. The methodology for
introducing population education at the Carpet Weaving Training
Centres has been developed and demonstrated.
A curriculum has been designe~ around the theme of carpet weav-
ing with sensitivity to population issue woven into the general educa-
tion. The teaching aids-lesson plans, a set of charts, a primer and
work do books for the use of instructors and students have also been
developed. These have been evolved through teaching and testing done
by the Faculty of Social Work at 5 centres, with further the instruc-
tors at two centres involved.'in undertaking the teaching to demonstrate
how AIHB can .itself use the materials.
The materials that have been developed have been informally shared
. with AIHB which has expressed its willingness to start family life educa-
tion, including population education at allcentres.at Varanasi district
under the guidance of Faculty of Social Work, Kashi Vidyapeeth and
then further '~xtended to other areas. Faculty. of Social Work, Kashi
.Vidyapeeth, is now interacting with AIHB to undertake the training of
all Instructors of AIHB, Carpet Weav!ng Centres, Varanasi District. The

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materials developed for this project are available in maDHScript form.
but steps to publish tbese will be examined after tbeir wider use in the
field.
Rs 5,000 (sanctioned in October 1979)
Rs 93,000 (sanctioned in July 1980)
Family Planning Foundation Awards for Various Categories of Family
Planning Communication Sponsored by Family Planning Foundation
In recent years the family planning programme has been politically
controversial. As a consequence communication activity in this field
has been at rather low key. There is a visible change in the official climate
lately, but family planning communication has not yet picked up to the
extent needed. The Government has allocated substantial resources for
family planning communication work. The question is how to catalyse
the media in a manner that will produce maximum impact and generate
imaginative, innovative programmes which cater to the specific needs of
the present. Family planning communication work has not in the past
carried prestige within media circles and so has been attended to in a
rather ad hoc manner. On occasions, funds ear-marked for this purpose
have lapsed because of non-utilisation. There are tremendous opportuni-
ties to effectively galvanise the existing communication channels for a
more creative involvement in family planning work, if professionals
working witbin the. media can be attracted to focus their thinking on
this issue. The project has been devised to act as a stimulant in this
direction.
This project represents a breakthrough in Government thinking on the
role of NGO collaboration in a spirit of partnership. The script com-
petition widely announced by Doordarshan and AIR attracted more
than 2000 entries in 16 different languages. Eminent jury panels (set up
in each language, through mutual agreement between FPF, Ministry of
Information and Broadcasting, Doordarshan and AIR) examined the
scripts and awards were made to a total of 9 scripts in 6 languages with
consolation prizes awarded to another 8 scripts in 4 languages. All award
winning scripts are being produced and broadcast/telecast by AIR and

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Dootdarshan. AIR has already commenced making the broadcasts while
the Doordarsban productions are yet awaited.
The Awards scheme for the best programme in 1982 is currently
under review by the Foundation alongside Doordarshan and AIR. One
outcome of this exercise has however been that Doordarshan and AIR
are now moving towards instituting a number of awards for different
categories of programmes and family planning is to be a separate
category within these. The implementation of this project has also
contributed to the realisation within Doordarshan and AIR for a need
for better programme guidelines and orientation of its personnel on the
family planning communication requirements of family planning. Two
major developments have resulted in which the Foundation has further
participated: (I) Setting up of an Expert Group to Develop a Software
Programme for Doordarshan that utilises the medium more effectively
for social development purposes. FPF's Programme Director-Com-
munication has been involved as a member of this Expert Group. (2)
An examination of the Mexican experience of the use of the Soap Opera
for TV and Radio to propagate social values such as family planning.
Workshops were held during the year to involve leading writers in
family planning communication and develop the "serial approach"
culminating in a visit by a team of experts from Mexico Televista to
share their experience with Doordarshan and AIR in 1983. The Founda-
tion was consistently involved in these activities.
A Demonstration Action Project in Developing Grassroot Worker-
Leaders: Experiment in Leadership Training
Ms Jaya Arunachalam
In the next two decades family planning acceptance has to be virtually
quadrupled, if the goal of replacement level fertility by the end of the
century is to be achieved. It is being increasingly accepted that elite
groups cannot constitute the resource for the leadership of mass move-
ments of social change, more so for an intimate area like fertility be-
haviour. There is therefore an urgent need to evolve ways to bring about
a better understanding of family planning as an integral instrument of
~pliftat the lowest economic levels of society and to develop leadership
for family planning activity at that very level. Women's needs for family

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planning being more crucial and urgent, women's organ isat ions become
a natural choice as such catalysts. Further, it is now recognised that
women to women programmes for health and social action, particularly
where they build and use local women's talents, so that women are not
only the beneficiaries but also participants in the system, have a critical
role to play in effecting social transformation within which fertility
behaviour change is greatly accelerated. The Working Women's Forum
Radars, is a grassroot organisation having a membership of 10,000
women from slums/villages in Madras and three rural districts. This
organisation was sensitised to population concerns. The project has
attempted to develop a model of the training and support needed to
make ordinary women with community concerns emerge as effective
leaders-workers who see family planning of primary importance within
their larger social objectives, as also an important personal right of the
women.
The project was launched on 2nd October 1980. There was a consider-
able challenge in developing the initial training which has been conduct-
ed by the Gandhigram Rural Health and Family Planning Training Insti-
tution. Prior to the project's operationalisation in Madras the Gandhi-
gram faculty handling the training was exposed to the Jamkhet Compre-
hensive Rural Health and Development Project to see the training and
work of illiterate women now playing a very successful social action role.
Thi sexposure helped to strengthen the capacities of Gandhigram in the
first place.
The field activities of the worker-leaders commenced in the first
week of December 1980. At the end of December 1981, a week's
refresher training was given. Throughout 1982 the work continued in
the field with quarterly review meetings held in collaboration with
Gandhigram, Rural Health and Family Planning Training Institution.
Mid-year the Foundation's staff visited the project and helped initiate
certain corrective steps for resolving difficulties being experienced in the
field. The worker-leaders have been ·found to be a dynamic group
capable of internalising and extending messages of health care and
family planning; TheWorkingWomen'"SForum with the 'help of the
worker-leaders trained in this project has further conducted 10 leader-
ship camps where nearly 1000 women leaiiers and communicators
participated. These camps were conducted in collaboration with Govern-
ment of Tamil Nadu. 1157 sterilisations, 1374 Nirodh users, 1,028
oral pill acceptors, 489 IUD insertions have been reported as the work
of this project during the period December 1980-83. Nearly 1500 group
discussions and 100 nutrition demonstrations have also been conducted.

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Demonstration Project for Primary Health Care and Family Planning
Services Through the Milk Cooperative Infrastructure
Operation Flood I launched by the Government in 1970 resulted in the
setting up of 5000 milk cooperatives in 4 States. Now under the Sixth
Plan Operation Flood II forms a major strategy of rural development-
the aim being to cover 10 million rural families in 145 districts in
practically a1l the states.
The canvas of the milk grid activity is, therefore, stretched across
the country and directly in contact, with a population that includes H
per cent of the country's total eligible couples. The milk cooperative
infrastructure in each district also provides a unique working system
without parallel in the country: a modern central hub in the shape of
a milk processing plant and administrative offices, connected radially to
the remotest reaches of the district through the twice daily milk
collection arrangements.
At the village level the milk cooperative provides a regular twice
daily assembly of villagers and physical space that can be used as a base
for activity. Its milk collection system and animal-aIlied services are
backed up by the most modern amenities that bring scientific personnel,
vehicles and telecommunication facilities to the villages. Over and above
these tangible advantages is an intangible but critical asset: that of the
solidarity and strength of a participatory organisation built up of village
level societies federated into a union at the district level and further
linked to state and finally a national level organisation.
To turn the attention of this vast organised rural network towards
the primary health care and family planning needs of the communities it
covers is a major challenge.
Bhatinda District in Punjab has been taken up to evolve a methodo7
logy, assess its effectiveness and cost through an action-demonstration
project, with a view to convince the milk cooperative infrastructure to
undertake the work on a wider scale.
The project commenced in t.he field on 1st September 1982. 2 doctors
have been recruited for the health work. 12 villages and 24 ancilliary

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villages have been selected, Survey and mapping of the 12 main villages
has been completed. Clinics have been equipped with basic supplies and
medicines in each of the 12 villages, which the two doctors now visit bi·
weekly on a regular basis. The Milk Cooperative Secretary in each
village, as also a women worker, has been selected and the preliminary
training to help these workers, assist the doctors in preventive and
promotive work and routine follow-up of patients was completed with
the assistance of Dr Gill, Assistant Professor of Community Medicine,
AIMS, while continuous training through the doctors is an ongoing
routine. The Foundation staff visited the project during the training
period and earlier to finalise arrangements with the district authorities
to provide to the project such supplies as available through the MCH
and FP programme, as also for referral and other back-up arrangements
for the health and family planning programmes, besides coordinating
available developmental inputs into the area. Considerable interest has
been generated. Alongside the health services operation, efforts are
being made to otganise women's groups around Dari making which is a
cottage skili of the area unutiHsed for economic purposes so far, with a
"Viewto use these women groups as a community action group. Arrange-
ments have also been made for setting up a biogas project in one village,
funds fot which will come from the Department of Science and
Techrlology.
Presently, the eligible couple register is being completed village-wise
and efforts to carry out immunisation of all children in the project
villages is underway.
Action Oemonstration Project for Integrated Parasite Control and
FamityPlanning Services in -UNICEF-assisted. Area Development
Programme in Trivandrum District.
UNICEF hauecentIy lapnched a major new strategy of development
in. its programme in India~ In selected backward districts of the different
states it is COllaborating with the government to formulate comprehensive
Area Development Programme within which it will support critical
Social Inputs. For several years now the Foundation has been attempt.
ing to interestUNICEFina more explicit role in family planning at a
micro level in its projects: A breakthrough in this direction came

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recently when UNICEF informally asked FPF for suggestions for .incor-
poration of suitable innovative family planning strategies in some of the
Area Development Programmes. Amongst these was a project for
Trivandrum District in Kerala where seven coastal blocks, which have
concentrations of the poorest sections of the community, are being taken
up. The birth rate in these blocks is 35 per 1000 as against the Kerala
average of 27 and malnutrition is acute .and widely prevalent. A
perusal of the project area profile highlighted rampant worm infestation
in the community, particularly the children, but no specific action pro-
posals to tackle this question, nor any attempt to augment family plan-
ning effort. Drawing upon the Japanese experience of Parasite Control
linked family planning services-an approach which successfully eradicat-
ed soil-transmitted parasite infestation that was rife in post-war Japan
and accelerated family planning acceptance and which is now being
applied in several countries throughout South East Asia. FPF suggested
the inclusion of this experimental element in the Trivandrum District
ADP through further inputs in three of the eight (MCH, health and
training) spheres of action undertaken by UNICEF. The ADP covers
47 panchayats but it was felt that to make the project more manageable
. only 15 panchayats on the coastal fringes which constitute the most
backward segment of the area would be taken up.
Implementation of this project has been inordinately delayed because of
factors totally outside the control of the Foundation and UNICEF.
However, while the project itself has not yet been implemented, the
interaction with UNICEF has yielded significant dividends in crystalising
interest in family planning in micro project work on its part. Earlier in
the year, UNICEF invited its Resident Advisor to JOICFP in Tokyo to
visit India and Foundation's staff alongside UNICEF staff visited
Trivandrum and developed a plan of action. Subsequently, JOICFP
gifted to UNICEF a compl~t,eset of printed material available with them
plus two films on Parasite Control. A third film which could not be
sent as a gift through JOICPF was received by UNICEF as a gift from
leA. All the three films were forwarded to Kerala for dubbing.
The major problem in implementing the project arose from the
change in the size of outlay of the area development programme as
originally designed by UNICEF. Subsequently, state authorities had to
be convinced that 2 panchayats should be singled out for intensive back-
up inputs from the reduced ADPbudget. Right through 1982 the State
Government for various reasons was unable to issue a Government Order
formally accepting the project and assuring the back-up visualised for it.
This has finally been received. Action in the field on the project is now
being initiated.

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A Demonstration Project of Reorganising the Role of Anganwadi
workers for the Total Welfare of the Community covered by the ICDS
Scheme
The rationale for attempting to bring the Anganwadi workers more
positively to family planning concerns and the need to seek ways of
doing this has been explained in the first project in this section. It was
felt that in view of the increasing importance of the ICDS Scheme, more
than one demonstration project was necessary, both to prove the feasibi-
lity of the hypothesis that the Anganwadi workers have a role to play
and to reinforce the demand for certain changes to be made in the train-
ing and work pattern. In view of fact that the earlier project was
conducted in a large metropolitan city where the background of the
workers may not be truly representative of the rest of the country, it
was thought that it would be also useful to study the issue in a smaller
town and with an institution neutral on existing training bias. It may
also be necessary to develop similar projects for the rural and tribal
areas eventually. The objectives and methodology are the same as
before but the work will be conducted in more detail, building on the
experience of the earlier project.
The project was cleared by the Ministry of Social Welfare in January
1982 and the work began in the field in February 1982. The project has
already created considerable awareness amongt the state level health and
social welfare officials as to the impact IeDS can make for population
interests.
In a recent visit to Karnool project, the Executive Director had a
meeting with the 50 Anganwadi workers and had discussions with other
officers and workers to assess the progress made by the project. It
was found that Anganwadi workers had an adequate knowledge about
contraception. They were sufficiently conscious of family planning and
population education as part of the overall developmental process and
also had some understanding of the related social issues. They perceived
the project as people-oriented and based on their needs and problems.

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The problem-solving approach was an important part of community
.activities.
Community organization and participation was achieved through
activities like raising money for sewing machines and seeking help from
known sources of assistance. The Anganwadi workers had three sources
of help-the help through the health and medical Department, work
being supervised by their own department and the health department.
A common feeling among the Anganwadi workers, supervisors and
LDPOs was that training given to Anganwadi workers had made ICDS
work vety relevant and useful and increased their respect in the
community.
The project has been completed and the report from the College of
Social Work is expected. Thereafter the manuscript would be reviewed
for publication and/or such programmes or dissemination as would be
considered necessary.
Budget
PROJECT NO. 25
Developing an lnstitutional' Base in a Northern State for Orientation
Training of Key Women Development Functionaries
Mr S C Agarwal
The Foundation had an earlier project in Gandhigram for Orientation
of Mukhyasevikas in health and family planning in which nearly 200
Mukhyasevikas from Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu received training;
also instructors from some of the Northern States participated and
observed one session. As a direct follow-up of this effort, it was attempt-
ed to duplicate within a northern state the training carried out by Gandhi-
gram in the South. In view of the keen in'terest to promote family
planning shown by Rajasthan, this state was picked up for the work. In
consultation with the state government, the In.titute of Community
Development and Panchayats, Udaipur was identified to undertake the
training, as it is one of the two official institutions of the Rajasthan
State Government conducting training for officers of its development
departments.
One training programme was conducted in the Institute of Community
Development, Udaipur with the collaboration of Gandhigram and local
Udaipur institutions and this has been reported upon last year. The
evaluation of the training course given by Gandhigram and other allied
institutions pointed to actiticalneed for the training to take place, but
also indicated that the Institution of Community Development lacked

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Budget
IDmt.don
..o the Decessary capabilities . .coo~ativeattitu.de
to make the pro-
gramme really meaningful. In view of this it was decided to shift the
venue for the De;ltttraining session. Also in the meanwhile, it was seen
that the Tamil Nadu State Government which had initially been most
enthusiastic abouttbe Mukhyasevika orientation project, did not take
the necessary steps to· implement a reorganised work pattern necessary
.for the training to be meaningful. This was due to conflicting pressures
of otherprog{amme activities on Mukbyasevikas. From a position that
it would ensure all trained Mukhyasevik:as to implement the revised
work pattern, the Tamil Nadu State Government moved to a decision
to do this in one district and even this was not implemented.
Besides the doubts raised by these problems, the organisation of
further training programmes in Rajastbanhas been deliberately held
back: by the Foundation for another rel:\\son that the Foundation has been
interacting with Rajasthan State Government for a possible role in the
UNFPA project districts. In view of this development it was felt that
rather than train all LNEOs in Rajasthan who then like Tamil Nadu
may not receive the necessary backing to make the modifications in
their working pattern-it would be better to pick up women function-
aries within the UNFPA project districts, ensuring that they have the
requisite back-up to apply the training. It is hoped that work can be
taken up in the coming months, alongside a larger involvement in the
projec:t districts.
E;ltperimental, Project Linking Population Education with Adult Edu-
cation
The Indian Adult Education Association (IAEA) is a national voluntary
association of nearly 40 years' standing with State and local affiliates
numbering about 350 in every part of the country .• Over the past several
years, the IAEA has been trying to seek for itself a meaningful place in
the developmental processes of tbecountry and as part of this process
it has shown increasing interest in population education. The IAEA has
undertaken a few programmes in population education with focus on
manipulating the curriculum content of the programmes as essentially
an additive approach. With a view to seek a meaningful and effective
involvement iD population education, the IAEA has submitted a multi-

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centred project with the help of a plaariing alld preparatory grant given
by the Foundation.
The project is a··multicentredproject covering rural, urban and partially
tribal population in Rewari (Haryana) organisedby the Janata Kalyan
Samiti, Ajmer (Rajasthan) organisedby the Ajmer Adult Education
Association and Angul (Orissa) organised by the Utkal Navjeevan
Mandai, respectively. All the three organisations are affiliated to
the IAEA. The project is being organised and technically coordinated
by the central office of the IAEA with its headquarters in New Delhi.
The Implementation Committee at· the headquarters of the associa-
tion provides direction and guidance to the projects. The pro-
gramme content of all the three field agencies have been carried out in
two phases of eight months each. The Implementation Phase has
already been completed in respect of Ajmer and Rewari and the Ilnd
phase of implementation in respect of Utkal Navjeevan Mandai, Angul
wiII conclude on 2nd July 1983. A baseline survey was conducted in all
the three areas, which facilitated the development of population edu-
cation project and identification of the target population. All the
three agencies have Qrganised training programmes for their field staff.
The field agencies have organized action programmes related to both
adult and population education like health camps, nutrition pro-
grammes, cattle shows, film· shows, puppet shows, magic shows and
skill training courses in various crafts. It is reported that people have
now started appreciating that a small family is both desirable as well as
attainable. Income generating actIvities have not only proved financi-
ally attractive on the whole but more importantly they have helped the
womc::nto get involved more fully in the programme. The Association is
shortly undertaking the evaluatiop of the project ac.tivities.
Following is a brief r~port of the work done under each project.
Utkal Navjeevan Mandai, Augol
The project is operating in 25 viIlages of the Angul block, under the.
auspices of the Utkal NavjeevanMandal,"having the executive agency
as the State Resource Centre, for Adult Education, Orissa. The total
target ,population of the project (15,45 years of age) is 4,738. Nine
population education organisers have been recruited from the local
areas and given training of one week, as to make them aware about the
magnitude and i problems of literacY and make them appreciate the
linkage between adult education and population education. Project is
relying mostly on informal and non-informal approach using methods
.. like individual discussions through. home visits ..and group discussion
with: tho', members of the target group. It has been possible to remove

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some of the taboos, fads and fallacies of the people through the Use of
wall newspapers, flash cards and informal discussions. Other activities
undertaken are organisation of immunisation camps, chlorination of
wells, training in use of improved agricultural' inputs, helping farmers
to get loans, and creating social awareness regarding the various prob-
, lems and how to solve them. Family planning, which was considered
unethical earlier, has been aceepted well by the majority and both
spacing and terminal methods are being used. One of the very impor-
tant achievements has been that literacy has come as a by-product of
exposure of people to communication and information sources which
has' motivated people to learn to read and write. Project Director feels
that project should be continued in these 25 villages more intensively
and should be e~tended to another 75 villages.
A number of innovative communication materials have been deve-
loped by the project, including an audiovisual game based on the idea
of snakes and ladders.
Ajmer Adult Education Association, Ajmer
The project is in operation in Muslim and Rarijan Bastis of Ajmer city
with concentration upon women and girls of fifteen plus age. In each
mohall a, two centres were opened, where women yvere given training in
the forenoon and in the afternoon, instructors were on the move, visiting
homes and holding discussions with women. The instructors had receiv-
ed trainingof three weeks in the content area of population education
and methodology of adult education. In all the centres, craft training
was imparted to make women economically indepeDdent. Mahila
Mandals were organised in eleven mohallas for providing a platform for
women to meet and discuss their problems. Instructors have achieved
a success in convincing the traditional and conservative Muslim women
about the desirability of spacing and the concept of small family. In
addition to the charts, a primer has been prepared with the help of
State Resource Centre, Jaipur and is currently under press.
Janata Kalyan ~amitl, Rewari
Population education progtamme has received acceptance and support
due to severat welfare ptogrammesundertaken by Janata Kalyan Samiti
with assistance from Department of Social Welfare. Cultural
- programmes, door-to-door group contact and contacts with leaders
have also helped in creating' good rapport and health camps were
organised'in four villages in educating the people. An orientation camp
for the village leaders was .orgailised. Villagers were helped in getting
loans -from various agencies. Assistance of other village functionaries
was sec.uredfor motivating tbe.-eligible,couples to,accept family welfare

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programme. It is intended to develop follow-up materials for the new
readers with the help ofIAEA:.
IAEA, New Delhi
The project coordinator at the IAEA extended required assistance to the
three field agencies for an effective implementation of the project. He
has also participated in the training programme organised for the
training of field staff. IAEA helped in production of educational
material for the field agencies. IAEA has approached the Family Plann~
ing Foundation for sanctioning a. three months following-up programme
for the three agencies so 'that' the awareness and attitudinal change
gained by the learners tahs roots and the confidence generated among
the target population can be sustained. It will involve an additional
expenditure of Rs 45,000.
'
Thus the three projects entrusted with the implementation of the
idea of integrating population education with adult education are nearly
autonomous, though the content of the programmes, their government
and success vary, there are situational and other differences which makes
each project having a character of its own. '
Rs 28,500 (sanctioned in October 1980)
Rs 4,63,700 (sanctioned in May 1981).
Population Education through Agricultural Institutions Developing
Role Definition and Role Commitments of Agricultural Institutions in
Population Education.
Dr Kamles~ Kumar, Professor of Ex;tension Education
In India, as in some of the developing countries where progressive
programmes of agriculture are being carried on, it has been found that
its infrastru~ture plays an impor~ant part in the. modernisation process,
including educating people particularly the rural folk, in progressive
agricultural ideas and practices. The potential, however, of this has not
been sufficiently exploited for population education ends.
In the Indian context, agricultural programmes are extensive. and
, intensive and it was felt that the potential of this infrastructure and its
history of experience in extension education provide a unique and useful
opportunity to develop a programme of population sensitivity in the
agricultuJ!e section through .some of the key institutions. The project,
although earlier located at Haryana Agricultural University (HAU), was
shifted to the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi,
because the Director of this Project, DLY PSingh, moved to IARI
from HAU. In view of certain administrative and other difficulties, the

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Future Plan of
Action
project was reassigned to Haryana Agriculultural University under a
new Director (Dr Kam:lesh Kumar) who was a close associate earlier of
Dr Y P Singh.
The research project is designed to make a status study of Popula-
tion Education in the agricultural institutions and to identify ways and
means to integrate Population Education with agricultural education
and extension systems.
The project began formally on 1 July 1979. Phase-wise specific progress
made was as follows:
Various phases of the project have been completed-review of
references with focus on population, study of population programmes in
various institutions and involving the key people in population education
programme of the project.
A position paper was prepared for the integration of Population
Education with Agricultural Education and Extension Systems based on
the data gathered through various phases mentioned above.
The plans for organising a workshop to study and discuss the recom-
mendations based on the review of responses of the Agricultural
Universities and Home Science Colleges of the three States of Haryana,
Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh have been delayed. The workshop would
be rescheduled in 1983 after all the responses have been duly received.
As planned earlier, the Haryana Agricultural University will coordinate
this part of the work.
,
Rs 95,000 (sanctioned in December 1975)
Haryana Agricultural University, Hissar.
Publicity Programme for the Foundation
Sponsored by the Family Planning Foundation
The Foundation has been in existence for well over a decade. Although
it hasseme visibility of a meaningful kind, the time has come, it was
felt, for an imaginative, forward-looking programme of raising the
Visibility of the Foundation. This is necessary not only because of the
need for making known the work and role of the Foundation to the
voluntary organisations, research institutions and others, who may merit
assistance from the Foundation, but also to donors, particularly the
business and industrial community. This would involve developing a

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Director
Background
programme of publicity, which would include visual printed material
and possibly films.
In this connection the Executive Director has interacted with a number
of advertising organisations and met a number of people who would
help in evolving a programme of raising the visibility of the Foundation
in a meaningful way. The work is still in progress and during the latter
part of the year the work would be completed.
An earlier grant of Rs 25,000 which was given for developing ideas
for making 61ms with a view to raising the image of the Foundation has
also been added to this overall sum so that it may be put to effective use
in a meaningful way.
Rs 25,000
Rs 2,50,000 (sanctioned in June 1982)
Sponsored by the Family Planning Foundation
Technical Materials for State Legislators Conference of IAPPD
Family Planning Foundation
The Foundation supported the Indian Association of Parliamentarians
for Population and Development in the organisation of its earlier
conferences at the National" and State level, providing it with technical
assistance and communication materials for dissemination to promote
discussion and debate. As these materials were found to be useful, a
request was made by the IAPPD to the Foundation for it to continue
support to its work with similar technical materials for the other State
Conference it proposed to conduct across the country.
Materials were pro~tided for State Conferences in Karnataka and
Maharashtra during 1981. During 1982 there was only one conference
held by IAPPD in Madhya Pradesh. But a series of conferences are now
scheduled for 1983. As and when further requests are received, further
materials pertaining to the areas will be made available.
Developing Programmes of Information, Dissemination, Motivation
and Action in Population and Family Planning

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In the wake of the intense poJiticisation of the family planning issue in
1976-77 a paralysis had gripped the programme. The public, including
the political and media leadership, appeared uncomfortable in dealing
with the issue. It was in this situation of stalemate that the Family
Planning Foundation. in ;June 1978 invited a leading free-lance journalist
who had been writing extensively on social issues and with particular
concern for the family planning programmes, to take up a project that
would attempt to regenerate a commitment for the population question
amongst critical levels of leadership at the national, state and local levels
and to work towards recreating an ethos of concern for family planning.
The project played a dynamic role, particularly witp the media, which
was most effectively galvanised in support of the issue. Through a
range of imaginatiVe initiatives, it triggered it~terest in a number of
areas both within the governmental and voluntary s.ectors to take up the
population cause. Recognition of the contribution made by the project
was considerable. The Foundation felt that several new areas of colla-
boration had been opened by the initiatives of the Communication
Project and accordingly, it was extended and expanded in its objectives
in June 1980. It was particularly felt that it was important to take up
as part of its project development role specific activity on women's
status issues wh,ich have now ,emerged as an important dimension of
population work,
'
The 'project bas been integnited in the Foundation's general programme
of a~tivit,ies. The range of projects listed under IECWP during the last
several years reflect the direct work of this project. Additionally, it
provides inputs to all other activities undertaken by the Foundation.
Rs 3,00,000 (sanctioned in November 1977)
Rs 4,40,000 (sanctioned in April 1980)

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,
.
~;. . , ;
•.. :'I
., [)et(lils pI O"go;(I;8. P;tlljects,
IV. Policy Research, and: Evaluation
.. '.
!
'il,

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IV. Policy Research and Evaluation
Broad-based Research Programme on Infant Mortality and Fertility
and the Implications of the Inter-relationship for Family Planning
The question of high rate of infant mortality in India has been
engaging the attention of the Foundation and it was felt that the factors
responsible for such mortality be enquired into so that suggestions could
be offered for reducing infant mortality. During the last one year, the
Foundation has been working on the formulation of a comprehensive
research programme covering the multi-dimensional aspects of infant
mortality. The Foundation had set up a Task Force and based on its
deliberations and further discussion, a note entitled "Needed Study and
Research in' Infant Mortality and-Fertility and their inter-relationship"
was prepared.
_
m oJlder todetvelop Jui1abIeproje¢ts ~n these areas, .wenty experts
(in the fi~ld of demography, sociologyandauthropol~gy, medicine and
operations research) were requested to indicate the subjects on which
they would like to carry out research. Over a dozen preliminary
proposals from leading institutions in sociology, demography, health and
management, have so far been received.
The preliminary proposals received were analysed in terms of their
objectives, methodology and priorities. The representative of the Inter-
national Development Research Centre (IDRC), Canada, during the visit
to the Foundation on the Ist and 2nd of March 1983 observed that of
these projects were impressive and that the institutions and directors of
the projects were of high standing. Based on the interest evinced by the
IDRC, the Foundation drew up a proposal with an overall budget of
Rs 27.5 lakhs, the contribution by the Foundation being Rs 7.5 lakhs
against the anticipated assistance of $200,000 by IDRC. However, in
view of the limited resources of the Foundation, which could further be
affected on account of the new finance bill, on reconsideration it was
felt that the Foundation could ill-afford to spare funds for this project.
In the event of IDRC providing the entire cost, the Foundation would
undertake the organisation of the study programme and render support

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services ~.uch as liai~Qn, mon:itorj~g, etc. Accordingly, the experts and
-institutions'have n~w beClninvited to submiU-befuU proposals so that
the funding level could bedetermioed ~rmakiBg a proposal for IDRC
assistance over a 3 year, period.
Rs 30,000 (sanctioned in March 1982) for preparatory work. Regarding
the m~R research.p •••gramme, the possibility, offunding by International
Development ReseaJ:'ch Centre, Canada, to the extent of 3200,000 is
being explored .
Institution
Family Planning Foundation.
PROJECTNO. 3~
Title
' Socio~Economic Determinants of Age of Female at Marriage and its
Effect 00 Fertility Behaviour in India;
A considerable concern has been expressed in various quarters over the
population growth rate 'during the decade 1971-81 as revealed by the
19tn Census. Although population growth rate over the decade 1971-81
; has more or less remained at the same level as over the previous decade
of1961·m, it has worked on a much 'greater population base adding
"i about IS million newborns to the $tream every year. Consequently,
measures to control fertility behaviour continue to be a major concern
io the context of India's population problems.
, In pursuance of identifying such measures to 'Contain population
growth, age of female at marriage has been considered by the demogra-
phers, popUlation experts and other social scientists as one of the most
crucial socio-economic factors to achieve this end. In China, the most
populous country in .t.be wodd"raising age at marriage of the females
achieved through changing social customs and through mass participa-
tion of women has been identified as the most effective, crucial and
vital measure to lower fertility rates. In India, raising age at fitSt JiUlrrio.
age of the female will not only contribute to curtailment of the
"reproductive life. span of the motherin;a substantial measure, but will
"also:lead to improvement. of m"tefnal health thus lowering the incidence
of infant mortality.
Various soCio-economic measures linked up with marital behaviour
of females, namely~ capita income, scbooliag rates of girls leadiag to,
female literacy, ,~eneration of employment through higher female work
participa(ionr~tes in various, occupational categories, etc. display both
short andlont termlink3geswitb. female age at muriage.

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Lack of clarity about and tinderstandingof various socio-economic
.. ~nd demographiC (actors' and 'their il1ter~telationships lead to miscon-
ceptions and sometimes pursuit of wrong policies. This clearly points to
the need for an approach to policies from a systems. point of view. With
a properly structured simulation model, one can test alternatives and
evolve optimum 5trategi~s. The Foundation therefore considered a
study tbrough The Systems Research Institute, Pune, to analyse the
. medium~and long-term demographie and socio~economic implications of
raising the age at marriage of females with the help of a system
simulation model.
The System Research Institute, Pune, has submitted its final report. The
study brings out the impact on population of four strategies:
1. India achieves Kerala's 1971 patte-rn bf age at marriage by 1990;
2. School enrolment in India by 1990 is raised to the level obtaining in
Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Punjab in 1981;
3. India achieves Kerala's 1971 literacy rates by 1990;
4. Along with strategy 2 better literacy rates are applied.
A comparison of simulated' results reveals that direct control of age
, at marriage (e.g. by effective legal measures) under s.trategy 1 brings only
limited reduction in population growth besides generating a lot of social
tension. On the other hand, arise in age at marriage, if brought about
through related factors like literacy and"education (as in strategies 2 and
4) could curtail population growth more effectively" There is a qualita-
tive difference between thes.e approaches. This population simulation
model (POPS 1M) bas potentialities fol' a wider application which are
being studied by the Foundation.
Rs .28,000 (sanctioned in March 1982)
System~ Research Institute, Pune.
A Demonstration~cum·study Programttle for Family Development (with
special focus on family planning) for the social transformation of two
communities (Rural and Urban) in. West Bengal.
The Institute of S9cialChange and Social Welfare has been doing for
nearly last 9 .years constructive worle with focus on rural and urban

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communities. The institution was started under the leadership of Shri
Jayaprakash Narayan. In it's work and outlook, it has a Gandhian
bias. As a part of its overall developmental interest and approach,
family planning has been included as an important developmental con~
cern. The institution sought assistance from the Foundation to develop
a demonstration project on population and family planning on Gandhian
lines.
The long~term objective of the project is to evolve a methodology
for fighting poverty and as part of this process to develop family
planning programme in the project area. The immediate objectives of
the study are-to build on the ongoing programme in the project areas
and strengthen them with a more conscious population programme
input; to develop family planning programme in a proper perspective
with focus on evolving a suitable methodology to create among the
people an awareness of the availability of family planning and health care
services and motivate them to make use of them to the utmost possible
extent and to reduce infant mortality and provide maternal and child
health care as part of the overall programme. Three project areas (all
of them poor): Balrampur village in Midnapur District, Vidyasagar-an
urban area in the heart of Calcutta, and ~oral, just on the outskirts of
Calcutta were selected. The project aims at strengthening these three
existing and ongoing programmes of family development which are now
being used as laboratories for the innovation of a total social transfor~
mation of the three areas.
A survey was conducted on the needs of individual families so as to
improve their health and socio-economiccondition. The survey identified
679 poor households out of 985 households surveyed in the three project
areas. Health care and family planning services have been provided
and an economic-cum-sanitation development programme has
commenced. The work of the programmes in the three areas has
been divided for the purposes of emphasis into a) the intensive area
comprising the "poverty" target group, b) the extensive radiational area
composed of other segments of the society. It has been found that the
best response to adopting the small family norms has been in the
younger age groups (below 30 years). Most families prefer to choose
terminal methods of family planning like sterilization because of lack of
privacy, lack of cooperation among partners and poor health of women.
Considering all the methods practised, it was found that the major burden
for family planning is still borne by the women. Acceptance of the small
family norm is higher among the middle class members, and specially
service holders. Majority of women in rural and semi-rural areas prefer
to keep their family planning method a secret because they do not enjoy

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the status in the family to make such decisions openly on their own.
The project took advantage of the action-support of voluntary organisa-
tions working in the area. However, it is intended to set up a large
cadIle of volunteers called 'Samaj Bandhus' who could gradually take
over the functions of the outside catalysts.
While discussing the replacement level of population in India and
realisation of a Net Reproductive Rate of one by 2001 A.D., the Work-
ing Group on Population Policy of the Planning Commission was of the
opinion that the task will not be easy to achieve unless the programme
of family planning had the fullest participation of the people, individual-
ly and through their representative institutions, voluntary associations,
local organisations, etc., bringing the community closer to the govern-
ment programme. When individual interest is made to synchronise with
the national interest through people's participation and involvement,
fertility control issues are easier to resolve. The government programme
of family planning can succeed only to the extent that the people accept-
ed it as their programme.
The project proposal envisages the study of people's participation
in farpily planning in India, based on existing experiences, especially
those that have met with certain amount of success. The study is intend-
ed to develop specific policy options regarding the ways and methods of
involving the people with a view to bring down the fertility rates.
With a view to bringing down the fertility rates on the basis of different
kinds of experience in the country, a series of successful cases of people's
participation through different organisational instruments were examined.
Two case studies of conducting family planning activities with the help
of the Panchayats (in two districts, Indore and Dhar of Madhya Pradesh
and in two districts, Bulsar and Kh~da of Gujarat) working On target
incentive approach and four case studies of family planning activities of
different parts of the country, viz. i) New Delhi branch of Family Plan-
ning Association~of India working in urban and rural areas of New

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Delhi, ii) Gandhigram Institute of Rural Health and Family Welfare
Trust in Madurai district of Tamil Nadu, iii) Vadu Rural Health project
near Pune of Dr (Mrs) Banu Coyajee and iv) comprehensive health
project, Jamkhed in Ahmednagar district by Dr Rajnikant and Mabel
Arole were conducted. Case studies were followed by random sample
surveys of acceptors and non-acceptors of family planning in all the aine
areas. Two villages/areas each of good participation and two villages/
areas of poor participation in the nine areas were selected for interviewing
sampled acceptors and non-acceptors.
The project has been completed and report is ready. It will be
circulated to various experts in the field for their review and comments.
The findings will be disseminated through publication or other methods.
1) Study of Population Policies in India
2) Study of Family Planning Implementation Programme
Dr Ali Baquer and Dr Ramashray Roy
Dr Rajni Kothari and Dr Prodipto Roy
The two projects are reported jointly because of a conceptual approach
common to both the projects with common Directors. The first project
was originally supported as a study in historical context and its impli-
cation for programmes and the second was in relation to many difficulties
that the country went through in the recent past vis-a-vis family plan-
ning. Since the two were very closely related, particularly in their
operational aspects, the projects were reconceptualised within a com-
mon framework. The first project was assigned to the Centre for the
Study of Developing Societies (CSDS) and the second one to the
Council for Social Development (CSD). With regard to the second
project, a special committee was constituted to help in the designing of
the projects, with the help of Prof Rajni Kothari, Prof P B Desai, Dr
Pai Panandiker and Dr Prodipto Roy. Initial research for the second
project was directed by Dr Prodipto Roy but later on, for administrative
reasons, it was assigned to CSDS. Since Dr Ali Baquer was directing the
first project, it was decided, in consultation with CSD and CSDS, to
transfer the project to CSDS under the directorship of Dr Ali Baquer.

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(1) Study of tbe Family Planning Implementation Programme
The study was carried out in nine districts, three each in the States
of Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh. A total of 670
interviews were conducted with officials representing State, District and
PHC levels as well as the medical and non-medical professions and
1920 interviews were conducted with men and women on Target Couple
Registration. Half of these couples were sterilised and the o'ther half
had at least three or more living children at the time of interview.
Approximately 150 officials drawn from three states were involved in
this exercise. The methodology adopted for the study was participatory
research, in which participants were invited to give their suggestions on
various aspects of research from the initial stage of study design upto
the final stage of writing the report. A series of meetings were held at
the PHC, District, State and Inter-State levels. The participants were
supplied with the data collected during the field study and were invited to
give their interpretation. The final report incorporates the comments,
suggestions and recommendations made by the participants. The first
draft of the final report is nearly complete. The mansucript would be
duly reviewed by experts for publication and dissemination.
(2) Project on Population Policies in India
A number of researches on many aspects of population have been
undertaken in the last 25 years. Yet very little is known by way of
systematic analysis of the relationship between the evolution of govern-
ment policy on population and the trends in population growth so as
to know how population policies are made, how these are executed in
the field, what feedback are received by the policy workers and how they
improve their relevance and efficiency.
. This project was conceived as a detailed policy research exercise in
the area of population in the wider context of developmental policies.
It is hoped that in addition to describing the policy process and the
organisational network for their implementation, the project would
examine response of the public to population policies.
The States of Karnataka and Kerala were selected for a compa-
rative study. A 'position paper' was prepared by the Project Director
outlining the scope and methodology of the project. The proposed study
design consisted of three distinct phases, namely the policy process,
organisation and communication and implementation of policy.
The work on the first two stages of the project has been completed.
The goodwill and co-operation of all relevant agencies in the states of
Karnataka and Kerala had been enlisted to carry out the third phase.
The project report is currently being drafted. The manuscript would
be duly reviewed by experts for publication and dissemination.

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The two projects have been inordinately delayed because of problems
of an institutional character. The matter of delay has been discussed
with the new Director of the Centre and a plan has been worked out to
complete both the studies before the end of 1983.
1) Rs 2,58,800 (sanctioned in November 1977)
2) Rs 2,70,000 (sanctioned in July 1975)
Centre for the Study of Developing Societies. (Earlier the Council for
Social Development was also involved in the first project titled "Study
of Population Policies in India").
FPF, ESCAP and the Indian Association for the Study of Population
(IASP)
This project came up as a result of interaction between the Economic
and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) and the
Family Planning Foundation, for bringing out a Monograph on the
Population of India. This is to be prepared on the basis of a general
design for all the countries in the region. The Executive Director discus-
sed the general approach of the project in October 1976 with the ESCAP.
The study got under way in June 1978. The project is being funded by
the Foundation and the ESCAP. Later the Indian Association for the
Study of Population (IASP) was invited to collaborate in the project
because of its high technical standing in the field of population.
The Family Planning Foundation convened a meeting of all the
chapter writers and had a detailed discussion on the outline and content
of each chapter. The ESCAP entered into a contract with the individual
authors for writing the various chapters.
There has been substantial delay in the first instance because coor-
dinating the work of the £everal chapter writers and the corresponding
agencies namely the Foundation, the ESCAP and the IASP between
themselves and the authors. Secondly, the delay in the latter part was
a result of deliberation action. This was done to revise the relevant
chapters in the light of the 1981 Census and its likely implications for
not only contents of the chapters but also for its policy implications.
The entire manuscript consisting of all the chapters has been completed
as part of a cooperative endeavour between IASP and the Foundation.
The monograph in a complete form has been sent to ESCAP (Popu-
lation Division). After the political editing by the UN has taken place,

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it will be published as a UN document. It will be identified as a joint
work of the Foundation, the UN and the IASP.
The project is a collaborative effort of the Family Planning Foundation,
ESCAP and the Indian Association for the Study of Population (IASP).
This is collaborative programme between the Foundation and the
Gandhigram Institute of Rural Health and Family Planning
The idea for this project arose out of a felt need for the Foundation to
seek a more meaningful involvement in the International Women's
Decade, through a programme related to women, population and deve-
lopment. Moreover, the status of women and their role in decision-
making inside and outside the family are crucial factors in the acceptance
of family planning within different communities. Women constitute
nearly half of India's population; 9% of the active labour force in the
country is composed of women; they are present in great number within
teaching institutions and the health services, and also occupy some high
positions in trade union parties/organisations, various social institu-
tions and political parties. But in spite of all this, the status of most
of the women in the country remains poor and secondary to men. This
generally also means that population policies and family planning pro-
grammes aimed at women can have only a limited impact. Conversely,
it is also true that factors which jmprove the status of women like educa-
tion, employment outside the house, etc. have a negative correlation
with fertility behaviour. For family planning to succeed; it is necessary
that the energies of women in general and of women who are actively
participating in the economic and social life of the country are suitably
organised and mobilised.
The project seeks to discuss the problem of women's status as relat-
ed to population phenomena in depth and to suggest ways and ideas to
bring women into the mainstream of national life, and the necessary
organisational structures for the same.
The Foundation first called a meeting of the specially set up Task Group
consisting of leading women, social researchers and activists. The con-
ceptual framework for the study was designed on the basis of ideas
suggested by this Task Group. Dr K R Sastry of the Gandhigram

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Institute of Rural Health and Family Welfare was entrusted with the
task of conducting a field study on the status of women and its impact
on population practices. The study covered urban women in selected
organisations like health, education, industry, bank offices, etc. and
rural women employed as agricultural labourers and plantation workers
in selected samples in the Madurai District in Tamil Nadu and
Quilon District in Kerala.
The Gandhigram Institute of Rural Health and Family Welfare Trust
organised a seminar on "Status of Women and Population Problem"
On 12th and 13th June 1982 in Madurai to review the findings of the
study and analyse it in the context of prevailing conditions. The
Seminar was attended by experts in the field of women, population and
development. The papers presented in the Seminar and the discussions
brought out the difficulties in raising age of marriage as a means of
reducing the birth rate in the present social system and the need for
further research and social action in the area of women's status. Mrs
Tara Ali Baig observed: "The study demonstrates the obtuse nature of
our social system; for neither education, nor professional life of women
in the areas studied demonstrates any marked reduction of fertility."
She further adds that "The peculiar findings of the Madurai Study show
that we need much more analysis of the social sanctions that operate in
relationships which continue to keep women in marital bondage, regard-
less of the fact that education, modernisation and government plea for
greater dignity of the individual in work and status have all been func-
tioning for several decades now." Need was felt for a more critical and
comprehensive analysis of the various problems and forces which are
affecting the status of women and in turn their basic right to voluntary
motherhood. The Gandhigram Institute has been requested to revise
the report in light of the suggestions given during the Seminar, so that
it can be published and disseminated. The revised report in still awaited.
Gandhigram Institute of Rural Health and Family Welfare Trust,
Madurai (in collaboration with the Family Planning Foundation).
/
PROJECT NO. ~
Title
Population in India's Development-1947-2000, A Recommissioned
Study

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Registrar's General's Office and the Indian Association for the Study on
Population (rASp)
The project was undertaken especially for the World Population Con-
ference in 1974 held at Bucharest, Romania, and was considered to be
very valuable. The publication was purchased in bulk by the United
Nations for distribution to all the delegates. The Indian delegation had
the advantage of this publication, apart from what the Government
prepared for them. The idea of bringing out the publication was to look
at the whole question of population of India in the context of develop-
mental programmes within an overall policy framework. The Advisory
Council at its meeting held on 28.11.1981, recommended that some of
the studies supported, earlier and/or commissioned by the Foundation
be recommissioned. The idea was to update them and revise them in
the light of current needs. This was one of the projects recommended as
it was considered useful to the Indian delegation participating in the
World Population Conference in 1984.
The objectives of the recommissioning would be to bring out the pub-
lication that would have relevance to the World Population Conference
in 1984 in Mexico. The publication based on commissioned papers
would need to be revised as to content, form and other aspects. so that
it becomes relevant to the population problem as extant in the eighties.
The Registrar General's Office, IASP and the Foundation have
informally discussed this as a possible joint project. The expenditure on
this, as in previous publication, would be for payment to various authors
and also other supportive work. Forty Chapters are expected in the
publication. The whole exercise would be revised in the light of discus-
sions with the Registrar General's Office and the IASP. The publication
would be as relevant as possible for our time.
In the light of the inform,ation interaction that the Foundation had with
t~e Registrar General of Jndia and the officers of the Indian Association
for the Study of Population, it has been decided to reconceptualise and
revise the design in such a manner that it will conform to the basic
objective as approved by the Governing Board. At the same time. it
would be relevant and necessary to produce something meaningfuJ for
the World Population Conference. The study would be designed in a
rigorous conceptual framework that it subserves the cause of both
research and policy in the country.

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Institution
family Plannin~ Foundation, Registrar General's Office and the Indian
Association for the Study on Population.
jI' l'RQJECT NO.
Title
Status Study of Population Education Research in India
K Sadashivaiah
Chandrakala Dave
Present work is the outcome of the review of various Doctoral and
Master's de~ree theses in !he field of Education and Home Science-
some. of them are journal articles, papers presented in conferences and
some unpublished reports obtained by personal contact as well. There
are over 59 studies conducted in the field of Population Education
during the period 1968 and 1980. These studies 'are classified into four
categories: Exploratory, Curriculum Development; Teaching Metho-
dology; and Innovation and Experimentation. Under those categories,
these have been presented as far as possible in a common format. The
studies have been arranged serially and in chronological order of their
submission to the .;oncerned university and for publication.
The Governing Board sanctioned a publication grant of Rs 5,000
for the study' at its meeting held in December 1982 subject to the
satisfactory review by the experts.
Manuscript was sent for review to the two experts and their comments
were received. The manuscript along with the comments of the reviewers
has been sent to the author for revision. The revised manuscript from
the author is still awaited.
Institution
CMAICH and FP Project, Bangalore.
PROJECT NO4.1/
The study is an attemptto llighlight the considerable knowledge that
exists in the field ofs,qci.ology;a!1thropology and other social sciences
for $trength~ning popui~t,ion control and otlier' development pro~ramme.~

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in the field of social development. The selection of the chapters
has been made to bring about the empirical and lheoreticlil under-
standing of various concepts of behavioural sciences and explore
their application for population control. The other main purpose of the
study is to simplify. and synthesise certain valuable findings extant in
research reports for their value to students, researchers, change agents
and administrators so that they can use them effectively for promoting
social development programmes. The themes covered are mostly
anthropological and sociological in nature, they could be relevant to
students of psychology and other social sciences.
A publication grant of Rs. 5,000 was sanctioned for the above
manuscript by the Family Planning Foundation in the meeting, of its
Governing Board in December 1982.
The study report was sent to two experts in the field for review. One
expert has sent his comments on the study and the other has regretted
his inability to review. The manuscript is being sent to another expert
for his comments. As soon as the comments of the reviewer are receiv-
ed, the same will be forwarded to the author for reviewing the draft of
the manuscript for publication.
1D.,Hatlon
S?enkate.wara UniversilyT. irupati.
4V PROJECT NO.
Title
Mangadu Study-Socio-Economic Change: A Diachronic Study of
Changes in Contraceptive and Fertility Behaviour and its Socio-
Cultural Determinants
This study conducted during 1977-78 is in the nature ofa diachronic
study of a village, Mangadu in Tamil Nadu, in which the famous
demographer, Dr S Chandrasekhar, wrote a series of papers in 1957-
1962, based on the data collected in 1956. Though the baseline avail-
able consisted of data on economic infrastructure, vital events and family
planning, the authors have enlarged the scope by including sC'cial struc-
ture, culture, health and medical care and socio-economic change in
their contextual relevance to get a clear indication of the demographic
profile i»clvdin, famil)' pJannin,. The attempt was to make restudy

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more holistic, comprehensive and analytical. The Governing Board
meeting held in December 1982, approved a grant of Rs 5,000 for publi.
cation of the above study, subject to satisfactory review by experts.
Manuscript was sent to two reviewers for their comments. The Reports
from the reviewers have been received and sent to the author to finatise
the manuscript in light of the comments of the experts. A revised report
from the author is still awaited.
J Institution
Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati.
PROJECT NO. 43
The study relates to the investigation of the perceptions of programme
personnel at various levels, State Family Welfare Bureau, District
Family Welfare Bureau, Rural Welfare Centres and MCH at subcentres
in the selected primary Health Centres in Andhra Pradesh. Besides explo-
ration of perceptions of -programme personnel and analysis of their
implications for future policies and programmes, the study aims at
providing suggestions on open organisation systems approach to
improvement of family welfare administration and also administration
in general.
A grant of Rs 5,000 was sanctioned in the Governing Board meet-
ing held on 27th December 1982 for publication of the above study.
The manuscript was sent to two experts for review and their comments
on it were received. Author has made necessary changes in the thesis
in the light of the comments of experts to make more suitable for
publication. The publisher has been identified for printing purposes.

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)
Diagnostic Study of Population Growth Rate and Family Planning in
Six States in a Developmental Perspective
Soon after the publication of the provisional results of the 1981 popula-
tion Census of India, the Foundation (FPF) decided that apart from
looking at the Census in general, it would be necessary to enquire into
the decadal growth rates at State level, particularly those States which
have shown a clear decline and bring out the policy and pro-
gramme implications of the findings. Considering the variation in
growth rates, contraceptive prevalence and per capita income, six States
were included in the study: Gujarat, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil
Nadu and Uttar Pradesh. The study seeks to identify on the one hand
the policy and strategic inputs and the processes which have favourably
influenced family planning in Gujarat, Orissa, PUnjab and Tamil Nadu
and ,on the other, find out the organisational and infrastructura1
deficiencies which have impeded the programme in Rajasthan and
Uttar Pradesh. It is felt that only by studying all aspects of programme
performance that practical suggestions could be put forward for improv-
ing performance in poor-performance states.
The Study is organised in two phases:
Phase I: A state level study based on in depth interviews with the
State leaders and senior Government officials in family planning
using Structured Questions.
Phase Jl : A field level study in 40 or 50 districts which would find
out perceptions at the grass-root level of the family planning pro-
gramme by interviewing service providers, acceptors and non-
acceptors.
A major task involved in this project is the assembling of the available
information under the following heads:
a) Population and its characteristics;
b) FertilitY,mortality and infant mortality;
c) Family planning performance-quantitative and qualitative aspects;
d) The extent of population-orientation in development programmes.
This data has been collected for all the six states and based on
their analysis, structured questions have been prepared for three levels:
a) Political Leadership (Chief Minister/Health Minister);

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Date of
Commencement
b) Executive Level (Commissioner and Secretary, Health);
c) Professional level (Director of Health & Family Welfare)
The structured questions for all. these levels have been prepared and
despatched to all the six states. The Chief Secretary of each state had,
as requested by the Foundation, nominated a Senior Officer as the
Liaison Officer for the project. The Liaison Officers, to whom the
structured questions have been forwarded,have taken up the prepara-
tion of replies and in two or three states, interviews with the Minister
and Commissioner are expected to materialise by June 1983.
Simultaneously, preparatory work on Phase II has also been taken
on hand so that proposals could be sent to the Population Council
seeking their financial support to the extent of $200,000·250,000 for this
project under their International Research Awards Scheme on Determi-
nants of Fertility in Developing Countries. The Governing Board had
already authorised Rs 5 lakhs for Phase II with the stipulation that
additional support be sought from interested international organisations.
The duration could be two to three years. To handle the preparatory
work under Phase II, the Foundation has appointed Dr R S Kurup all
Consultant for a period of six months. Dr Kurup recently retired as
Director and Head of the Department of Economics and Statistics in
Kerala and had worked as Project Director for UNESCAP study of
input-output relationships in family planning in Tamil Nadu and as
Project Director of the World Bank Study on Determinants of Fertility
Change in Kerala.
12 months fot Phase I
2-3 years for Phase II
Rs 3 lakhs for Phase I (sanctioned in June 1982)
Rs 5 lakhs for Phase I[ (sanctioned in December \\982)
with additional funds to be sought from interested
organisations)
international
DissemiI.ation of the Foundation's Study on Incentives and Disincen-
tives to Promote Family Planning

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There has been a growing consensus that population policies to limit
fertility must go beyond supplying contraceptive materials, services and
information to individual couples. A highly relevant and critical area is
the adoption of policies by the Government and non-Governmental
bodies which seek directly to influence the fertility behaviour of families
through various incentives and disincentives. The Foundation felt that
the whole question of incentives and disincentives needs a close look not
only in terms of concept, nature, size, operation and effectiveness, but
also in regard to the legal and ethical implications. The Foundation
accordingly prepared a note which was discussed by an Interdisciplinary
Task Force under the Chairmanship of Mr Justice G D Khosla in June
1982. Subsequently,' a small panel of. jurists met in October 1982 to
consider the legal and ethical implications. Based on the deliberations
of these panels, the Foundation brought out in November 1982 a study
entitled "Incentives and Disincentives to Promote Family Planning".
The Advisory Council which .considered this note at its meeting in
December 1982 welcomed the Study as an important step in generating
a national debate on this critical subject. The Governing Board at its
50th meeting appreciated the study prepared by the Foundation and
suggested that the Foundation undertake a programme of dissemination
of the various recommendations contained in the study through a
press conference .and through publication of a summarized popular
version in various languages. The Board approved an expenditure of
Rs 1 lakh for this dissemination programme.
Institution
The Foundation's study has been sent for printing. Hindi translation of
the study has also been completed and is presently under print. A
popular version has also been drawn up-these documents were
distributed at a press conference convened on 8th June 1983. Also the
copies of the popular version and the Study prepared in various
languages would be distributed to State Governments, educational
institutions, hospitals, Community Development Blocks, Panchayats,
I.etc.
amity Planning Foundation.
PROJECT NO.4
,
.
,
.
.
Title
A Critical Study of Allocations to' the Family Planniag Programme in

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India during 1971-81 with Policy Implications and Construction of
Data Ban~ on the subject
Inspite of the significant increase in the allocation of funds for family
welfare and family planning programmes in India in the successive Five
Year Plans, the 1981 Census has shown no _sign of decline in the
population growth rate. The major questions that have cropped up
include 1) How has the Rs 1010 crore outlay on family welfare and
family planning programmes been utilised? 2) Who are the beneficia-
ries? 3) How do the benefits compare in relation to costs?
The Foundation shared with many others the concern that no
commensurate impact on population growth rate was perceptible in
relation to the magnitude of expenditure on family welfare and family
planning programmes. Although ad hoc studies have been commissioned
from time to time to evaluate the overall performance of family planning
efforts in the country, these have, by and large, become either out-dated
or incomprehensive. Besides, such studies lacked thrust on the allocation
aspects of the financial outlays in order to reveal the institution utilising
the same.
This study is directed, at the policy level, towards economic/bud-
getary information particularly the spending patterns of funds in relation
to family planning activities and demographic outcomes. Its objectives
are:
a) to design the format of a data bank which will contain information
about expenditure pattern and physical achievements under the
Family Planning Programme in a format which will easily render
itself to critical analysis by researchers, and
b) to conduct an analysis of the data~stored in the data bank (with
regard to policy implication) as an illustration of the usefulness of
the data bank so designed.
The detailed performance budgets for the State of Maharashtra and
Gujarat for the years 1976-82 were obtained and based on these data,
the format of the data bank is being finalised. Similar data on per-
formance budget of other major states are proposed to be gathered. The
project is facing some difficulty as the performance adopted by different
states in reporting their performance in family planning were not speci-
fically designed for such a research. Efforts are being made to assemble
the data in the requisite form.
Tho major part of the analysis would be dono after all the data are

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in~.Meaijwhil,. formats for presentation of data and analytical results
by the computer have been programme4 and tes\\ecl. The data available
for Maharashtra for 1976-82 have been taken as a prototype to explore
all the types of analysis likely to. be needed.
Rs 2.25 lakhs (sanctioned in June 1982)

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11.1 Page 101

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v. Marketing, Management and Administration

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Demonstration Project in Community Based Distribution (CBD) and
Community Based Surgical Services (CBS)
According to 1971 census, Karnataka State had 6.25 million women in
the age group of 15 to 44 (the reproductive age group). In the 1981
projections, the figures were expected to rise to 7.87 million or an
increase of around 26.5 %. The corresponding estimates for South
Kanara were: 414,000 females rising in 1981 to 521,000.
In 1977/78 the percentage of couples effectively protected numbered
20.6% of which only 1.6% were users of spacing methods-the use of
the pill was negligible (as low as 4779 for the entire state).
Hence among the low percentage of users of contraceptives-spac-
ing methods-i.e. the pill had made little impact, possibly because of
non-availability of the product and logistics of distribution, specially in
the rural areas. The situation afforded a strong rationale for creating
an infrastructure for easy availability of pills in every corner of the
district.
There was also a felt need to provide a back-up service in case of
contraceptive failure by training the rural medicos in 'menstrual regu-
lation' procedure.
In the midst of this situation stood the renowned institution
Kasturba Medical College Hospital, with a successful record of commu-
nity service and a dedicated group willing to set up the infrastructure
to promote the use of the pill in every corner of the district.
With the joint efforts of KMCH and FPF who also invited Ian
Mangal Sanstha to help in the formulation of the project, the project
was initiated.
A. General
1. To demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of creating a self-
sustaining system for distribution of contraceptives to every eligible
woman at risk by the use of management approach and through
suitably trained members of the community.
2. To demonstrate the feasibility of providing to the community safe,
simple, economical and easily available surgical services-specially
MR-through training of local practitioners.
B. Specific
To set up distribution centres in the coastal and interior areas of
South Kanara District of Karnataka each covering approximately

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10,000 population and manner by a trained female distributor
-Sanchalika-recruited from the community.
To train the Sanchalika for easy identification of an acceptor, in-
fluencing and convincing her to use the pill regularly, record all
eligible couples and maintain 'progress records on specially designed
forms.
To recruit and train field supervisors who would be taught the
rudiments of distribution and supervisory techniques.
To create storage, inventory control and physical distribution sys-
tems to keep all distribution units well stocked at all times.
To advise women-at-risk about other contraceptives and precau-
tionary measures such as menstrual regulation (MR), MTP, IUDs
and sterilisations, and refer those that need such services to KMCH
or a nearby medical centre.
To create reliable and adequate facilities for MR and IUD inser-
tion within easy reach.
To create the infrastructure for trying out other newer methods of
contraception.
To protect the maximum number of women-at-risk by the end of
three years. To enSUre that they take the pill regularly and to
follow-up on dropouts.
The preparatory exercises included study and survey of the project area
and also a visit to Howrah to study a similar project already in opera-
tion.
The target is every woman in the reproductive age group who will
need to be convinced that what we have to offer is something entremely
good for her, that it will readily be available at fixed outlets, at reason-
able prices, and backed by lafter sales service' in the form of medical
expertise.
Such ,an activity lends itself to the application of some of
the <:ardinal' principles of marketing, i.e. product promotion, retail dis-
tribution, appropriate pricing, development of a sales force (distribu-
tors), field supervision, incentive schemes, 'after sales service', monitoring
and evaluation, etc.
The overall responsibility rests with the Project Director, Dr
Ramdas Pai. He is advised by an advisory committee which meets every
quarter. The medical side is looked after by a sub-committee of special-
ists under Dr Padma Rao. Day-to-day operations are being conducted
by the Project Manager, Dr H S Nayak.
Each distribution centre is called "Kasturba Mahila Kalyan
Kendra"-the person in charge is usually a housewife or any female
worker from the community and she is called 'Sanchalika'. Between ten

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to fifteen kendras are controlled by a supervisor who provides an effec-
tive link between the field and the project management. Baseline data
and monthly progress at each centre is maintained in relevant forms.
Each centre is run as a club and each woman who accepts the pill as a
method of contraception is enrolled as a member and issued an identity
card.
The sanchalikas are trained at the project office where they receive
three days theoretical training and for the next three days they are
trained in field work. For every round of pills the sanchalika collects
Rs 1.50 of which she retains 50 p. In addition she gets a regular monthly
allowance of Rs 100. She is expected to screen every potential acceptor
on the basis of the GOI checklist and have the acceptor medically
examined by a doctor within three months.
The supervisor bears the responsibility of filling weekly reports
and fixing performance targets. Each supervisor oversees between 10
and 15 sanchalikas and assists them in locating and motivating clients.
Each sanchalika meets the project management staff at least once a
month-individually and in groups.
The opening of each kendra is personally supervised by the project
manager. A number of promotion techniques are used to make and
keep close contact with the community. Posters, film shows, dramas, etc.
have been made use of along with regular meetings with the mahila
mandals.
By the end of the first year, just over 100 sanchalikas were trained
and 83 kendras were in operation.
The initial targets were based on the assumption that the promotion of
FP by government and voluntary bodies over the past 30 years had
created awareness and a demand for contraceptives, and perhaps the
lack of easy availability of contraceptives was coming in the way of
widespread use. The field experience in the first few months disproved
this assumption. Two major problems faced while enrolling a woman
to the programme were i) a total absence of any desire for spacing, and
ii) the negative attitude of rural doctors.
While the number of first-time acceptors was quite high,so was the
dropout rate. Some reasons were:
Recr~tment of staff
The women motivated by our sanchalikas were persuaded by ANMs
from the PHC, with a free supply of pills, or to go in for sterilisa-
tion.
The pill pack included literature which emphasized the side-effects
rather than the positive benefits of the pill. Thus, as soon as some-

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Follow-up and
Future Plan
one in the family read the literature, or had it read to him/her, the
pill would be dropped.
The consultation with the local doctor for minor side-effects was
advised.
The dropout rate and slow recruitment due to long distances bet·
ween houses affected the sanchalika's income. Thus, once the pro·
motion allowance given to a sanchalika during the initial period
ran out, she had no incentive left to continue.
As regards CBS, while the first training session consisting of three
doctors .was held successfully, it was difficult to find a sufficent number
of MR cases to offer trainees practical experience.
The above findings of the pilot exercise covering the first six
months in the field led to a change in strategy. To begin with, the
pills were repacked with fresh literature in Kanarese extolling the advan-
tages of the pill, a vigorous campaign was launched with the help of
ob/gyn faculty of KMCH to win our local physicians, sanchalikas were
given an assured minimum income of Rs. lCOper month, and the pro·
motion was redesigned to involve the community (e.g. dramas enacted
by school children).
The results are encouraging, the dropout rates have fallen, and
there is a steady 'net' increase in the number of acceptors.
As at the end of January the regular users are around 2,500, and there
is every indication that the project will recruit 10,000 plus monthly
acceptors by the end of the three year period and achieve self-sufficiency.
Rs 30,000 (planning grant sanctioned in January 1979)
Rs 4,50,000 (sanctioned in April 1981)
in addition to (Grant directly received by KMCH, Manipal).

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VI. Conferences, Seminars and Workshops

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VI. Conferences, Seminars and Workshops
Workshop on Promotion of Oral Pills
Sponsored by the Family Planning Foundation
If India is to make a real dent into the population problem, the need
for spacing methods is critical. Most of the family planning efforts hith-
erto have been through sterilisation and that too involving couples with
large number of children. Though sterilisation has a definite role in the
contraceptive services, emphasis on this method alone cannot answer
the population problem. There is therefore need for a historical correc-
tive to family planning strategy by which spacing methods are vigorously
promoted. Motivation for accepting spacing methods for younger
couples requires techniques and approaches somewhat different from
those used for sterilisation. The latter essentially stems from the medical
and health system.· The .Foundati9~ ",w~s therefore keen to organise
a Workshop focussing on the non-biomedical aspects of the oral pills.
T~e WOl'ksh0ll',wa~4;O~be baSed ~nrcommissidned papers. ,The areas
covered were to inClude 'otgianisational and managciment aspects, pro-
duction, commercial marketing, social marketing and community based
distribution system. Papers were to be commissioned on the on-going
oral pill projects both in India and abroad.
The Workshop was organised from 6th to 8th October 1982 and was
inaugurated by Shri B Shankaranand, Union Health Minister who
referred to the Workshop as a very important event and appreciated the
initiative taken by the Foundation-a non-governmental organisation.
The address by Dr Farooq Abdullah, Chief Minister, Jammu and
Kashmir, who was the Chairman of the Inaugural Session, was read
out in his absence. The inaugural session was also addressed by Dr
Malcolm S Adiseshiah, MP and Dr S S Sidhu, Secretary, Health and
Family Welfare.
There were 5 Technical Sessions:
Technical Session 1: Oral Pills Promotion in South Asia
Chairman - Mr J S Baijal, Addl Secretary & Com-
missioner (Family Welfare)

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Technical Session 2:
Technical Session 3:
Technical Session 4:
Technical Session 5:
Oral Pills Promotion in India. Chairman-Dr
Dipak Bhatia, Member, Governing Board, FPF.
Oral Pill Manufacture, Marketing and Promotion
of Oral Pills in Government/Private Sectors.
Chairman -Shri S Varadarajan, Secretary, Dept.
of Science & Technology.
Community Based Distribution of Oral Pills in
Non-Govt. Sector.
Chairman--Shri C R Krishnamurthy, WHO, New
Delhi.
Advertisement, Information and Communication.
Chairman-Mr S B Lal, Secretary, Ministry of
Information and Broadcasting.
In the Workshop, country papers were presented by experts from
Bangladesh, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand on the promotion of
oral pills. There were ten papers from Indian experts. The Valedictory
Session was addressed by Dr S S Sidhu.
The Foundation is following-up the deliberations of the Workshop
in its different aspects. We had already addressed the Government of
India regarding the removal of certain restrictions in the private sector
concerning the import of steroidal hormones. This is receiving the
attention of the Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilisers. A draft decla-
ration proposed in the Workshop has been circulated to the participants
and a final shape is being given to the declaration. As the discussions
in the Workshop brought out several features such as continuation rates
among oral pill users, documentation on side-effects, etc. which had not
been adequately covered in the p~pers presented, the Foundation has
been interacting with various authors to revise and update the paper& on
the basis of the Workshop. It is intended to publish these revised papers
as a part of Workshop documentation. Since a major output of the
Workshop was about the safety of the pill, it is intended to devise suit-
able communication material for the use of Doctors to enable them to
counsel their clients on the safety of the oral pill.
Rs 90,000 (originally sanctioned)
Rs 50,000 (additionally sanctioned on 16 March 1983)

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List of Completed/Closed Projects

11.10 Page 110

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List of Completed/
SI.
Amount
No.
Sanctioned
Rs
1. Family Planning through Village Level Workers
2. Developing Effective Maternal and Child Health Services
in Rural Areas in India
3. Integrated Family Planning and Health Care through
Community Welfare Centre for Women and Children
4. Research in the Methodology of Health Delivery
5,000
36,000
6. Total Health Care including Family through a Voluntary
Hospital
7. Initiating a. Programme of Integrated Health and
Maxi~ising Participation of Voluntary Organisations
8. Action Research Project on Community Action for a
Programme of Integrated Health and Family Planning
9. Future Development of Health and Medical Services with
Special Reference to Family Planning Health for All
1,39,000
(plus 45,000
for consultancy
services)
50,000
10. Feasibility Study for 'Development of Voluntary Health
Services' Voluntary F.P. Project in Tamil Nadu
11. Chinese Barefoot Doctors
12. Action-cum-Research Project on Different Aspects of
Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) having a
Bearing On Family Planning
.

12 Pages 111-120

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12.1 Page 111

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Closed Projects
Principal Investigator/
Project Director
Dr Sanjit Roy
Dr Vijay Kumar
Dr (Miss) Pravin
Vakaria
Dr Jacob Chandy
Late Mrs Mary Clubwala
Dr T J anardhanan and
Dr Rajasekharan
Dr Tarun Banerjee
Social Work and Research Centre, Tilonia
Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and
Research, Chandigarh
Princess Esin Women's Educational Centre,
Hyderabad
Medical Department of the Churches of South
India, Kerala
Guild of Services, Madras
Amiya Banerjee Charitable Trust,
Calcutta
Population Council of India, New Delhi
*Dr V Ramalingaswami
**Dr J P Naik (and 12
other members of com-
mittee set up to write
the Report of the Study
Group)
Dr K S Sanjivi
Indian Council of Medical Research New Delhi and
Indian Council of Social Science Research, New
Delhi
The Voluntary Health Services Medical Centre,
Adyar, Madras
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
in collaboration with Family Planning Foundation
Commissioned by FPF in Collaboration with the
Government of UP

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SI.
Amount
No.
Sanctioned
Rs
13. Biomedical Study Group
14. Mechanisms of Action of some Antifertility Agents on
the Contractility of the Fallopian Tube
15. Development, Evaluation and Application of a Radio
Receptor Test for HcGjLH in Fertility Regulation
16. Antifertility Effects of International
Prostoglandins in Rhesus Monkeys
Administration of
17. Studies on Certain Immunological
production
Aspects of Re-
18. Prostaglandin Involvement in the regulation of Male
and Female Fertility
19. Designing a Study on Biological Decay
20. Male Antifertility Agent in Human and Sub-Human
Primates
21. Study Group on Sixth Five-Year Plan (with specific
focus on reviewing the population and Family Planning
Policy and programme of the Plan)
22. Film of Population and Family Planning with Focus on
Women
23. Family Planning Communication for Young Rural
Married Couples
24. Communication for Social Marketing: A Methodology
for Developing Communication Appeals for Family
Planning Programme
25. Analytical Case Study of an Innovative Programme in
Population and Family Planning
45,000
50,000
3,00,000
53,000
1,20,000
1,75,000
18,126*
*utilised
3,25,000
42,418*
*utilised
5,000
3,00,000
2,00,000

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Principal Investigator!
Project Director
Dr B K Anand
Dr S K Guha
Commissioned by FPF
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
Prof (Mrs) S M Shahani! Deptt. of Endocrinology, T N Medical College,
Mr P Potdar!
Bombay and Deptt. of Reproductive Biology,
Prof K R Laumas!
AIIMS, New Delhi
Dr A Kasid
Dr C P Puri
Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of
(under the guidance of
Medical Sciences, New Delhi
Dr T C Anand Kumar)
Dr Chander Prakash
Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and
(under the guidance of
Research, Chandigarh
Prof Ranjit Roy ChaudhurY)
Dr Amar Chatterjee
Raja Peary Mohan College, Uttarpara, CalcUUa and
Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow
Dr Somnath Roy
Dr (Mrs) Sudha Chatterjee
Commissioned by FPF
National Institut.e of Health and Family Welfare,
New Delhi
Task Group under
Commissioned by FPF
Dr Malcolm S Adiseshaiah
Mr R Jain and
Centre for Development of Instructiona.l Technology
Mr A Srivastava
(CENDIT), New Delhi
Dr Labdhi Pat Raj Bhandari Indian Institute .of Management, Ahmeda.bad

12.4 Page 114

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Sl.
No.
26. Publication of "Demography India" a bi-annual Journal
27. Innovative Approach for the Creation of Demand and
Promotion of Community Involvement and Participation
in Family Welfare Planning Programme
28. Functional Literacy and Family Life Planning Education
29. Population Education for Non-School Going Youths
(A IPP)
30. Pilot Project on Training Rural Leaders in Population
and Development
31. Publication of the Special Issues of Urdu and English
Quarterly Journals 'Islam Aur Asri Jadid' and 'Islam and
the Modern Age' with the Family Planning Theme
32. Publicity Programme for FPF
33. Workshop for Developing Materials and Enhancing
Skills for artists, photographers/copywriters from
Rajasthan and Gujarat State Health and Family Welfare
Departments and Directorate of Audio Visual Publicity
34. Action Demonstration Project Using Functional Literacy
Programme as a Catalytic for Social Action
35. International Conference of Parlimentarians on Population
and Development-Colombo (1979)
36. Developing the Role of Local Women's Organisations in
Family Planning Acceptance by Improving the Status of
Women
37. Action Demonstration Project to Identify Successful
Approaches to Tackle Resistant Communities
38. Statement for a Better Future
39. Promoting Family Planning and Population through
Parliamentarians
40. First National Conference of Parliamentarians on the
Problems of Population and Development-1981
41. Travel Grant for 5 members of the Indian Association
of Parliamentarians for Problems of Population and
Development to attend the Asian Conference on Popula-
tion at Beijing, China
42. Orientation Training of Mukhyasevikas in Health and
Family Welfare
.
Amount
Sanctioned
Rs
1,25,000
5,000
1,500
15,000
46,064
25,000
50,000
1,50,000
20,000
50.000
40,000

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Principal Investigator /
Project Director
Prof P B Desai
Dr (Miss) Amita Bardhan
Dr D C Dube
Indian Association for the Study of Population
National Institute of Health and
Family Welfare, Munirka, New Delhi
Bikaner Adult Education Association, Bikaner
All India Panchayat Parishad··
Prof K M Sharma and
Mr D K Sharma
Late Prof S Abid Hussain
Isla~ and Modern Age Society, lamia Nagar, Ne~
Delhi
Commissioned by FPF
Mr Ashok Chatterjee
Indian Association of Parliamentarians for
Problems of Population and Development
(IAPPD) Commissioned by FPF
Family Planning Foundation
Indian Association of Parliamentarians for
Population and Development (IAPPD)
Indian Association of Parliamentarians for
Population and Development (IAPPD)
Indian Association of Parliamentarians for
Population and Development (IAPPD)
Gandhigram Jnstitute ()f Rund Health and Family
Welfare Trust, Madurai District

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Sl.
Amount
No.
Sanctioned
Rs
45. Status Study of School Education as part of School
Education in India
46. Non-formal Education for Motivation in Family Plann-
ing-A Demonstration Project in a Rural Area in UP
47. Evaluation of Family Planning Foundation Work
48. Status Study of Population Research in India on Manage-
ment
49. Motivation for Planned Parenthood-A Preliminary
Study of Muslim Families in a City
50. Establishing a Mechanical Tabulation Research Cell for
Family Planning Programme of the Christian Medical
Association of India, Bangalore
51. Developing a Programme of Research in Population and
Family Planning from a Sociological and Behavioural
Point of View with Particular Reference to Urban,
Tribal, and Rural Communities
52. Population Policy-2,ooO A.D., A Study of the Relation-
ship between Population and Economic Development
53. India's Population-Aspects of Quality and Control
54. Status Study on Population Research in India (Three
Volumes)
55. A Diachronic Study of Changes in a Contraceptive and
Fertility Behaviour in Tamil Nadu Village and its Eight
Harijan Hamlets during the Decades 1956-76
62,500
10,000
10,000
51,347
25,000
95,000
21,200
6,43,548
70,658
70,000

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Principal Inl'estigatorf
Project Direcior
Institution
Under the Chairmanship
of Dr Malcolm S
Adiseshaiah
Family Planning Foundation
Dr Phul Chand
Dr (Mrs) Asha Bhende
Mr B S Singh
Mr Justice G 0 Khosla
Prof J K Satia and
ProfR Maru
Dr Imtiaz Ahmed
The Institute for Constitutional and Parliamentary
Studies, New Delhi
International Institute of Population Studies,
Bombay
Literacy House, Lucknow
Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad
Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi
Dr M N Srinivas
Dr E A Ramaswamy
(Rural)
Dr A R Desai (Urban)
Dr V A Pai Panandiker
Centre for Policy Research, New Delhi
Dr U dai Pareek
Dr TV Rao
Mr S P Jain and
Dr G P Talwar
Prof A Aiyappan
Commissioned by FPF
Madras Institute of Development Studies

12.8 Page 118

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st.
Title of the Project
No.
56. An Across the Board Survey of UNICEF's Involvement
Population Activities in India
57. Evaluation of Gujarat State Massive Vasectomy Campaign
58. Population Education for University Students
59. Determinants of Fertility Change in Tamil Nadu
60. Analysis of Secondary Data to Determine Wastage of
Children
'61. Study of the Implications of Incentives and Disincentives
in Family Planning
62. Family Planning Innovation in India: An Anthropologi-
cal Study
63. Projects in connection with World Population Year:
i) Publications
80,000
ii) Conferences/Seminars
17,125
64. Population and Poverty ip. the Indian Slums
.,.,
65. Status Study of the Family Planning Component in the
Urban COIomunity Development (UCD) and other Impli-
cations for Family Planning Programme in India
66. Survey of Family Planning Education in the School of
Social Work in India
67. Organization for Change: A Systems Analysis of Family
Planning in Rural India- Publication Grant
68. Study of Natura I Family PlilDning Methods
69. Sex Differential in Parental Attitudes towards Female
Children as indicated through Child Rearing Practices
70. Publication of a journal of the Family Planning Activi-
ties of the Christian Medical Association of India
(CMAJ)
71. The Correlates of Muslim Fertility in the Urb~n Setting:
A Case Study of Kanput City (Publication Grant)
72. Population and Women: A Programme based for the
International Women's Year
Amount
Sanctioned
Rs
44,000
71,000
91,250

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Principal Investigator!
Project Director
Under the Direction of
Prof J C Kavoori
Dr D V N Sharma
Dr K D Gangrade
Dr L Ramachandran
Operations Research Group, Baroda
Delhi School of Social Work, New Delhi
Municipal Corporation, Madras and Oandhigram
Institute of Rural Health and Family Welfare Trust,
Madurai
Council for Social Development, New Delhi
Under the Direction of
Prof J C Kavoori
Under the Direction of
Prof J C Kavoori
Family Planning Foundation
Family Planning Foundation
Dr Amritananda Das and
Prof Sugata Dasgupta
Mrs Tara Ali Baig
Commissioned by Family Planning Foundation
Indian Council of Child Welfare, New Delhi

12.10 Page 120

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st.
Title of the Project
No.
73. Developing Research and Staff Capabilities
74. Research Utilisation in Population and Family Planning
(Research Implications for Policy and Programme)
75. Changing Family Organisation among Khasis and
Garos - A Study
76. Developing Population Prorramme for North Eastern
Hill University (NEHO), Shillong
~.77. Strategies for Family Planning in the Indian Industrial
Sector
78. Population and Women in the Organised Sector
79. Functional Analysis of the Primary Health Centre
80. Comprehensive Labour Welfare Scheme (including No
Birth Bonus Scheme)
~81. Action Oriented Innovative Projects for Developing
Models in the Organised Sector
82. Family Planning Camps in Madras
83. Organisation of Simultaneous Eye-cum-Family Planning
Camps and a Study of their Mutual Impact
84. Integrated Family Planning Services at the Pearl Clinic-A
case Study
85. A Programme of Reviving and Revitalising Voluntary
Sterilization in three States-A Demonstration Project
86. Establishing a Private Out-patient Fertility Control
Clinic in a Rural Area
Amount
Sanctioned
Rs
45,000
49,000
25,000
50,000
2,50,000
69,000
35,000

13 Pages 121-130

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13.1 Page 121

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Principal Investigatorf
Project Director
Dr B N Ganguli
Dr V A Pai Panandiker
Population Council of India (PC I)
Centre for Policy Research, New Delhi
Prof C N S Nambudiri
Prof B R Sharma
Dr A K Sahani
Mr VI Chacko
Dr (Miss) A George
Mr B R Deolalikar
Commissioned by FPF .
Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore
United Planters Association of South India
(UPASI)
Operations Research Group, Baroda
• Round Tables, Madras
Municipal Corporation
"The Gandhigram Institute of Rural Health and
Family Welfare Trust, Madurai
State Bank of India Employees, FPF and Lok Kalyan
Samiti, Badarpur
Dr Pai's Family Hospital, Bombay

13.2 Page 122

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SI.
No.
87. Symposium on Population Studies in Asia: Comparing
National Experiences
88. National Conference of Voluntary Organisations for
Evolving a Strategy of Participation in Family Planning
89. Symposium on "R.ecent Advances in Contraceptive
Technology"
90. XXVI International Congress of Physiological Sciences
91. Symposium on Neuroendocrine Regulation of Fertility
92. Symposium on Chemistry, Biology and Immunology of
Gondadotropins
93. Symposium on Regulation of Growth and Differentiated
Function in Eukaroyote Cells
94. Vth International Congress on Hormonal Steroids
95. An International Symposium on Recent Advances in
Reproduction and Fertility Control
96. Symposium on "Non-Human Primates in Biomedical
Research"
97. VII Congress of the International Prima to logical
Society
98. Winter School on Neuro- Physiological and Neuro-
Chemical correlates of Behaviour and International
Symposium on Aggressive Behaviour
99. International Symposium and Workshop in Biomedical
Engineering
100. IInd Conference of the Federation of Indian Societies of
Endocrinology
101. XXIII Annual Conference of Association of Physio-
logists and Pharmacologists of India
102. Xth Convention of the Indian College of Allergy and
Applied Immunology
103. Dr B C Roy Memorial Lecture
104. Workshop on Family Planning Propagation Strategy for
Medical Practitioners (IMA)
Amount
Sanctioned
Rs
50,000
20,000
20,000
75,000
20,000

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Principal Im'estigatorj
Project Director
Prof B K Anand
Dr T C Anand Kumar
Prof N R Moudgal
ICARP Asia, Bangkok, and Family Planning
Foundation
Family Planning Foundation and Family
Planning Association of India
AIIMS
AIIMS
AIIMS
AIIMS
Dr K R Laumas
Dr G P Talwar
AIIMS
AIIMS
Dr N R Moudgal and
Dr T C Anand Kumar
Dr S K Manchanda
Dr (Mrs) Sarda
Subramanyam
Dr (Mrs) A Dass
Postgraduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences,
Madras
The Indian College of Allergy and Applied
Immunology
Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and
Research, .Chandigarh
Indian Medical Association. New Delhi

13.4 Page 124

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SI.
Amount
No.
Sanctioned
Rs
106. XXV Annual Conference of the Association of Physio-
logists of India
107. Workshop on "Developing Integrated Material on
Family Planning Education"
108. Seminar on Sex Education
109. The Third Annual Conference of the Indian Association
for the Study of Population
110. Task Force on Indian Youth Population Coalition
111. Seminar of Key Decision- Makers in the Sarvodaya
Movement in India and Zonal Seminars for Grassroot
Level Sarvodaya Workers
112. Seminar and Summer Institute in Family Planning for
Social Work Education
113. Involvement of Private Medical Practitioners in the
National Family Programme
114. Asian Conference on Family as a Unit of Welfare in
National Planning
115. National Conference on Population Dynamics and Rural
Development
116. National Workshop on Integration of Population
Education in Agdculture Extension and Rural
Development
117. Workshop on Policy Implications of the Narangwal
Field Study
118. Conference on "Growth Trends of Population in India"
119. International Silver Jubilee Conference on Population
Policy Perspectives in ESCAP Region organised by the
International Institute for Population Studies
lZO. SePlinar on Population, Poverty and Hope
5,000
15,000
5,000
10,000
50,000
5,000
50,000
15,000
10,000
15,000

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Principal lnvestigator/
Project Director
Indian Association for the Advancement of Medical
Education, New Delhi
Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi
Mrs Tara Ali Baig
Dr P B Desai
Dr Susai Benjamin
Prof Sugata Dasgupta
Dr K N George and
Dr S H Pathak
Dr PC Bhatia
Late Mr J P Naik
Col P N Luthra
Indian Council of Child Welfare, New Delhi
The Indian Association for the Study of Population,
Delhi
Indian Youth Population Coalition (IYPC)
Gandhian Institute of Studies, Varanasi
Indian Council of Social Science Research, New
Delhi. Jointly funded by ICSSR, UNICEF and the
Family Planning Foundation
IASP
Department of Rural Development, Ministry of
Agriculture and Irrigation, in collaboration with
FAO
Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi
Indian Association for the Study of Population,
New Delhi
International Institute for Population Studies,
Bombay
Sponsored jointly by the Centre for Policy Research
and the Family Planning Foundation .

13.6 Page 126

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Accounts

13.7 Page 127

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A F FERG USON & CO
CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS
Scindia House, Kasturba Gandi Marg
Post Box No. 24, New Delhi
We have audited the attached Balance Sheet of the Family PlanniDg Foundation as on
December 31, 1982 and the Income and Expenditare Account for the year ended on that
date with the books and records submitted to us and have found them in accordance
therewith.
We have obtained all the information and explanations which to the best of our
knowledge and belief were necessary for the purposes of our audit and, in our opinion, the
Balance Sheet and the Income and Expenditure Account s~ forth a true aDd fair view of the
state of affairs of the Foundation as on December 31, 1982 and of the excess of Income over
Expenditure for the year then ended respectively, according to the best of our information
and explanations given to us and as per the books and records submitted to us.
Sd/-
CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS

13.8 Page 128

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PrevioUs Year
Rs
2,37,33.88S
14.04.000
2,51,37,885
83.1'7;;580
22~90,280
1,45.30.025
'42,41,195
20.95,715
2.08,66,935
It,OOO
60,319
LIABILITIES
Rs
Society Fund
Grants and Donations as on
December 31.1981
Add: Received during 1982
Less: .Disbursements'
up to DeCember 31.1981
During 1982
1.06,07,860
' 26,89,791
Surplus Fund
Balance as on
December, 31, 1981
Add: Amount transferred;
during the year
63,36,910
22.64,947
Sundry Creditors and Other Pro,isions
Sundry Creditors
Gratuity
.'.j
20,95,715
20.95,715
Income and Expenditure Account
Excess of Income over Expenditure
for the year as per the annexed
Income and Expenditure Account
Less: Transferred to Society's
Surplus Fund Account
Rs
2.51,37.885
25,66,900
2,77,04.7~5
1,32.97.651
1.44,07,134
8(i.01,857
15.200
69,153
22,64,947
22.64,947
Rs
2,30,08,991
84,353
Note: Grants: The entire actual disbusements have been shown as grants and deducted from the total grants!
donations received although audited accounts from grantees for Rs 30.99.S14 (Previous year
Rs 25.92,720) have yet to be received.

13.9 Page 129

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AS ON DECEMBER 31, 1982
Previous Year
Rs
91,480
1,98,00,000
7,31,475
500
1,000
29,560
1,000
2,000
1,219
1,627
2,44,450
29,554
4,389
ASSETS
Fixed Assets (As per Schedule A-I Annell:ed)
Investments (As per Schedule A·2 Annell:ed)
Interest Accrued
Security Deposit for Petrol
Advances
Executive Director
Other Staff
Delhi Gymkhana Club Ltd
Executive Director's residential rent deposit
Franking Machine Account
Cash and Bank Balances
Cash in hand
On Savings Bank Acconnt
With Indiar!- Overseas Bank
With Citibank
With Central Bank of India
Rs
J.t2,8S4
30,012
4,S7"
Rs
82,236
2,20,00,000
8,15,195
SOO
15,016
2J,6OO
1,000
fJ,75lJ
312
as
1tl1J
NEW DBLHI
As per .our report of even date attached
Sd/-
CHA'-TERED ACCOUNTANTS

13.10 Page 130

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Previous
YearRs
2,01,516
20,250
28,299
4,860
3,566
1,050
22,533
1,5.54
6O,:U9
16,573
12,254
10,100
66,000
7,680
58,297
43,776
19,952
60,974
18,780
26,734
15,797
',756
.12,996
63,906
'15,054
29,493
10,290
22,856
Salaries and Allowances
Salaries
Dearness Allowance
House Rent Allowance
City Compensatory Allowance
Washing and other Allowance
Secretarial Assistance
Contributory Provident Fund and Family
Pension Fund
Deposit Linked Insurance Scheme
Gratuity
Medical Expenses
Leave Travel Concession
Honorarium and Consultant Fee
Rent
Office Ac6dmmOdation
Composition <Fee
Residential Accomodation (4 Directors)
Net after adjusting a recovery of Rs 4,200
from the Executive Director (Previous Year
Rs 4,2(0)
Travel Expenses
Executive Director
Other Staff
Consultants
Conveyance Expenses
Maintenance of Executive Director's Car
including Rs 411 Insurance-(Previous
Year Rs 335)
Repairs Ind Maintenance
Office
Residence
Electricity and Water
POlta,e, Telelraml and Tel.phon ••
Library (Books and Perlodicall)
Prlntln, and Stationery
Prlntln. and Publications
Meetings, Entertainments and Statt' Welfare
Expenses
Loss on Sale of Equipment
Carried ovor, ••
2,24,802
23,529
31,993
5,619
16.179
66,000
7,680
79,638
45,364
68,234
62.925
14,661
4,952
3,02,122
21,473
1,481
15,084
18,569
18,771
4,400
1,53,318
1,76,523
27,963
23,330
19,613
12,8$1
82,747
13,524
19,308
25,719
32,374
320
9,69,490

14 Pages 131-140

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14.1 Page 131

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Previous
Year Rs
29,54,994
16,908
Interest
On Fixed Deposits
On Savings Bank
Accounts
Misc. Receipts
32,32,023
17,611
32,49,634
932

14.2 Page 132

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Previous
Year Rs
291
2,500
14,181
20,95,715
General Expenses
Audit Fee
Depreciation
Excess of Income over Expenditure for the
year carried over to Balance Sheet
702
3,000
12,427
22,64,947
Notes: 1. The Executive Director's remuneration for the year amounted to Rs 86,835 (Previous Year
Rs 73,819). In addition he is provided with a Car and Driver by the Fundation for official and
personal uses, and recovery of Rs 150per month is being made for personal use.
2. All grants received/disbursed during the year are reflected in the Balance Sheet-see Note on
Balance Sheet.
3. The provision for gratuity has been made at the rate of half month's salary for each completed
year of service (service period of six months and above has been considered as a complete year)
in respect of all employees and not on a actuarial basis.
4. Previous Year's figures have been regrouped wherever necessary.

14.3 Page 133

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FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1982
INCOME
Previous
Year Rs
NEW DELHI
As per our report of even date attached
Sd/-
CHARTERED ACCOUNTANfS

14.4 Page 134

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Particulars
Motor Car
Furniture, Fixture
and Equipment
Previous Year
Schedule A·1
SCHEDULE OF FIXED ASSETS ANNEXED TO AND FORMING PART OF THE
BALANCE SHEET AS AT DECEMBER 31, 1982
Asat
December
31,1981
Rs
COST
Additions Sales!
during the Adjust-
year
ment
during the
year
Rs
Rs
Total as
at Decem-
ber 31,
1982
Rs
Upto
December
31,1981
DEPRECIATION
On Sales For the
during
Year
the year
Total Up-
to Decem-
ber 31,
1982
Rs
Rs
Rs
Rs
Written Down Value
As at
As at
December December
31,1982 31,1981
Rs
Rs
15,174
15,174
7,664
1,502
9,166
6,008
7,510
1,44,532
1,59,706
1,23,512
4,503
4,503
36,514
3,500
3,500
320
1,45,535
1,60,709
1,59,706
60,562
611,226
54,045
2,180
2,180
10,925
12,427
14,181
69,307
78,473
68,226
76,228
82,236
83,970
91,480

14.5 Page 135

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SCHEDULE OF INVESTMENT.> ANNEXED TO AND FORMING PART OF THE
BALANCE SHEET AS AT DECEMBER 31,: 1982
1. Delhi Cloth and General Mills Co Ltd
2. Mahindra Ugine Steel Co Ltd
'
3. Nirlon Synthetic Fibres & Chemicals Ltd
4. Mafatlal Fine Spg & Mfg Co Ltd -
5. Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd
6. Indian Dyestuff Industries Ltd
7. Voltas Ltd
8. Ewart Investments Ltd
9. Excell Industries Ltd
10. Ingersoll.Rand (I) Ltd
11. Investment Cor.porafion of India Ltd,
12. The Ahmedabad Advance MilIs Ltd
13. Shriram Fibres Ltd
14. Tata Finlay Ltd
15. National Machinery Mafs. I td
16. Special Steels Ltd
17. Straw Products Ltd
18. Mahindra Spicer Ltd
19. The Tata Oils MilIs Co Ltd
20. The Ahmedabad Mafg & Calico Printing Co Ltd
21. Coromandal Fertilisers Ltd
22. Kelvinator of India Ltd
23. Goetze (India) Ltd
24. Carborundum Universal Ltd
25. Bombay Dyeing & Mfg Co
26. Cynamid India Ltd
1982
Rs
35,00,000
15,00,000
14,00,000
10,00,000
10,00.000
10,00,000 •
10,00.000
10,00,000
10,00,000
10,00,000
'10,00,000
8,00,000
7,00,000
7,00,000
6,00,000
6,00,000
6,00,000
5,00,000
5,00,000
5,00,000
5,00,000
4,00,000
4,00,000
3,00,000
5,00,000
1981
Rs
35,oo,QOO
15,00,000 .
14',00,000 ."
10,00,000'
10,00,000
- io,oo.ooo
10;00,000
JO,oo,ooo'
iO,oo,ooo
10,00,000
.: ,5;00,000
8,00;000
7,00,000
7,00,000
f,oo.ooo
6,00,000
6,00,000
5,00,000
5,00,000
5,00,000
1,98,00,000

14.6 Page 136

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DONATIONS (SUMMARY)
(As on December 31, 1982)
R~gion
Up to
D~c~mb~r
31,1979
Rs
Bombay
Calcutta
Delhi
Ahmedabad
Madras
Total (Raised in India)
Ford Foundation Grant
(General)
Ford Fou04ation Grant
(Biomedical Programme)
TOTAL
60,22,610
9,77,100
5,30,123
6,36,000
3,39,500
£5,05,323
24,13,033
16,74,769
1,25,93,125
Duri",
1980
Rs
33,65,190
16,15,000
54,542
5,10,000
1,06,500
56,51,232
54,89,528
1,11,40,760
During
1981
Rs
7,74,000
5,000
2,60,000
2,50,000
1,15,000
14,04,000
14,04,GIJO
During
1982
Rs
15,10,000
7,56,400
3,00,500
25.66,900
25,66,900
Total
Rs
1,16,71,790
25,97,100
16,01,065
13,96,000
8,61,500
1,81,27,455
79,02,561
16,74,769
2,77,04,785

14.7 Page 137

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BOMBAY REGION
The Tata Iron and Steel Co Ltd.
Tata Chemicals Ltd.
Varuna Investments Ltd.
Hindustan Lever Ltd.
J R D Tata Trust
Mahindra Spicer Ltd.
Colour Chern Ltd.
Mahindjil Ugine Steel Co Ltd.
DELHI REGION
Escorts Limited
Shriram Fibres Ltd.
The Delhi Cloth & General Mills Co Ltd.
Mr Daulat Ram Pubra
MADRAS REGION
Engine Valves Ltd.
Bundy Tubing of India Ltd.
India Filters Manufactures P Ltd.
Mr S Balachandar
10,00,000
2,00,000
1,00,000
1,00,000
50,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
1,00,000
5,00,000
1,56,000
400
1,50,000
1,00,000
50,000
500

14.8 Page 138

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SUMMARY-GRANT SANCTIONED AND DISBURSED AS ON 31st DECEMBER 1982
Year of
Sanction
Sanctions
Rs
1972/73
22,75,568
1974
7,44,798
1975
19,96,500
1976
7,08,557
1977
11,97,800
1978
13,50,392
1978 (BiomediCal) 16,43,544
1979
5,32,764
1980
26,86,800
1981
46,07,000
1982
25,95,100
TOTAL 2,03,38,823
Upto
31.12.1981
Rs
15,60,308
6,32,178
15,17,138
5,76,252
8,75,545
4,84,563
3,33,376
3,39,999
12,27,414
21,63,320
8,97,767
1,06,07,860
DISBURSEMENT
During
1982
Rs
Total
Rs
5,000
80,229
4,422
407
5,000
5,92,952
11,82,517
8,19,264
26,89,79~,
15,65,308
6,32,178
15,97,367
5,80,674
8,75,545
4,84,970
3,33,376
3;44,999
18,20,366
33,45,837
17,17,031
1,32,97,651
AMOUNT
Accounted
To be Accounted
Rs
Rs
15,30,479
5,92.478
13,40,220
4,99,478
8,44,762
4,74,053
3,05,345
2,30,831
14,02,094
20,42,421
9,35,976
1,01,98,137
34,829
39,700
2,57,147
81,196
30,783
10,917
28,031
1,14,168
4,18,272
13,03,416
7,81,055
30,99,514

14.9 Page 139

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FINANCIAL REVIEW AS ON 31ST DECEMB:ER 1982
(Figures in lakhs of rupees)
Income
A. Donations
B. Grants by Ford Funetation (General)
C. Grant by Ford Fundation (Biomedical
Programmes)
D. Interest Earned
E. Total Income (A+B+C+D)
Up 10
31.12.1981
155.60
79.03
16.75
IM.54
359.92
During
1982
32.50
58.17
181.27
79.03
16.75
141.04
41809
Disbursements
F. Project Grants
i) Disbursed
jj) Yet to be disbursed
sanctioned
agahlSt grants
already
G. Expenditure on Programme Development,
Monitoring and Establishment
H. Total Disbursement (F+G)
UNCOMMITTED BALANCE (Rs 418.09-Rs
258.89)
Anticipated Expenditure during 1983
Disbursement for ongoing projects sanctioned up to 1982
Disbursement for new projects to be sanctioned
(say upto Rs. 30 lakhs) during 1983
Developmental, Evaluation and Monitoring of Ongoing
projects and Establishment Expenses
132.98
7041
203.39
55.50
258.89
159.20
26.00
7.50
Anticipated Income during 1983 (Interest and Donations)
Interest on Investments of 220.00 (This is on the assumption
that the existing Fixed Deposits would not be disturbed.)
Donations
1200"
4500
*In order not to dip into the corpus, we need to raise donations to the extent of Rs 12 lakhs for meeting the
anticipated expenditure in 1983.

14.10 Page 140

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BUDGET (1983) AND EXPENDITURE
(Rupees in lakhs)
(1982)
Budget
for
1981
5,03
0.20
1.16
1 38
O.JS
0.65
0.30
0.30
- 0.20
0.15
0.03
9.55
Sl.
Accounts Heads
No.
1. Pay and Allowances
2. Car Maintenance
3. Establishment Expenses (Rent,
Repairs, Electricity, etc.)
4. Stationery, Postage, Telephone,
Furniture, Equipment, etc.
5. Library
6. Travel Expenses
i) Staff
ii) Members-Advisory Council
and Advisory Panels
Iii) Consult an ts
7. Honorarium/Consulation Fee
8. Entertainment and Meeting
Expenditure
9. Audit Fee
TOTAL
For the Year 1982
Budget
Revised
Original
Expendi-
ture
4.91
5.36
4.89
0.25
0.25
0.23
1.07
1.10
1.01
1.36
1.41
1.33
0.18
0.15
0.14
1.21
0.70
1.14
0.35
0.35
0.31
0.35
0.35
0.32
0.15
0.23
0.04
0.22
0.15
0.25
0.03
0,03
0.03
10.()B
10.08
9.69
Approved
Budget
for 1983
6.00
0.25
1.34
1.55
0.18
1.00
0.35
0.40
0.40
0.18
0.03
11.50

15 Pages 141-150

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15.1 Page 141

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List dfl'utilications

15.2 Page 142

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Publications Financed by
Sl.
No.
Priced Publication
1. Status Study on Population Research in India
(i) Vol. I
: Behavioural Sciences
(ii) Vol. II
: Demography
(iii) Vol. III
: Bio-Medical
2. Population in India's Development by the year 2000 A.D.
Price
Rs
4. Studies in Family Planning: India
S. Strategy for Family Planning in the Indian Industrial Sector
8. India's Population: Aspects of Quality and Control (two
volumes)
9. Family Planning under the Emergency:
Policy Implications of Incentives and Disincentives
10. Family Planning Communication: A Critique of the
Indian Programme
11. Lectures on Contraceptive Pharmacology (Dr B C Roy Memorial
Lectures)
12. Communication for Social Marketing: A Methodology for
Developing Communication Appeals for Family Planning
Programme
13. Family Planning among Muslims in India

15.3 Page 143

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Family Planning Foundation
Prof Udai Pareek &
Dr TV Rao
Mr S P Jain
Prof G P Talwar
Dr Asok Mitra
Prof Ashish Bose
Prof P B Desai
Prof. J N Sharma (IASP)
'Mrs Kamla Mankekar
Dr (Mrs) Kamala Gopal Roy
'Prof C N S Nambudiri &
Prof Baldev R Sharma
Dr M N Srinivas &
Dr E A Ramaswamy
Dr Surjit Kaur
Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd.,
12/4 Asaf Ali Road, New DelhH10001
-do-
-do-
Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.,
5 Daryaganj, Ansari Road, Delhi-110006
Abhinav Publications,
E 3.7Hauz Khas, ~ew Delhi-llOOl6
-do-
Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
Sterling Publishers
AB/9 Safdarjang Enclave, New Delhi-l 10016
Abhinav Publications
Dr V A Pai Panandiker
R N Bishnoi
o P Sharma
Centre for Policy Research, New Delhi
Sumanta Banerjee
Dr Ranjit Roy Chowdhury
• PGI, Chandigarh
Prof L R Bhandari,
Indian Institute of Management,
Ahmedabad
Dr ME Khan
Operations Research Group, Baroda
Radiant Publishers,
E-155 Kalkaji, New, Delhi-llOOl9
Radiant Publishers,
E-155 Kalkaji New Delhi-llOOl9
Arun and Rajive pvt Ltd., Chandigarh
The Macmillan CompanY of India Ltd.,
4 Community Centre, Naraina Industrial Area,
.Phase.I, Delhi-l10028
Manohar Book Service
2 Ansari Road, Daryaganj,
New Delhi·llOOO2

15.4 Page 144

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Sl.
No.
IS. Gonadotropins and Gonadal Function (Proceedings of a
Conference held"in 1973)
16. Regulation of Growth and Differentiated Function in
Eukaryote Cells
17. Use of Non- Hum&n Primate in Bio-Medical Research
18. Neuroendocrine Regulation of Fertility
19. "Demography India" (Biannual Issue Journal)
20. Health for All
21. Urban Family and Family Planning in India
I'rice
Rs
US$59
20
27. XXIII Annual Conference of the Association of the
Physiologists and Pharmacologists of Indi;
28. International Symposium and Workshop on Biomedical
Engineering
.' "
29. Second Annual Conference of the Federation of the Indian
Societies of Endocrinology.

15.5 Page 145

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Dr K R Laumas, All India Institute
of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
Dr N R Moudgal
Prof M R N Prasad &
Prof T C Anand Kumar
Prof T C Anand Kumar
Indian Association for the
Study of Population (IASP)
ICSSR/ICMR/FPF
A R Desai
Asok Mitra
Shekhar Mukherji
Bhaskar D Misra
Ali Ashraf
Ruth Simmons
George B. Simmons
P.D. Malgavkar
V.A. Pai Panandiker
Ankur Publishing House, Uphaar Cinema Bldg,
Green Park Extension, New Delhi-ll0016
Academic Press Inc., New York
Raven Press, 1140 Avenue ofthe Americas,
New York-lOO36, USA
Indian National Science Academy,
1 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Deihi·ll0002
S. Karger, Basel, USA
Hindustan Publishing Corpn. (India),
C-74 Okhla Industrial Area, Phase I,
New Delhi-I 10020
Indian Institute of Education, Pune
Popular Prakashan Pvt. Ltd., 35C Tardeo Road,
Popular Press Building, Bombay 40034
Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd.,
13/14 Asaf Ali Road, New Delhi 110002
Radiant Publishers,
E·155 Kalkaji, New Delhi-110019
Somaiya Publications Pvt. Ltd.,
172 Mumbai Marathi Grantha Sangrahalaya Marg.
Dadar, Bombay 400314
Uppal Publishing House,
3, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi-llOOO2
Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd .•
L·I0 Green Park Extension. New Delhi-llOO29
Indian Institute of Technology and All
India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
Central Drug Research Institute,
Lucknow and K. G.'s Medical College.
Lucknow

15.6 Page 146

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Sl.
No.
30. An Across the Board Study of UNICEF's Involvement in
Population Activities in India
31. Social Development Aspects of Social Education
32. The Indian College of Allergy and Applied Immunology,
Xth Convention
33. XXVI International Congress of Physiological Sciences
35. The Mechanism of Action of Some Anti-Fertility Agents
on the Contractility of the Fallopian Tube
36. Family As a Unit of Welfare in National Planning
Proceedings of the Regional Asian Conference held in
New Delhi-17·21 October 1972
37. Abstracts-Symposium Lectures Fifth International Congress
on Hormonal Steroids, New Delhi -2.5 October-4 November
1978
,38. Proceedings of Family Planning Programme Strategy for
Medical Practitioners-Workshop Seminar
39. Contraceptive Technology: Relevant to Indian
Conditions
40. Research Utilisation, Priorities and Interface and the Role
of Family Planning Foundation
41. Incentives and Disincentives to Promote Family Planning

15.7 Page 147

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Dr K N George
Association of School of
Social Work in India
Dr (Mrs) A Dass
Dr J Behari and
ProfS K Guha
Status report by a
Biomedical Study Group
Dr V A Pai Panandiker
Prof P D Malgavkar
Family Planning Foundation
Indian College of Allergy and Applied
Immunology Medical College, New Delhi
Department of Physiology, All India Institute of
Medical Sciences, New Delhi·ll0016
Indian Council for Child Welfare,
4 Deen Dayal Upadhaya Marg, New Delhi-llOOOI
Centre for Biomedical Engineering, All
India Institute of Medical Sciences and
Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi
Indian Council of Social Science Research,
Delhi
Congress Secretariat Vth International
Congress on Hormonal Steroids-All
India Institute of Medical Sciences,
New Delhi
Indian Medical Association, IMA House,
Indraprastha House, New Delhi
Family Planning Foundation
Centre for Policy Research,
Dharma Marg, Chankyapuri, New Delhi-110021
Statesman Press, Connaught Circus,
New Delhj-llOOOl