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WASH Fact n Factors%2C Agra |
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03AGRA
THE CITY
Agra's population has grown 3.65 times
since 1961
Uttar Pradesh
Agra is known worldwide as the host city
of the Taj Mahal. It is one of the most
populous cities of the state of Uttar
Pradesh and India's 19th most densely
inhabited city according to the latest
census survey of 2011. It is located on the
bank of the river Yamuna, a sacred river but
one of the country's worst polluted rivers.
Agra
The Agra Municipal Corporation (AMC)
covers an area of 141 sq km. The city has
recorded a population growth rate of
32.24 percent during 2000-10 while the
state had a decadal growth rate of 29 percent.
The city’s current population density is
estimated at 12,386 persons /sq km.
Agra, city of International fame due to Taj
Mahal the world-class architectural heritage
scored poorly on sanitation indicators at
39.51 out of 100 in a survey conducted by
the Ministry of Urban Development, Govt.
of India. The city ranked 113 out of the 450
cities across the countries on count of
several indicators of sanitation.
Agra: Some Figures
Population
: 1,7,46,467*
Sex ratio
: 853
Decadal population
growth
: 32.24%
Number of slums : 417 (242 Listed,
165 Non listed) **
Families without
drinking water access : 40%**
(within premise)
Families without
sanitation access
(within premise)
: 22% **
* Census, 2011.
** Slum free Agra plan under Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY), (CURE-2011).
STATE OF
INCLUSIVE
WATSAN
IN CITIES
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03AGRA
THE INFORMAL CITY
In Agra, 49% of the total population
resides in slums
STATE OF
INCLUSIVE
WATSAN
IN CITIES
Government records indicate the
existence of 252 slums in the city in
2001. A vulnerability assessment
exercise carried out in the city, however,
put this number at 393. A survey carried
out in February 2011 by the Centre for
Urban and Regional Excellence (CURE), a
nonprofit organization, under the Cities
Alliance project for Citywide Slum
Upgrading Plan (CSUP) showed that the
number had increased to 417. This figure
has been verified and updated to 424
through community processes and was
considered the benchmark figure for a
baseline survey in December 2011. In
2012, CURE with the baseline survey
process and detailed survey of slums
through community participation
identified more slums taking the slum
figure to 460 with estimated population
of 883,106 for all 460 slums. The slum
population thus comprises 48.8 percent
of the city’s total population as per
Census 2011.
SLUMS' ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER
Access is limited and water supplied is
not suitable for domestic purposes
Only about 60 per cent of families have
drinking water facilities connected to
municipal water supply within their
premises. Although 96 per cent of people
own their premises, they are not able to
get municipal water connection.
Problems like lack of trunk infrastructure
and reluctance of water service providers
to give them legal water connections are
mostly responsible for this.
About 38% households have made their
own arrangements of water supply. They
have dug bore-wells or hand pumps to
extract ground water for domestic uses.
Location of Drinking Water Source
2.3%
38.5%
59.2%
Within premises Outside premises Both
Source of Drinking Water
used within premises
0.05%
12.11%
26.27%
61.57%
Municipal Tap or Piped water supply
Tube well with motor Hand Pump Others
Source: Slum free Agra plan under
Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY), (CURE-2011).
Community water sources, available on
the same street as their houses, are
accessible by about 53.6 per cent of the
slum population in the city.
However, water supply is not regular.
Water quality is a major concern as the city
draws water from the polluted Yamuna
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03AGRA
River. The water is not considered suitable
for drinking and cooking purposes.
SLUMS' ACCESS TO SANITATION
17 per cent of people defecate in the open
slums go into the open drains; some even
flooding the streets. This talks about the
poor sewerage system in the city.
Type of toilet facilities
2%
Most of households in slums of Agra do
have toilets at household level. It is found
out that a meagre 3 per cent of the people
use community toilets built by the
Corporation. As much as 17 per cent of
people defecate in the open. This can be
attributed either to the absence of
facilities or poor quality of maintenance
resulting in these facilities being
abandoned. Open defecation and ill
maintained community toilets both put
the slum dwellers into serious health and
environmental hazards.
An analysis of the in-house toilets finds
out that almost all of them are pour-flush
latrines. There are only a small
percentage of in-house latrines which are
flush toilets. Further, while only about 25
per cent in-house toilets are connected to
underground sewerage, about 33 per
cent have private septic tanks. 9 per cent
of households either have shared septic
tanks or discharge the waste material
directly into street drains. The overflows
of a majority of the septic tanks in Agra
3%
17%
78%
Individual
Open defecation
Community
Others
Source:
CURE Study
Report 2011
SEWERAGE’S SORRY STATE
Only 24% of the city covered under
sewerage system
Most of the city does not have sewerage
lines. Except a few pockets of the old city,
where pipes were laid as early as 1976, all
other areas remain uncovered. In fact,
only 24 per cent of the city is covered by
any form of sewerage lines. (AMC-2012)
Shoddy Sewer
} Wastewater generated daily (MLD) : 644
} Present operating capacity/
: 90.25
Capacity of Treatment Plants (MLD)
} Area covered under the sewerage : 17%
system
Source: Agra City Sanitation Plan, 2012, Administrative Staff
College of India (ASCI, Hyderabad)
STATE OF
INCLUSIVE
WATSAN
IN CITIES
City Development Plan Agra 2006
Water Supply Zones
Existing and Proposed Sanitation Plan
Source: CDP 2006
Source: CDP Agra,2006
Source: CURE 2012
Existing sewer pipe line
Proposed sewer pipe line
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03AGRA
STATE OF
INCLUSIVE
WATSAN
IN CITIES
The story does not end here. As per the
City Sanitation Plan (CSP), the existing
system which is spread over an area of
about 1400 hectares is bereft of proper
connectivity with the houses. This makes
the sewage flow directly into the open drains
putting the people, especially the slum
dwellers, into high risk of health hazards.
Further, the system is heavily silted and
hence chocked. In fact, it has also been
badly damaged at a number of places and
overloaded due to rapid population
growth. As the CSP rightly points out , this
improper means of disposals of
wastewater has also resulted in
environmental pollution and creates
unhygienic conditions.
A TURN AROUND
Agra has embarked upon a campaign to
turn slums free. The Slum Free Agra Plan
under the Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY), a
centrally sponsored scheme has been
developed by the city corporation and
the District Urban Development Agency.
A draft plan for making the city slum free is
ready. The plan proposes to upgrade,
redevelop or resettle all the slums in the city,
whether authorized or not, in a phased
manner. Rights to settlement are a major
provision of this plan. This is being
supported by the City Development Plan
formulated under the Jawaharlal Nehru
National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM).
Cities Alliance, a global partnership for
urban poverty reduction, is supporting
the city corporation to develop a CSUP
which will integrate all informal
settlements into the main city planning.
The CSUP incorporates, among others,
activities aimed at benefiting the city’s
poorest residents, including citywide
slum mapping.
CENTRE FOR
URBAN AND REGIONAL
EXCELLENCE
For more information please contact:
Health of the Urban Poor (HUP) Program
Population Foundation of India
B-28, Qutab Institutional Area, New Delhi-110 016, Tel: 91-11-43894166, Fax: 91-11-43894199
E-mail: info_hup@populationfoundation.in, www.populationfoundation.in
This document is made possible by the support of the American people through the United States Agency for International
Development (USAID). The contents are the responsibility of the Population Foundation of India and do not necessarily
reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government.