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Water and Sanitation WATSAN State Series Chhattisgarh HUP |
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Water and Sanitation
STATE SERIES 2012
CHHATTISGARH: NEW-FOUND LAND'S CHALLENGES
Health of the Urban Poor (HUP) Program
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Water and Sanitation: State Series, 2012
Chhattisgarh: New-found Land's Challenges
Prepared and published by
Health of the Urban Poor [HUP] Program
Population Foundation of India
B-28, Qutab Institutional Area, New Delhi - 110 016
Author
Rakesh Kumar
Special Inputs
Dr. Sainath Banerjee
Mr. Sanjoy Samaddar
Mr. Hemanta Kumar Mishra
Anand Rudra, USAID
Editing Support
Ranjan Panda
Shipra Saxena
Design & Layout
Sarita Singh
Photographs
HUP
Published
September, 2012
Copyright
The contents of this publication may be used freely, for not-for-profit purposes,
provided the users duly acknowledge the publishers. However, anyone intending
to use the contents for commercial purposes must obtain prior permission from
the publishers.
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Table of Contents
Abbreviations
4
In brief
7
CHAPTER 1. New State, New Issues
10
CHAPTER 2. Minimum Cities
13
CHAPTER 3. Catching Up
15
SPREAD BOX: Community Speaks
18
CHAPTER 4. Million Opportunities
21
CHAPTER 5. Doable, How?
23
List of Tables
Table 1: Demographic Highlights
10
Table 2: Houses Household Amenities and Assets: WATSAN Highlights 12
Table 3: Distribution of Population in Identified Slums
14
Table 4: The State Sanitation Goals up to 2025
17
List of Maps
Map 1: Households (%) treating water to make it safer for drinking
8
Map 2: Households (%) in urban areas having access to toilet facility 9
Map 3: Children (%) suffering from diarrhea in urban areas
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BCC
CARE
CCDU
CSO
DUDA
DGIZ
HUP
ICDS
IEC
JnNURM
NFHS
NSSO
NUHM
NGO
PPP
RSBY
SUDA
SHRC
TSC
UAD
ULB
UNICEF
USAID
Abbreviations
Behavior Change Communication
Co-operative for Assistance & Relief Everywhere
Communication and Capacity Development Unit
Civil Society Organisation
District Urban Development Agencies
Deutsche Gesellschaft fur International Zusammenerbeit
Health of the Urban Poor
Integrated Child Development Services
Information Education and Communication
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
National Family Health Survey
National Sample Survey Organisation
National Urban Health Mission
Non-Governmental Organisation
Public Private Partnership
Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana
State Urban Development Agency
State Health Resource Center
Total Sanitation Campaign
Urban Administration and Development Department
Urban Local Bodies
United Nations Children’s Fund
United States Agency for International Development
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R.P. Mandal (I.A.S)
Secretary
Govt. of Chhattisgarh
Urban Development
PREFACE
Phone : (Off.) : 0771-4080201
2221328
D.K.S. Bhawan, Mantralaya,
Room No. 261
Raipur, 492 001, Chhattisgarh
D.O. No.: 181/85
Raipur, Dated 5/12/11
It gives me great pleasure to learn that the USAID's Health of the Urban Poor (HUP) program
of the Population Foundation of India (PFI), implemented by Indian Institute of Health
Management Research, (IIHMR) Jaipur along with the support from the Government of India-
is releasing the State Water and Sanitation (WATSAN) profiles for Chhattisgarh. This
initiative provide our state with an opportunity to understand the effect of our works so far,
based on standard benchmarks and also plan our future strategy in providing the safe water
and sanitation facilities to all urban areas especially among the urban poor.
At the outset, I would like to note that, the state has been witnessing a rapid growth of urban
population due to the migration of a large number of rural populations for their livelihood
opportunities in recent decades. As per Census 2011 figures, the total population of
Chhattisgarh is around 26 million, of which 5.9 million stay in the urban areas. Looking at
urban water and sanitation scenario, considered as one of the essential indicators for
improved health outcomes and sustainable development, only 43% of urban households in
the state have piped water supply. About 37% urban households are dependent on common
water sources like hand-pumps and public stand posts, whereas significant households
availing the toilet facilities. Therefore, the State of Chhattisgarh is in the process of designing
and developing a sustainable model of urban development and taking planned steps to
increase access and effective coverage of water supply and sanitation facilities in urban
areas, especially for the urban poor.
The urban WASH Profile, while providing an overview of the urban challenges and status of
urban water supply and sanitation has a section on the way forward. This can be used in
understanding gaps and planning interventions as per the urban requirement and needs of
the people. The document also has a section that deals with community voices narrating the
grassroots endeavours on in the state.
I take this opportunity to extend my compliments to the Health of the Urban Poor (HUP) at PFI
and Indian Institute of Health Management Research for its praiseworthy contribution in
compiling the WASH profile for urban areas of Chhattisgarh. I am sure this document will of
immense help in planning for the people. It will help all concerned government departments,
non-government organizations and others who are concerned about and working on these
issues in the state.
I wish the HUP program all the best in achieving our common goal of providing safe drinking
water and sanitation facilities to all sections of the urban population.
Best wishes
R.P.Mandal
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Urbanisation and
industrialisation have
triggered massive
rural to urban
migration in the last
one decade. As
expected, this has led
to more slums in the
cities
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In brief
In Chhattisgarh, a growing urban population has compounded the existing problem of access
to safe drinking water. It has also deteriorated the overall sanitation conditions in slum
areas. The decade-old state is one of the fastest industrializing states of the country. Due to
its vast natural resource reserves more than 150 big and small corporates have invested here.
Urbanisation and industrialisation have triggered massive rural to urban migration in the last
one decade. As expected, this has led to more slums in the cities.
Slum dwellers usually opt for open defecation in the absence of proper sanitation facilities.
Lack of regular and adequate water supply adds to this problem. Ultimately, this leads to
unmanageable solid and liquid wastes that subsequently pollute water bodies and drinking
water sources. Thus, the morbidity rate among slum dwellers is very high. A study reveals the
average health expenditure of a family to be around 20-30 percent of the monthly income.1 It is
a huge economic burden that families cope with that cuts into other essential expenditures such
as education for children.
According to a recent survey on the state of cities, none of the state's cities qualify to be a clean
and green city as per the rating of the Ministry of Urban Development based on indicators like
access to toilets, safe disposal and reuse of waste water and solid waste, and overall quality of
supply water. Inadequate hygiene and sanitation conditions of the slums diminish the health
conditions of the women. It also limits their future life opportunities.
The morbidity rate
among slum
dwellers is very
high. A study
reveals the average
health expenditure
of a family to be
around 20-30
percent of the
monthly income
1 Findings of a base line survey conducted by world vision India, in Slums of Raipur, 2012.
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Raipur, the state capital of
Chhattisgarh, ranks 274 out of 440
cities of the country. Whereas
other cities like Durg, Raigarh,
Rajnandgaon, Bhilai, Korba, and
Bilaspur rank2 better than the
capital city despite the fact that
these are not clean and green cities
either. According to this ranking,
Raipur is on the brink of an
environmental emergency and
falls in the red category.
According to the
Annual Health
Survey of 2011,
around 51
percent of urban
households treat
water before uses.
However,
10 districts out of
the total 16 in
the state have
scored below
this average
The water and sanitation
(WATSAN) situation in the state's
slums is a matter of grave
concern.3 Indicators show that in slums the households' access to piped water supply is around
8.3 percent while access to sanitation facility is around 22 percent. In contrast to this, around
38 percent of the urban non-poor populations have access to piped water and around 95 percent
of them have access to sanitation. This signifies the gap between the urban poor and non-poor
in terms of access to WATSAN.
In the state, 93.1 percent households have
improved sources of drinking water in the
urban areas while around 7 percent are
dependent on non-improved sources.
Nearly 46 percent of urban premises have
a facility to collect water at their premises.
Water treatment prior to drinking is a
concern among the urban residents too.
Only 11 percent of urban residents prefer
to boil water; 33 percent filter it using a
cloth; 9.7 percent use a filter; and 14.1
percent follow other treatments. Quite
surprisingly it was found that nearly 42.5
percent urban residents do not treat the
water before using it.
WATSAN situation as AHS 2011 puts it
Safe Drinking Water: According to the
Annual Health Survey of 2011, around 51
percent of urban households treat water
before uses. However, 10 districts out of the
total 16 in the state have scored below this
average. (See Map 1 for details) This shows
that a large number of urban poor
households don’t treat water before
Map 1: Households (%) treating water to make it
safer for drinking
2 City Sanitation Ranking, 2009-10, MoUD, GoI.
3 NFHS-III, 2005-06.
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drinking. Jangir district having highest
population density in the state has the
lowest percentage of urban
households who treat water before
use.
Sanitation: The state’s 67 percent
urban households have access to
toilet. (See Map 2 for details) It
implies that around 33 percent of
urban households are defecating in
open. 56.3% of the urban households
of Mahasamund district defecates in
the open. This is the highest among
all districts of the state.
Overall Impact on the health: In
Chhattisgarh nine out of 100 children
in urban areas suffered from diarrhea
in the fortnight preceding the date of
the AHS. Out of 13 districts, eight
districts have higher incidence of
children suffering from diarrhea than
the state average of 8.4 percent in
urban area. (See Map 2 for details)
The government has taken up various
schemes and programs to prepare the
cities with the emerging challenges in
WATSAN. It has also empowered the
urban local bodies (ULBs) as key
facilitators for this mission. The ULBs
are encouraged to support the
community which can contribute
toward their maintenance charge of
the facilities provided. The
forthcoming National Urban Health
Mission (NUHM) also has a provision
to create Mahila Arogya Samities
(MAS), to seek community support
and also to generate awareness and
disseminate good hygiene practices.
Map 2 : Households (%)
in urban areas having
access to toilet facility
Map 3: Children (%)
suffering from diarrhea in
urban areas
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Chapter 1
New State, New Issues
Industrialization Spurs Urban Crisis in WATSAN
Chhattisgarh came into existence on November 1, 2000. Unlike many states, it covers 4.11
percent of the country’s area while hosting a 2.11 percent population. The state's total
population is 25.54 million4, out of which 23.4 percent live in urban areas spread over
182 towns (see Table 1). Since the last decade the state has contributed an additional 3.15 point
percent growth rate. The state has seen 41.83 percent decadal growth rate, with more migration
of females into urban areas in search of livelihood. It has lesser male-female ratio than rural and
even the total state ratio. More than half of the urban population lives in the “urban slums” and
this deprived population is far away from availing basic amenities.
In Chhattisgarh, the
WATSAN situation
in urban areas is a
cause for grave
concern. Around
24 percent of the
urban population
faces water
scarcity during the
summer season.
Forty-six percent of
the population has
individual water
connections and
29 percent of the
population has
access to a
common source of
water collection
The state's natural resources are enormous. Forests cover nearly 44 percent of the state's total
area. The average rainfall in the state is around 1,400 mm per annum and about 90 percent of
the total rainfall occurs in the monsoon season (July to September). The main sources of water
in the state are rivers, tanks, and groundwater. The state has important rivers such as Mahanadi,
Sheonath, Indravati, Arpa, Hasdeo, Kelo, and Rehar which provide a lifeline for the
socioeconomic development of the state. Of a total of 59.90 thousand million cu m surface
water, the usable surface water wealth in the state is 41.72 thousand million cu m, out of which
only about 7.50 thousand million cu m is currently tapped. Similarly, 11,600 million cu m
groundwater can be utilized out of the total 13,678 million cu m in the state.5 The state also has
a vast network of traditional water harvesting structures like small tanks.
Table 1: Demographic Highlights
Indicators
Population
Percent of rural urban population
Sex ratio
Sex ratio(0-6 years)
Literacy rate
Source: Census of India, 2011.
Total
25,540,196
991
964
71.04
Rural
19,603,658
76.76
1,002
972
66.76
Urban
5,936,538
23.24
956
932
84.79
In Chhattisgarh, the WATSAN situation in urban areas is a cause for grave concern. Around 24
percent of the urban population faces water scarcity during the summer season. Forty-six
percent of the population has individual water connections and 29 percent of the population
has access to a common source of water collection.
In sanitation, the state has to bridge a huge gap between urban demand and supply. This is
evident in some of the available literature that cites, in Raipur city alone, 57 percent of the
urban poor going for open defecation. It has one toilet per 463 urban populations.6 In a nutshell,
Raipur city has 1,603 toilets, 675 bathing units, and 550 urinals for a slum population of nearly
half a million.
4 http://censusindia.gov.in/ (Census 2011).
5 http://cg.gov.in/development/cdevelopment.htm#irrigation (dated April 9, 2011).
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Slum dwellers adjoining the railway tracks usually opt for open defecation. They neither have
proper space, nor do they have adequate water supply to take up individual toilets. As a result,
solid and liquid waste flows into the open drains. Consequently, the waste finds its way into the
rivers and other water bodies which are used by others for domestic purposes. This causes a
serious environmental hazard.
It is no wonder then that mortality and morbidity rates are high in slums. A study has revealed
that the average health expenditure of families in slums was around 20–30 percent of their
monthly income. This puts a burden on them and compels them to compromise on other
necessary household expenditures like education of children and family nutrition.
Slum dwellers
adjoining the
railway tracks
usually opt for
open defecation.
They neither have
proper space, nor
do they have
adequate water
supply to take up
individual toilets
As a matter of concern, none of the cities from the entire state got prominent ranking under the
clean and green city rating by the Ministry of Urban Sanitation and Housing. According to the
parameters set by the ministry, Durg ranked 79, Raigarh 119, Rajnandgaon 163, Bhilai 188,
Korba 203, and Bilaspur 233. Raipur city, falling under the red category as mentioned
previously, was found to be on the brink of an environmental emergency. Though the Total
Sanitation Campaign (TSC) has significantly impacted the sanitation situation, it may not be
adequate.
According to the latest Census 2011 report, while only 44.20 percent urban households drink
water from treated water supplied through taps, in the rural areas only 3.26 percent do so. The
total comes to 12.28 percent. In that sense we can say that nearly 90 percent of the state does
not drink treated water. The sanitation condition is also not very encouraging. Close to 75
percent of households in the state do not have latrines in their own premises. While this figure
comes to 60.19 percent for urban areas, for rural areas it’s a pathetic 14.53. For further details
of the figures as per Census 2011 see Table 2.
6 City Sanitation Plan, status report, 2010, carried out by German International (GIZ)
(http://nagarnigamraipur.com/Documents/JNURM/2.%20ANNEXURES_090211.pdf).
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Table 2: Houses Household Amenities and Assets: WATSAN Highlights
Indicators
Total
Rural
Urban
Households*
56,22,850
43,84,112
12,38,738
Households main source of drinking water (in %)
Tap water
Tap water from treated sources
12.28
3.26
44.20
Tap water from untreated source
8.37
5.58
18.24
Well
Covered well
0.82
0.78
0.95
Uncovered well
10.56
12.36
4.81
Hand pump
58.44
69.82
18.17
Tube well/Borehole
Spring
7.19
5.48
13.23
0.70
0.86
0.11
River/Canal
0.89
1.09
0.14
Tank/Pond/Lake
0.23
0.23
0.25
Other sources
0.51
0.51
0.49
Availability of drinking water within premises
19.00
10.33
49.67
Availability of drinking water near the premises
54.50
59.34
37.42
Availability of drinking water away from the premises
26.50
30.32
12.90
Households by type of latrine facility
Latrine facilities within the premises
24.60
14.53
60.19
Water Closet
Piped sewer system
10.13
4.29
15.12
Septic tank
67.52
52.07
80.72
Other system
7.61
14.66
1.60
Pit Latrine
With slab/ventilated improved pit
8.62
16.97
1.50
Without slab/ open pit
5.44
11.32
0.41
Other latrine
Night soil deposited into open drain
0.35
0.23
0.45
Night soil removed by human
0.05
0.08
0.02
Night soil serviced by animals
0.25
0.34
0.17
No latrine within the premises
75.40
85.47
39.80
Public latrine
1.89
0.37
13.46
Open
98.10
99.60
86.53
Note: *Households excluding institutional households
Source: “Houses Household Amenities and Assets, Figures at a Glance, Chhattisgarh”, Census of India, 2011
(Provisional).
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Chapter 2
Minimum Cities
Cities fight absence of data on state of WATSAN
With a rising urban population the urban poor's access to WATSAN is shrinking as
supply is not keeping pace with demand. Very limited data is available on the
quality of life in the slums of Chhattisgarh. The capital city of Raipur has 282 slums
accounting for one-third of the city’s population.
Rapid industrialization has resulted in the creation of slums and scanty towns around major
industrial hubs and large cities in the state. Living conditions in slums and other
complimentary issues like inadequacy of potable drinking water, lack of sanitation, housing,
and poor access to health services make people more vulnerable to health risks.
As per NFHS-III (2005-06) data, under-five Mortality Rate (U5MR) among the urban poor at 72.7
per thousand live births is significantly higher than the urban average of 51.9 per thousand live
births. More than 46 percent of urban poor children are underweight and almost 60 percent of
urban poor children miss total immunization before completing one year. Shortfall in supply of
safe drinking water, inadequate rain water harvesting, drains and underground sewerage and
solid waste management systems are some of the immediate challenges that need to be
addressed (see Table 3).
The National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) survey report in 2002 pointed out that, while
84 percent of notified slums in the country used tap water as their main water source, it was
Living conditions
in slums and other
complimentary
issues like
inadequacy of
potable drinking
water, lack of
sanitation,
housing, and poor
access to health
services make
people more
vulnerable to
health risks
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Nearly 44 percent
of non-notified
slums do not have
a drainage system
of any type,
whereas only
15 percent of
them do not have
any proper
drainage system
much less at 35 percent for the state of Chhatisgarh.7 Nearly 44 percent of non-notified slums
do not have a drainage system of any type, whereas only 15 percent of them do not have any
proper drainage system. More or less the same scenario is observed for toilets too. Nearly half
of the non-notified slums do not have a latrine at all. Only 17 percent of notified slums do not
have a latrine. However, the past few years have seen significant improvements in WATSAN
indicators in the slums.
Table 3: Distribution of Population in Identified Slums
S.No City Name
No. of
Slums
Population
No. of slums
with population
less than 200
1 Raipur
282
516,829
1
2 Rajnandgaon(w) 46
143,763
0
3 Dhamtari
20
45,620
0
4 Raigarh
34
40,185
0
5 Durg (slumwise) 58
59,495
1
6 Bhilai
51
161,392
0
7 Korba
62
159,703
0
8 Bilaspur
9 Sarguja
55
486,694
0
29
11,301
7
10 Total
582
1,624982
9
Source: Raipur Municipal Corporation 2010, Chhattisgarh state.
No. of slums
with population
200 to 1,000
84
0
0
0
26
7
12
0
22
151
No. of slums
with population
More than 1,000
197
46
20
34
31
44
50
0
0
422
7 http://www.wateraid.org/india/what_we_do/7518.asp
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Chapter 3
Catching Up
The government of Chhattisgarh is committed to providing improved drinking
water and sanitation services at the doorstep of every household
As far as program implementation is concerned, respective district municipal
corporations are empowered to take decisions under the leadership of the mayor and
the commissioner of the respective corporations. The State Urban Development
Authority (SUDA) is facilitating the entire process as the nodal agency for providing the
guidelines for implementation. Constructions relating to water supply work, including
pipelines and tube wells, are the domain of the Public Health and Engineering Department
(PHED), while maintaining water connections for individual supply of water is the sole
responsibility of the municipal corporation.
The quality of drinking water is an important aspect in the provisioning of this service. It is
observed that the raw water, which is carried by pumping mains from the source in most of the
cities, is quite suitable for domestic as well as industrial and other needs. However, due to some
illegal extractions, leakages in the pipelines, solid waste disposal near the water bodies and
other liquid wastes are adversely affecting the people.
The government of Chhattisgarh and many other agencies are working together in joint ventures
to provide basic amenities to the poorest of the poor. We present here a few.
The Government: The Urban Administration and Development Department of Chhattisgarh
(UAD) is the administrative department of the Directorate of UAD. It works in collaboration
The quality of
drinking water is an
important aspect in
the provisioning of
this service. It is
observed that the
raw water, which is
carried by pumping
mains from the
source in most of
the cities, is quite
suitable for
domestic as well as
industrial and other
needs. However,
due to some illegal
extractions,
leakages in the
pipelines, solid
waste disposal near
the water bodies
and other liquid
wastes are
adversely affecting
the people
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with the technical Cell, that is, the SUDA and DUDAs and the ULBs of the state. Municipal
corporations are primarily responsible to the Director, SUDA, for their day-to-day progress. In
the entire state, 10 cities fall under the category of the municipal corporations. The DUDAs are
the District Level Nodal Agencies to implement the schemes and programs entrusted to them by
SUDA in the district through the ULBs.
Public Health and Engineering Department (PHED): PHED is another key player, entrusted with
a pivotal role in managing safe drinking water supply in rural areas of the state. But for the
urban areas, department’s role is limited to the development of infrastructures for streamlining
the water supply. PHED has its own mechanism to carry out frequent checks and balance of
water bodies from where drinking water is being supplied from the source to the destinations,
the end users. The PHED identifies these contaminated water sources through its periodical
checks for appropriate actions. PHED is also responsible for implementing the TSC capturing
the rural areas, and in this direction, the department has attained the distinction of
demonstrating its effectiveness in converting several village panchayats as “Nirmal Gram.” As
a result, PHED has received several awards from the honorable president of the country.
Chhattisgarh does
not have any state
approved WATSAN
policy but it has
made some
provision to
address the needs
of the community.
Immediately after
coming into
existence, the
state framed
state policies on
numerous subjects,
including water in
congruence with the
National Water
Policy 2000
Communication and Capacity Development Unit (CCDU): The CCDU is a unit of the State
Water and Sanitation Mission. It is supported by the Government of India and UNICEF. It is an
institutional arrangement to carry out Information Education Communication (IEC), social
mobilization, and human resource development activities to create awareness and thus generate
demands for WATSAN services. CCDU is responsible for the effective implementation of the
TSC (but these are restricted to the rural areas of the state).
German International (GIZ): GIZ, a bilateral organization, is engaged as a technical agency to
support the municipal corporations for achieving the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) for
environment sustainability. In addition, GIZ supports the state agency in developing city-
specific sanitation plans.
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Table 4: The State Sanitation Goals up to 2025
Parameters (in %)
2010 2015 2020 2025
Access to improved sanitation (as % of total urban population)
Open defecation
52.5
65
47.5
35
80
100
20
0
Proper disposal and treatment of sludge from on-site installations
(septic tanks, pit latrines, etc.) (as % of sludge generation)
0
33
75
100
Solid waste management (managed-SW as % of total SW generated)
50
70
90
95+
Liquid waste management (managed-LW as % of total LW generated)
Appreciation of hygienic sanitation practices among citizens, especially
the urban poor (points on a scale of 100)
25
50
80
100
20
40
70
90+
User fee regime for Solid & Liquid waste management (as % of urban
population Covered
0
33
75
100
Network-based sewerage system
10
33
60
90
Municipal waste water treatment and recycling for reuse
0
25
50
80
Towns/Cities in Red Category1 at present (% of total ULBs)
100
75
50
0
Urban Population in Red Category at present (% of total urban population)
60
40
20
0
Keeping in mind the
Use of safety equipment by the sanitation Workers
5
25
50
100
national sanitation
Incidence of sanitation-related diseases (Base: 2010: 100)
Source: State Sanitation Strategy 2010, Government of Chhattisgarh
(http://www.indiasanitationportal.org/sites/default/files/Chattisgarh.pdf
100
75
40
10
policy framework,
Chhattisgarh
developed the state
Sulabh International: Sulabh International is another agency operating in the state for the sanitation strategy
management of community toilets with limited reach. It operates manned toilets on cost basis. in 2010. The
Nongovernmental Organisations (NGOs)/Development Partners: Chhattisgarh has a limited
number of NGOs or development partners working in WATSAN. This is the reason behind the
very low awareness about WATSAN among the urban poor.
strategy focuses on
the priorities of
sanitation plans.
Task Force: In continuation to the above and to strengthen the implementation plan, or city
sanitation plan (CSP), a city task force has been constituted with technical support from GIZ
and Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM). The core representatives of
this task force meet periodically to provide their inputs as well as to share strategies.
Moreover, it talks
about sanitized
cities and towns
Chhattisgarh does not have any state approved WATSAN policy but it has made some provision
to address the needs of the community. Immediately after coming into existence, the state
framed state policies on numerous subjects, including water in congruence with the National
Water Policy 2000. In line with the above policies and norms mentioned, the state government
came up with a document titled “Chhattisgarh Vision 2010” to prioritize its specific goals and
services. This vision document ensures universal coverage of safe drinking water. It says:
“Coverage of urban water service to meet prescribed norms i.e., 140 liters per capita daily for
cities with sewerage facilities.”
Keeping in mind the national sanitation policy framework, Chhattisgarh developed the state
sanitation strategy in 2010. The strategy focuses on the priorities of sanitation plans. Moreover,
it talks about sanitized cities and towns. In a nutshell, the overall strategy focus would be on
transforming urban cities totally into sanitized, healthy, and liveable cities and towns
(see Table 4).
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Community Speaks
Why?
The Chhattisgarh state WATSAN profile has been
compiled based on government policies, schemes, and
implementations. The state, through both central and
state schemes, has endeavored to ensure basic minimum
services to the urban poor in the area of health, nutrition,
and water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). However, we
wanted to visit some of the slum areas and see how these
programs are being implemented or are impacting the
condition of the urban poor. The following note is a result
of the Health for the Urban Poor (HUP) team’s visit to the
slums of Raipur city where discussions with the slum
dwellers captured their voices on the issues dealt with in
the state profile.
How?
We visited five slums in Raipur city. The slums are Sarthi
para, Ward no. 4 (Sahid Churamani Nayak Ward); Kabir
Nagar Slum, Ward no. 2 (Ram Krishna Paramhans Ward);
Jyoti Nagar Slum,Ward no.12(Manmohan Singh Bakhsi
Ward); Trimurti Nagar-I and Trimurti Nagar-II, Ward no.
21 (Rani Laxmi Bai Ward); and Satnami Para, Ward no. 12
(Manmohan Singh Bakhsi Ward). We conducted a Slum
Health Walk, had discussions with frontline workers like
the ICDS workers and NGO workers, and also held Focus
Group Discussion in these slums.
What?
Water Supply Facilities
Even though our observation said there was no water
scarcity in the slums we visited, communities
complained about poor services and other problems.
As Mrs. Manju of Kabir Nagar laments: “We only get
water supply for two hours a day. If this is extended to
more two hours, we would be much benefitted.” Our
observation is that the reason behind this may be the
wastage of water which brings the water to a level that
is below the surface of the soil during summer season.
It is worthwhile to mention that most of the slums are
equipped with bore wells connected to a small water
reservoir from the municipal corporation or ULBs. Very
often, irresponsible and unsocial elements steal the
taps and this creates the problem. Unfortunately, these
people are often from the same community, we have
observed. Complaining about the short hours of water
supply, social worker Laxmi Bai, who has been working
in Rani Laxmi Bai ward for the last 10 years, said, “The
scenario from the past has changed a lot. Earlier
provision of more numbers of public stand posts from
the municipal corporations was sufficient for the
residing families. But, suddenly all stand posts were
shut down and currently only one bore well in the area
is nurturing the families. It’s very difficult to sustain life
here, but we do not have any other choice. We are only
throwing a stone in the sky to have some remedies to
all these; no one is listening to us.”
In terms of quality, the water that is currently being
supplied in these slums is quite satisfactory.
Discussions with slum dwellers revealed that collection
of treated water practices among the households is not
very encouraging. The water handling practices too are
not satisfactory although the slum dwellers are
cleaning their water pots (made of plastic materials)
before collecting water.
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Sanitation Facilities
The slums are overcrowded. In most of the slums visited,
especially Jyoti Nagar, Ekta Nagar and Trimurti Nagar, it is
often difficult for people to find space to build individual
latrines. Community toilets seem to be the only option for
such slums. But Kabir Nagar has a completely different
situation. Here the government has constructed a new
three-storied building equipped with all basic amenities
and infrastructures. About 465 households with a
population of about 2,000 reside here in these houses
which have a room each with a kitchen and attached toilet.
However, we find new types of problems here. The toilets
provided are too small and hence people convert them
into store rooms. And, therefore, open defecation
continues. The only 15-seated Sulabh complex was also
not used properly due to its operation and management
problem as well as user fee charge. Only 10 percent of the
families use the Sulabh’s facility as per a study conducted
in the area. As Mrs. Shanti Devi revealed: “The community
toilets remain closed during 10 pm to 5 am. That is the
time we go out to defecate. For us, therefore, having a
toilet is like not having it.”
Mrs. Shanti rues, “We do not have sufficient space to
construct a toilet within our houses and hence we prefer
defecating in the open. “Even if we wanted to use the
Sulabh International’s community facility, we would not
been able to afford it. They are charging 2 rupees per day
per person”, she further complains.
As per our observations, there is a lack of knowledge
regarding proper use and maintenance of toilets.
Individual toilets as well as community toilets both were
not properly cleaned and maintained. Even the pay toilets
maintained by Sulabh need improvement with regard to
cleanliness.
Waste Management
Garbage is not collected regularly in any slum and this
needs immediate attention from the government. The
private contractors deputed by the government agency
or local body are not effective. People prefer to dump
their domestic wastes wherever convenient. However,
this is not the situation in all slums. In some slums, due
to proactive local bodies, the situation is quite
impressive.
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The state government
came up with a
document titled
“Chhattisgarh Vision
2010” to prioritize its
specific goals and
services. This vision
document ensures
universal coverage of
safe drinking water
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Chapter 4
Million Opportunities
The state has ample opportunity to fill the existing gaps pertaining to WATSAN
by administering both central as well as state-sponsored programs
The details of programs which are currently being run by the government are briefly given
here to understand their role in shaping the state in future.
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM)
The project is dedicated to the redevelopment of India’s cities. Under the sub-mission for basic
services to the urban poor (BSUP), the main thrust is on integrated development of slums by
providing a variety of basic services like shelter/housing, basic civic amenities and utilities.
Rajiv Awas Yojna (RAY)
With an aim of creating a slum-free India, the Government of India launched RAY to facilitate
affordable housing for slum dwellers. The centre will provide financial assistance to states
willing to assign property rights to slum dwellers for the provision of shelter and basic civic and
social services for slum redevelopment and for the creation of affordable housing stock under
the RAY scheme. The scheme has been designed on the basis of experience of the JnNURM sub-
mission of BSUP and the Integrated Housing and Urban Development Programme (IHSDP).
Under these schemes, the government seeks to take action for inclusive urban growth by
enabling redevelopment of slums with basic amenities and decent housing with security of
tenure.
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International
experience shows
that private sector
participation in the
WATSAN sector has
been limited ever
since liberalization
in the early 1990s.
The limited
potential that the
sector holds for
private sector
investment has also
not been exploited
Panchayati Raj System
The state's record in decentralized governance is encouraging. As far as the supply of safe
drinking water is concerned, several schemes are being implemented by the government to
ensure round the clock water supply in some of the districts under the Bhagirathi Nal-Jal Yojana
and Sarowar Dharohar schemes to enhance the accessibility of services to the reach of common
people.
Bhagirathi Nal-Jal Yojana8
Bhagirathi Nal Jal Yojana is an urban water management scheme launched by the government
in August 2009 which promotes inclusive urban growth through improved service to the poor.
The urban poor households who apply for the scheme would be provided with a free water
supply connection and the capital cost of the connection would be borne by the state
government. The applicant must pay the water charges as prescribed. The ULBs are the lead
implementing agencies of the scheme
Sarowar- Dharohar Yojna
The government has taken up an initiative to beautify the existing ponds in the state under the
Sarowar- Dharohar Schemes. Under this, new construction of ponds on government land is
promoted by the government to store water at the city level.
Private Sector
International experience shows that private sector participation in the WATSAN sector has
been limited ever since liberalization in the early 1990s. The limited potential that the sector
holds for private sector investment has also not been exploited. The state has started moving
toward exploring possibilities of engaging potential partners under the Public Private
Partnership (PPP) approach; there are several opportunities where private partners could be
involved in catering desired services to the urban poor. Program implementation through PPP
will further bring down costs and increase efficiencies by contracting out the operation and
maintenance (O&M) function. It is also important to bring communities on board in order to
enable financial efficiency as demonstrated in community-based organisation (CBO) managed
community toilets in many places across the country.
8 http://www.waterawards.in/2010-winner-profile-cg-suda.php
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Chapter 5
Doable, How?
Just treat the challenges as opportunities
In a suitable environment, and with the opportunities to bring in significant change, the
system has also faced many challenges, both administrative as well as financial. This is due
to the wide geographical region of the state that makes management difficult within a short
period of time. To make the state more approachable in terms of WATSAN these challenges
need to be addressed at the highest level in the government to achieve the MDGs.
Challenges
G Poor Water Supply Infrastructure in Slum Areas: Unfortunately, due to lower economic
profile, slum populations in the state were settled in a haphazard sequence and do not
fulfill the regulations laid down by the state government. In many cases, the state is yet to
identify the slums while many of them were unidentified due to their temporary nature.
Under such conditions, it is a challenge for the government to provide basic amenities and
services to its residents.
Unfortunately, due
G Poor Sanitation Coverage in Slum Areas: The problem of sanitation in slums is critical and to lower economic
complex due to high population density and poor and temporary quality of housing
infrastructure. In these areas, there is hardly any space left to install individual household profile, slum
latrines. This ultimately promotes the practice of open defecation amongst the populations in the
communities. In this sphere of complexity, community or shared toilets are the feasible state were settled in
a haphazard
sequence and do
not fulfill the
regulations laid
down by the state
government
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“We do not have
sufficient space to
construct a toilet
within our houses
and hence we
prefer defecating
in the open”
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solutions whereas O&M cost is a matter of concern for both government as well as
community. In contrast, experiences indicate that this requires a strong community
mobilization process. Slum dwellers don't have the security of land tenure. This
discourages them to make any user fee contribution toward infrastructure development and
the community fund for their O&M. This poses a key challenge in setting up of community
toilets. The state needs to get consent or agreement of landowning agencies for the
construction of such community toilets.
G Lack of Role Clarity among the ULB Members: According to the 74th amendment of the
constitution, the government has defined the roles and responsibilities of the ULB where
the prime responsibility is to provide safe WATSAN facilities. Lack of clarity about the
roles and responsibilities among the local body members is a key concern which leads to
unsatisfactory commissioning of programs in the city. There is a need to redefine the roles
and responsibilities of the ULBs, considering the larger framework for urban health.
G Lack of Coordination and Synergy between Line Departments and other Agencies:
Overlapping jurisdiction and absence of coordination and convergence among various
programs and activities is a serious problem. There is an urgent need for integrated and
unified arrangements for effective redressal of WATSAN problems in urban areas. Both
intra- and inter-departmental convergence will provide better services to beneficiaries.
This will facilitate better targeting of programs, effective identification of beneficiaries, and
participation of CBOs in the programs concerned.
G Negligible Involvement of Private Sector Players: Chhattisgarh is known as an industrial
hub due to its rich natural resources and electricity production. In spite of this, the state’s
contribution to urban development remains inadequate. The government must promote a
strong PPP policy with a symbiotic relationship where both the stakeholders involved must
benefit equally.
G Renovation of Old Pipelines: Unidentified or unattended leaks and very old pipelines are
the major causes of wastage of precious water in most cities. There is dire need to renovate
these old pipelines. This will ensure water supply to the last point, and also save water for
future generations.
Lack of clarity
about the roles and
responsibilities
among the local
body members is a
key concern
which leads to
unsatisfactory
commissioning of
programs in the
city. There is a
need to redefine
the roles and
responsibilities
of the ULBs
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G Solid Waste Management: This is another area which requires strong action to keep any
city clean and healthy. The state has witnessed remarkable growth in all areas. But,
simultaneously, it produces large amounts of waste material which could be recycled to
prevent environmental hazards. Currently, no such mechanism has been adopted by the
government.
G Lack of Community Participation: Lack of community participation in the development
process has become a great hindrance in making any government scheme a success. It
would be better to develop different levels of institutional mechanisms that ensure
community participation in planning, implementation, and monitoring.
G Poor Health and Hygiene Knowledge and Practices: There is a lack of health and hygiene
related knowledge and practices in slum populations. A strong behavior change
communication (BCC) and IEC campaign focusing on urban issues may help the system in
sustaining management and operation of WATSAN programs. Involvement of civil society
organisations (CSOs) may contribute significantly in this regard.
Way Forward and Opportunities
G Operation research: To get the perspective of community a concurrent research should be
conducted across the slums of the cities in the state, including the notified and un-notified
slums. Both scientific as well as sociological dimensions need to be incorporated in such a
research.
G Operational plan & Guideline: An effective and operational individual action plan has to
be designed for the slums with clear guidelines on provision of water security to all. Need
has been felt to converge different government schemes with each other to ensure its reach
to the poorest of the poor. With this, provision should be made to construct water sources
at a minimum distance from the doorsteps.
G Minimum User Charge: Equity based minimum user charge should be applicable to all the
households’ connections and public stand post of the state with ownership to the
community or user group. A digital bulk meter system can be tested on pilot basis in one of
the cities of the state.
G Rebate in water tariff: To promote community participation and ownership, the State
Government may introduce some incentives in terms of providing rebate in the water bill
where users groups are coming forward to take up the operation & management of public
stand posts.
G Promoting individual & community toilets: Construction of individual toilets under ILSC
schemes and other schemes may be promoted among the slum households where proper
land is available. In case of non- availability of land, community toilet may be constructed,
with operation & maintenance of the same vested with the user groups.
G System development: A proper solid waste management system should be worked out for
the slums with community participation.
G Alternative arrangement & Innovation: Looking into the current crisis of surface water in
the state during summer season, efforts should be promoted to construct water harvesting
structures to ensure regular supply of water more frequently.
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HUP in Chhattisgarh
Health of the Urban Poor (HUP) Program is supporting government of
India (GOI) and eight state governments and five cities in improving the
health outcomes in the urban areas. In Chhattisgarh, the HUP Program is
being implemented by the Institute of Health Management Research
(IIHMR), Jaipur with support from Population Foundation of India (PFI)
with funding support from USAID India. One of the major objectives of
HUP is to effectively address issues related to safe water and improve
sanitation as one of the health determinants especially for the urban
poor communities through technical support to the Department of
Health & Family Welfare (H&FW), Department of Women and Child
Development (WCD) and Department of Urban Administration and
Development (UAD). Urban Health Program has been rolled out in
identified 11 cities of the state. The notable interventions for this
program are documentation of state WATSAN profile and WATSAN Policy
review, development of training manual and approach paper on water
quality monitoring. HUP team Chhattisgarh has also supported National
Project Management Unit (NPMU), New Delhi in developing and
translating series of training manuals for front line workers and Urban
Local Bodies. HUP has facilitated various training programs for
Anganwadi and community workers on safe drinking water and seven
components of the sanitation. Advocacy efforts such as observing the
World Water Day event and convergence workshops are also being
conducted in the state. HUP has also placed a chapter on water and
sanitation in the booklet “Guideline on components under Chief Minister
Urban Health Program” published by the Department of Family Welfare,
Government of Chhattisgarh. This chapter would help the city PMUs in
effectively planning for WASH provisions.
For more information please contact:
Health of the Urban Poor (HUP) Program
Population Foundation of India
B-28, Qutab Institutional Area, New Delhi – 110 016, Tel: 91-11-43894166, Fax: 91-11-43894199
E-mail: info_hup@populationfoundation.in, www.populationfoundation.in
Local HUP Partner:
Indian Institute of Health Management Research (IIHMR)
P-42, Kavita Nagar, Behind Kashi Apartment, Avanti Vihar Main Road, Raipur, Chhattisgarh – 492 006
Tel: 91-771-3195200, 91-771-4000142
Website: www.iihmr.org
This document is made possible by the support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The
contents are the responsibility of the Population Foundation of India and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government.