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Water and Sanitation WATSAN State Series Uttarakhand HUP |
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Water and Sanitation
STATE SERIES 2012
UTTARAKHAND: AN UPHILL TASK
Health of the Urban Poor (HUP) Program
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Water and Sanitation: State Series, 2012
Uttarakhand: An Uphill Task
Prepared and published by
Health of the Urban Poor [HUP] Program
Population Foundation of India
B-28, Qutab Institutional Area, New Delhi - 110 016
Author
Merajuddin Ahmad
Special Inputs
Dr. Sainath Banerjee
Dr. Sneha Siddham
Dr. Bharti Dangwal
Anand Rudra, USAID
Editing Support
Ranjan Panda
Shipra Saxena
Design & Layout
Sarita Singh
Photographs
HUP
Published
September, 2012
Copyright
The contents of this publication may be used freely, for not-for-profit purposes,
provided the users duly acknowledge the publishers. However, anyone intending
to use the contents for commercial purposes must obtain prior permission from
the publishers.
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Table of Contents
Abbreviations
4
Preface
5
In brief
7
CHAPTER 1. Urban WATSAN: Coverage, Access, Functionality,
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and Outcome Related Indicators
CHAPTER 2. State Policy, Plan and Programs
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CHAPTER 3. Schemes
15
SPREAD BOX: Community Speaks
18
CHAPTER 4. Way Forward
20
List of Tables
Table 1: Demographic Highlights
10
Table 2: Houses Household Amenities and Assets: WATSAN Highlights 10
Table 3: Status of Water Supply in Uttarakhand
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Table 4: Methods Used for Water Treatment before Supply
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Table 5: Status of Sewage Generation and Treatment in Uttarakhand
12
Annexures
22
1. Groundwater Availability in Uttarakhand
2. Water Sources in the State
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Abbreviations
ADB
AUWSP
CAA
CCDU
CDP
CPCB
CSP
DNN
GAP
IHSDP
ILCS
JnNURM
LPCD
MLD
NFHS
NUSP
PPP
RAY
STP
UDD
UIDSSMT
UIG
UJS
ULB
UPJN
USAID
UUSDIP
VAMBAY
WATSAN
Asian Development Bank
Accelerated Urban Water Supply Programme
Constitution Amendment Act
Community and Capacity Development Unit
City Development Plan
Central Pollution Control Board
City Sanitation Plan
Dehradun Nagar Nigam
Ganga Action Plan
Integrated Housing and Slum Development Program
Integrated Low cost Sanitation
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
Litres per capita per day
Million litres per day
National Family Health Survey
National Urban Sanitation Policy
Public Private Partnership
Rajiv Awas Yojna
Sewage Treatment Plant
Urban Development Department
Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small and Medium Towns
Urban Infrastructure and Governance
Uttarakhand Jal Sansthan
Urban Local Body
Uttarakhand Pey Jal Nigam
United States Agency for International Development
Uttarakhand Urban Sector Development Investment Program
Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojna
Water and Sanitation
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P.C Kimothi
Secretary Appraisal
Phone: 0135-2676260,
Fax: 0135-2676177
e-mail: secyapl-js-ua@nic.in
UTTARAKHAND JAL SANSTHAN
Jal Bhavan, “B” Bl ock Nehru Col ony
Dehradun 248001
PREFACE
I am happy to learn that the Population Foundation of India (PFI), through its Health of the Urban
Poor (HUP) programme - being implemented by Plan India, Uttarakhand with the support of
Government of India - is releasing a state Water and Sanitation (WATSAN) profile for Uttarakhand.
This is a timely and worthy initiative as it will provide us the opportunity not only to reflect upon what
we have already done, through a broad benchmarking, but also plan our future strategies to bring
in sustained efforts in provisioning water and sanitation facilities to all the urban people, especially
the poor and other vulnerable sections of the society.
At this outset, I would like to note that, Uttarakhand, a newly formed state, has been witnessing
rapid urbanization in recent decades. As per Census 2011 figures, the urban population of
Uttarakhand is 3.09 million which is 30.55% of the total population out of 10.11 million. Urban water
and sanitation scenario is considered as one of the essential indicators for improved health
outcomes and sustainable development. About 85 percent of the urban population in the state has
access to piped water supply through individual connections and stand posts and the rest rely on
independent supply through shallow tube wells with hand pumps. About 93 percent of the
population, residing in urban areas has household sanitation arrangements. Towards this, our state
is taking planned steps to increase access and effective coverage of water supply and sanitation
facilities in urban areas, especially for urban poor. Through its vision 2020, the Government of
Uttarakhand has made a commitment to reform, and to support enhanced economic growth.
Uttarakhand Jal Sansthan in conjunction with Asian Development Bank and JnNURM has infused
life through financial introduction and technology application in the drinking water, sewerage and
sanitation project work in Uttarakhand with results being visible and hinting at huge progressive
outcomes. We are sure this report will provide further support to all these initiatives.
The urban WASH Profile, while providing an overview of the urban challenges and status of urban
water supply and sanitation, also provides a section on the way forward. This can be used in
understanding gaps and planning interventions as per urban requirement and needs of people. The
document also has a section that deals with community voices and hence narrates the grassroots
endeavors going on in the state.
I take this opportunity to extend my compliments to the Health of the Urban Poor (HUP) at PFI and
Plan India for this noble and praiseworthy contribution they have put in by compiling the WASH
profile for urban areas of Uttarakhand. I am sure this document will be a vital one at the hands of all
concerned departments with the government, the non-government organizations and others who
are concerned about these issues of the state.
With Best Wishes
(P.C KIMOTHI)
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Unplanned development together with rapid urban
growth and the inflow of tourists and
pilgrims has critically impacted the urban
environment of Uttarakhand.
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In brief
Urbanization picks up in the state demanding greater and faster attention to
urban water and sanitation issues
Uttarakhand is located in the northern part of India bordering Nepal on the east, Haryana
to the west, Himachal Pradesh to the northwest, Uttar Pradesh to the south, and Tibet
Autonomous Region on the north. The state is widely known for its tourist sites. The
state has few old urban settlements like Dehradun, Nainital, and Mussoorie. Out of the state's
total area of 51,125 sq km, mountains cover 93 percent areas.
Uttarakhand, though dominantly rural, is fast urbanizing, particularly in districts like
Dehradun, Nainital, Haridwar, and Udham Singh Nagar. This is putting tremendous pressure
on water availability, sanitation, and degeneration of land due to construction of new houses
and avenues. In Dehradun, which is the interim capital of Uttarakhand, the problems of
depleting forest, shrinking agricultural land, and increasing vehicles are adding new
dimensions to the environmental degradation. According to the 2011 census, the urban
population of Uttarakhand is 3.09 million, which is 30.55 percent of the total population. It is
projected that by 2026 the share of urban population is likely to rise to 37.3 percent, making
Uttarakhand one of the seven most urbanized states in the country.1 This means Uttarakhand
will be more urbanized than states like West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, and Kerala.
According to the
2011 census,
the urban
population of
Uttarakhand is 3.09
million, which is
30.55 percent of
the total
population. It is
projected that by
2026 the share of
urban population is
likely to rise to
37.3 percent,
making
Uttarakhand one of
the seven most
urbanized states in
the country
1 Census of India, 2011, Directorate of Census, Uttarakhand.
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Most of the towns in the state have grown in an
unplanned manner causing immense pressure on
urban infrastructure and services
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Chapter 1
Urban WATSAN
Coverage, Access, Functionality, and Outcome Related Indicators
Unplanned development together with rapid urban growth and the inflow of tourists and
pilgrims has critically impacted the urban environment of Uttarakhand. Sprawling
slums are now so commonly associated with cities like Dehradun, Haridwar, etc., that
they have become unremarkable. They signify a phenomenon that is rapidly becoming one of
the most complex challenges—urban poverty. Most of the towns in the state have grown in an
unplanned manner causing immense pressure on urban infrastructure and services. Some of the
major rivers2, drinking and irrigation water sources for many states downstream from
Uttarakhand have silted up and been polluted due to the unplanned urban development and
industrial activities. These rivers are often used for the disposal of solid waste.
According to the 2011 census the state’s total urban population is about 3 million that stands at
about 30 per cent of the total population (see Table 1). This hilly state’s population is getting
urban in a fast pace. This is noticed from the decadal population growth rate that shows the
urban population grew by 41.86 per cent during 2001-2011, which is near about four times that
of the rural population (see Table 1).
In the state's
urban areas,
78.4 percent of
the households
have access to
piped water supply.
However, number
of households
using tap water
from treated
sources is only
72.7 percent
2 Some of the rivers have immense religious significance.
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Table 1: Demographic Highlights
Indicators
Population
Percent of rural urban population
Sex ratio
Decadal Population Growth rate (%)
Child Sex ratio 0-6 years
Literacy rate
Source: Census of India, 2011.
Total
10116752
963
19.17
886
79.63
Rural
7025583
69.45
1000
11.34
894
77.11
Urban
3091169
30.55
883
41.86
864
85.20
In the state's urban areas, 78.4 percent of the households have access to piped water supply.
However, number of households using tap water from treated sources is only 72.7 percent (see
Table 2). In some towns where sweet groundwater is available, many do not depend on the
85.9 percent of
urban households
have water closets
and 6.6 percent of
urban households
have pit latrines
whereas 1.1
percent have other
latrines
Table 2: Houses, Household Amenities and Assets - WATSAN Highlights
Indicators
Total
Rural
Households
19,97,068
14,04,845
Households main source of drinking water (in %)
Tap water
Tap water from treated sources
53.9
46.0
Tap water from un-treated source
14.3
17.9
Well
Covered well
0.7
0.9
Uncovered well
0.4
0.6
Hand pump/
22.0
24.1
Tube well/Borehole
2.0
1.5
Spring
1.1
1.5
River/Canal
0.9
1.2
Tank/Pond/Lake
0.7
1.0
Other sources
4.0
5.3
Availability of drinking water within premises
58.3
45.4
Availability of drinking water near the premises
26.6
34.5
Availability of drinking water away from the premises
15.2
20.1
Households by type of latrine facility (%)
Latrine facilities within the premises
65.8
54.1
Flush/Pour Flush latrine connected to Piped sewer system 11.8
3.4
Septic tank
40.0
34.5
Other system
1.4
1.5
Pit Latrine
With slab/ventilated improved pit
11.3
13.5
Without slab/ open pit
0.6
0.7
Other latrine
Night soil deposited into open drain
0.3
0.1
Night soil removed by human
0.2
0.2
Night soil serviced by animals
0.1
0.1
No latrine within the premises
34.2
45.9
Public latrine
1.1
0.9
Open
33.1
45.0
Source: Census of India, 2011, Analysis of House listing and Housing census data, Uttarakhand
Urban
5,92,223
72.7
5.7
0.1
0.04
17.1
3.1
0.06
0.1
0.2
0.8
88.7
7.8
3.5
93.6
31.7
53.1
1.2
6.2
0.4
0.8
0.2
0.1
6.4
1.7
4.7
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municipal supply and rely on independent supply through shallow tube wells with hand
pumps. The state's 63 towns can be classified into three main categories on the basis of rate of
water supply: 25 towns have water supply over 135 lpcd, 17 towns between 70–135 lpcd, and
21 towns less than 70 lpcd.3 So, though all the towns have piped water supply, only 25 towns
have adequate water supply. The remaining 38 towns need augmentation of water supply and
extension of the distribution system.
In most cases, unaccounted for water (UFW) due to leakage in the pipeline and drop in
production efficiencies is reported to be around 30–50 percent.4 As a result, per capita supply
rate is restricted to 70 liters per day or even less for a substantial proportion of the urban
population. Erratic supplies and leaky networks result in system contamination during periods
of zero or negative system pressure, compromising water quality.
As per the town reports of the state government, groundwater is the main source of water in three
major cities—Dehradun, Haridwar, and Nainital. Dehradun draws 76 percent of its total water
needs from ground sources, while Nainital draws 93 percent of its total supply from ground
sources. In Haridwar, about 60 MLD of water is abstracted through 44 wells of different kinds.
The supply situation is critical in the hilly regions. The major sources are generally the small
streams, rivulets, or springs, which often dry up during the dry months, except in towns situated
beside the river Ganga. Several hill towns are located at higher altitudes, whereas the natural
water sources flow at a much lower altitude. Sometimes, the difference in altitude is so great that
multistage pumping is required to lift water from the source to the towns. The cumulative energy
cost in multistage pumping coupled with greater wear and tear makes the cost of water supply
large and frequently unaffordable. Moreover, the discharge in springs is decreasing and also
getting contaminated. Water supply status and the treatment method before supply in Class I
cities and Class II towns of Uttarakhand is depicted in Table 3 and Table 4 respectively.
Several hill
towns are
located at higher
altitudes, whereas
the natural water
sources flow at
a much lower
altitude.
Sometimes,
the difference
in altitude is
so great that
multistage
pumping is
required to lift
water from the
source to the
towns
Table 3: Status of Water Supply in Uttarakhand
City/Town
Type of city
Total water supply
(in MLD)
Per capita water
supply (in MLD)
Dehradun
Class I
95.09
172
Haridwar
Class I
63.6
295
Haldwani cum Kathgodam
Class I
27
170
Roorkee
Class I
15.96
141
Rudrapur
Class I
5.9
57
Rishikesh
Class II
11.34
163
Source: Status of Water Supply, Wastewater Generation in Class I Cities & Class II Towns of India, Central Pollution
Control Board, 2009-10. Henceforth, CPCB (2009-10).
Table 4: Methods Used for Water Treatment before Supply
City/Town
Methods used for treatment
Dehradun
Haridwar
Rudrapur
Rishikesh
Shaktigarh
Kicha
Khatima
Sitagarh
Source: CPCB (2009-10).
Disinfection
N/A
Chlorination
N/A
Chlorination
Chlorination
Chlorination
Chlorination
3 Annual Plan, 2010-11, State Planning Commission, Government of Uttarakhand.
4 ADB Uttaranchal Urban Development Project, 2007.
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There are many identified and unidentified slums in the state. For instance, Haridwar has about
20 main slums and another 29 minor poverty pockets or slums, accommodating about 47
percent of the total population. Approximately, 7.6 percent of them are below the poverty line.5
According to information available from the Dehradun Nagar Nigam (DNN), presently the city
has 118 slums scattered across the city that include the unregistered ones.
Urbanization brings in its own set of problems. Natural springs and gadheras (like rivers and
streams) serve as major sources of water. But there are definite signs of their decline due to
deforestation. Small towns and villages in hilly areas of the state draw water from surface
sources like gadheras. But pollution has left their water unfit for consumption. The Uttarakhand
Jal Sansthan (UJS)6 is responsible for supplying water to the cities.
In slums, water supply is a major problem. Duration of supply is mostly one to two hours,
morning and evening, with low pressures at various delivery points. Many in the slums
complain about the poor quality of water.
Sanitation coverage in urban areas paints an encouraging figure in so far as access to latrines are
concerned. Around 93.6 percent of urban households have latrine facility within the premises.
85.9 percent of urban households have water closets and 6.6 percent of urban households have
pit latrines whereas 1.1 percent have other latrines. It is a matter of concern that 6.4 percent of
urban households still do not have latrines within the premises. 1.7 percent of this use public
latrines but 4.7 percent defecate in the open. Table 2 details the household status in terms of
water and sanitation coverage in the state.
While 20 towns have partial sewerage, only two towns (Haridwar and Rishikesh) have sewage
treatment facilities (see Table 2). Out of the 63 towns, 20 have partial sewerage systems,
coverage ranging between 30 to 75 percent. In the hill towns, the situation is worse as most of
the wastewater is directly disposed into natural water courses threatening public health.
It is a matter of
concern that 6.4
percent of urban
households still do
not have latrines
within the premises
Table 5: Status of Sewage Generation and Treatment in Uttarakhand
City/Town
Total sewage ( in MLD)
Treatment capacity (in MLD)
Dehradun
Haridwar
76.1
-
39.6
18.0
Rishikesh
10.7
6.3
Roorkee
11.0
-
Kathgodam Haldwani
17.3
-
(disposal in tributary-Ramganga)
Kashipur (disposal in Kosi)
9.4
-
Rudrapur (disposal in Yamuna)
8.5
-
Source: CPCB (2009-10).
Besides sewerage, other alternative sanitation systems (for example, septic tanks and
soakaways) are prevalent in the state.7 Inadequate coverage of area under the sewerage system
and unserviced new areas require immediate intervention and careful planning with adoption
of appropriate technology to take care of environmental and health concerns. Decentralized
systems need to be promoted in the state as 100 percent centralized sewerage connections
cannot be achieved due to the undulating topography.
5 City Development Plan, Haridwar, 2007, JnNURM-Urban Development Directorate, Government of Uttarakhand.
6 Uttarakhand Pey Jal Nigam (UPJN) is responsible for construction of water supply and sewerage systems (WSS), and the
Uttarakhand Jal Sansthan looks after its operation and maintenance, although in some areas the functions overlap.
7 Primary responsibility for providing urban infrastructure and services (except water supply and sewerage), including on-site
sanitation, solid waste management, storm water drainage, road maintenance, street lighting, and slum improvement lies with
urban local bodies (ULBs).
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Chapter 2
State Policy, Plan and Programs
Uttarakhand is in the process of preparing master plans of Water Supply,
Sewerage & Drainage
Amajor thrust of the government’s urban policy is the implementation of urban local
government provisions under the Panchayati Raj Act. At the state level, the state
government’s urban policies and plans reiterate those of the national strategies and
reflects increasing outlays on urban infrastructure. The Uttarakhand Urban Sector Development
Investment Programme (UUSDIP) aims at improving both the quantity and quality of water
supply to established standards by improving on existing networks. By the end of 2017, the
UUSDIP will provide sewage treatment in 31 towns. The sewer networks will mostly cover the
town core area. In the outskirts, where extending such a facility will not be economical due to
scattered habitation or geographical constraints, onsite sanitation will be provided.
The Program aims to cover around 300,000 poor people accounting for about half the state's
slum population. A statewide slum policy is being prepared to address the problems of the
slums and provide security to residents in slums and poor settlements.
Under the National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP), cities in the state will bring out city
sanitation plans (CSPs). The urban local bodies (ULBs) intend to strengthen the existing
sanitation work with the help of sanitation plans. Implementation of CSPs would generate
The UUSDIP
aims at improving
both the quantity
and quality of
water supply
to established
standards by
improving on
existing networks.
By the end of 2017,
the UUSDIP will
provide sewage
treatment in
31 towns
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awareness on sanitation in the city. The ULBs, with the help of the CSPs, will gear up their
approach toward sanitation with the ultimate aim of keeping the cities clean and garbage free.
All the 63 ULBs of Uttarakhand have been instructed to prepare CSPs under the NUSP 2008.
The state is planning to develop all the cities in an integrated pattern. In its Vision 2020, the
government of Uttarakhand has committed to pursue reforms in this regard to support enhanced
economic growth. To achieve this mission, preparation of master plans of Water Supply,
Sewerage & Drainage is in progress.
Under the
Uttarakhand
Viability Gap
Funding Scheme,
2008, the state’s
department of
finance has been
promoting Public
Private Partnership
(PPP) in physical
and social
infrastructure in
the state
Most of the urban infrastructure programs in the state are being implemented under the UUSDIP
and Jawaharlal Nehru Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM) reforms. The government of
Uttarakhand is the executing agency for all sub-project components of the UUSDIP, including
both Asian Development Bank (ADB) and JnNURM funded components, and it is responsible
for the overall management of the Program in the state.
JnNURM is aimed at equitable and responsive cities. In Uttarakhand, three towns—Dehradun,
Haridwar, and Nainital—have been identified under this scheme. The Urban Development
Department (UDD) of Uttarakhand is the executing agency for JnNURM components in the state.
Under the schemes, the following projects have been approved by the Government of India. Of
the 63 JnNURM cities, three cities of Uttarakhand have prepared city development plans
(CDPs). They are Dehradun, Haridwar, and Nainital. The CDP is intended to provide a
perspective for development for the next 20–25 years, keeping in view longer term growth until
the year 2036, in the areas of water supply, sewerage, storm water drainage, and solid waste
management. Various components have been sanctioned by the Government of India and are
being implemented in the state. The Government of India has also approved the Mussoorie
sewerage system projects under the Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small and
Medium Towns (UIDSSMT), which is under progress at present. Under the Uttarakhand
Viability Gap Funding Scheme, 2008, the state’s department of finance has been promoting
Public Private Partnership (PPP) in physical and social infrastructure in the state. This includes
schemes related to water and sanitation.
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Chapter 3
Schemes
The state is implementing a number of schemes and programmes to abate
pollution of rivers and make WATSAN a reality for the urban poor
Pollution Abatement Scheme - GANGA ACTION PLAN8
Pollution abatement schemes executed under the Ganga Action Plan are to be
maintained by the state government as per the requirement of the National River
Conservation Directorate (NRCD), Government of India, New Delhi.
In order to prevent the pollution of the river Ganga it is proposed to cover 10 towns in Garhwal
region under the Ganga Action Plan Phase-II. Since August 2008, the NRCD, Government of
India, has also granted administration and financial sanction of Infrastructure and Development
(I&D) and Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) project for Badrinath, Karanprayag, Rudraprayag, and
Devprayag under GAP-II on a 70:30 cost sharing basis. 305 MLD of sewage flows into the river,
produced by the towns on the banks of the rivers Bhagirathi and Alaknanda, out of which only
65.76 MLD is treated. Therefore, 238.77 MLD sewage needs to be treated.
Accelerated Urban Water Supply Program (AUWSP)
The Accelerated Urban Water Supply Programme (AUWSP) is a centrally sponsored scheme.
The central and state governments share the cost of the scheme equally, that is, 50:50. In 22
small towns of Uttarakhand, with a population of less than 20,000, the scheme has been
completed under AUWSP.
Integrated Low Cost Sanitation (ILCS) (Central State Share [CSS] 75:15:10)9
This is a centrally sponsored scheme in which the center’s share is 75 percent, the state’s share
is 15 percent, and the beneficiary’s share 10 percent. The scheme envisages conversion of
existing dry latrines into water seal toilets with super structure and construction of new ones to
households belonging to the Economically Weaker Section (EWS) category who have no latrines
in the urban area.
Integrated Housing & Slum Development Programme (IHSDP) (CSS 80:20)10
The Integrated Housing & Slum Development Programme (IHSDP) aims at combining the
existing schemes of Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojna (VAMBAY) and National Slum
Development Program (NSDP) under the new IHSDP Scheme for an integrated approach in
ameliorating the conditions of the urban slum dwellers who do not possess adequate shelter
and reside in dilapidated conditions.
305 MLD of
sewage flows
into the river,
produced by the
towns on the
banks of the
rivers Bhagirathi
and Alaknanda,
out of which only
65.76 MLD is
treated. Therefore,
238.77 MLD
sewage needs to
be treated
The scheme applies to all cities/towns, except mission towns covered under JnNURM. New
DPRs are being prepared in Uttarakhand.
8 State Annual Action Plan, 2010-11 (spc.uk.gov.in/pages/display/56-2010-11).
9 Ibid.
10 Ibid.
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Basic Services to the Urban Poor (BSUP)
In order to cope up with the massive problems that have emerged as a result of rapid urban growth,
it has become imperative to draw up a coherent urbanization policy/strategy to implement projects
in select cities on mission mode. The mission on BSUP will cover slum improvement, development
of basic amenities and services, solid waste management, street lights, housing/shelters besides
health, education, and social security of the citizens in mission towns.
The Integrated
Housing & Slum
Development
Programme
(IHSDP) aims at
combining the
existing schemes
of Valmiki
Ambedkar Awas
Yojna (VAMBAY)
and National Slum
Development
Program (NSDP)
under the new
IHSDP Scheme for
an integrated
approach in
ameliorating the
conditions of the
urban slum
dwellers
Integrated development of slums, that is, housing and development of infrastructure projects in
the slums in the three identified cities (Dehradun, Haridwar, and Nainital) of Uttarakhand is
being covered under JnNURM through BSUP. The key projects involved are:
G Development/improvement/maintenance of basic services to the urban poor.
G Slum improvement and rehabilitation projects.
G Projects on water supply/sewerage/ drainage, community toilets/baths, etc.
G Houses at affordable costs for slum dwellers/urban poor/EWS/lower income group (LIG)
categories.
G Construction and improvements of drains/storm water drains.
G Civic amenities, like community halls, childcare centers, etc.
G Convergence of health, education, and social security schemes for the urban poor.
Pro-Poor Reforms under BSUP in Dehradun (up to January 2012) include:11
G Basic civic amenities and infrastructures development in slum area is going on & Nagar
Nigam resolute on slum related issue.
G Implementation of 7-point charter provision (affordable housing, water supply, sanitation,
land tenure, social security, health, education) of services to the urban poor.
G Social security schemes are being implemented in slum areas for the benefit of the urban poor.
Swarn Jaynti Shahri Rozgar Yojna (SJSRY) schemes are also being implemented in slum areas.
Rajiv Awas Yojna (RAY)12
Encouraged by the popularity of the JnNURM, the president of India announced a new scheme
called Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) on June 4, 2009. The Scheme was approved by the Cabinet on
June 2, 2011.
G Objective being to create a “Slum Free India” through assignment of property rights and
housing for the poor.
G Implementation of RAY in two phases:
Phase I (2011–13): covering innovative and pilot projects.
Phase II (2013–17): will cover the remaining period of the Twelfth Five Year Plan.
G RAY will be run in Mission Mode.
G Selection of cities in consultation with the center.
G Cities selected in the first phase of RAY are Dehradun, Haridwar, and Nainital.
G Steps taken so far/physical progress:
Creation of a database for slum upgradation: Conducting a slum survey, creation of
both—a slum Management Information System (MIS) system and a Geographic
Information System (GIS) database.
Policy-level initiatives: Development of a Slum Policy Draft, initiate assigning property
rights to slum dwellers, release government order to reserve 8 percent built up land for
EWS housing for preventing future growth of slums.
Administrative-level initiatives: Setting up of state/city Technical Resource Cells and
formation of committees at state, division, and district levels.
11 From the Dehradun Nagar Nigam.
12 RAY, Nagar Nigam, Dehradun.
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Chief Minister Nirmal Nagar Puruskar Yojna
On the 10th anniversary of the state, the chief minister announced the Nirmal Nagar Puruskar
Yojna. The goal of this Scheme is to make urban areas of Uttarakhand environmentally clean
and hygienic. Under this Scheme, there is a provision for rewarding ULBs, which has provided
good services. The ULBs that have satisfactorily performed the tasks of garbage collection,
segregation, processing of biodegradable waste, recycling of non-biodegradable component and
its reuse, and scientific land filling of the remains, together with achieving open defecation free
cities as per the national sanitation policy, are entitled to avail yearly awards.
Award amount:
G Nagar Nigam/Nagar Palika Parishad: Rs 50 lakhs, Rs 25 lakhs, and Rs 10 lakhs for first,
second, and third positions respectively.
G Nagar Panchayat: Rs 25 lakhs, Rs 20 lakhs, and Rs 10 lakhs for first, second, and third
positions respectively.
On the 10th
anniversary of
the state, the
chief minister
announced the
Nirmal Nagar
Puruskar Yojna.
The goal of this
Scheme is to make
urban areas of
Uttarakhand
environmentally
clean and hygienic
Uttarakhand Viability Gap Funding (VGF) Scheme, 2008
The Department of Finance, Government of Uttarakhand, has initiated the Viability Gap
Funding Scheme 2008 vide Office Memorandum No. 474/XXVII(7)/2008 dated December 17,
2008. This Scheme is designed to promote PPP in physical and social infrastructure in the state.
This Scheme is applicable for projects that meet the following criteria:
1. The Project shall be implemented, that is, developed, financed, constructed, maintained,
and operated for the project term by a private sector entity to be selected by the government
through a process of open competitive bidding.
2. The PPP project for physical infrastructure will include all the sectors eligible as per
provisions of the VGF Scheme of the Government of India including
G Urban transport, water supply, sanitation sewerage, solid waste management, and
other physical infrastructure in urban areas.
3. PPP Projects for social sector infrastructure including:
G Soil and water conservation.
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Community Speaks
Why?
The state government has various programmes and
policies on WATSAN for the urban poor. It is needed to
get an understanding of the people’s experiences with all
these.
How?
Several visits were made to three slums, namely Rajiv
Nagar, Lohianagar and Chamanpuri of Brahmapuri ward
of Dehradun Nagar Nigam to assess the situation. Based
on a checklist developed by HUP, group discussions,
community meetings were organized to assess the gaps
in the basic utility services of the slums.
What?
Water Supply Facilities
Piped water supply exists in Brahmpuri and Chamanpuri
slums. People have installed individual hand pumps in
Lohia Nagar. Few public hand posts are also installed.
Those who do not have individual hand pumps in their
houses depend upon the public hand posts. Most of
them are not working properly. The community
members complained that piped water supply is limited
and entirely absent in Lohia Nagar. Most of the public
stand posts present in this area are not working. They
also said that the the quality of drinking water is not
good as deep bore is not done in the area due to its
high cost and is not affordable by the poor. The other
reason is also availability of water at shallow depth due
to the adjoining river Bindal.
Sanitation Facilities
No sewerage facility is present in all these slums. People
have onsite sanitation measures in their houses. These are
individual toilets with soak pits. Few houses are directly
discharging the toilet waste into open drains/river. This is
leading to contamination of ground water and ultimately a
threat to health due to deterioration of water quality.
There is one community toilet in Brahmpuri area, but
defunct. Community members informed that most of the
houses have individual toilets built according to the local
design. Mostly these are of single soak pit type structures.
The Conventional septic tanks are rare. De-sludging of
these toilet pits/tanks are also very rare, done in cycles of
7-8 years. They also informed that the de-sludging is done
through private service providers and costs around Rs
1200-1500. The toilets along Bindal river(Rajiv Nagar and
Lohia Nagar) are temporary structures, discharging the
excreta directly into the river. The drinking water being
pumped out through hand pumps is getting contaminated
through infiltration of polluted river water. This is
resulting in water borne diseases. Ward member
appraised that open defecation is also prevalent in some
areas, mostly along river bank in Lohia Nagar, Chamanpuri
and Rajiv Nagar.
Drainage
Drains are present in Brahmpuri and Chamanpuri along
both sides of the road in which the grey water flows. This
ultimately gets disposed into the nallah. This grey water
then gets mixed with black water coming out of toilets at
several places along the nallah. At some places overflow
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from septic tanks are directly connected to drains. All
the drains are open and rarely get cleaned. This exposes
the slum dwellers to high possibilities of water borne
diseases, causing serious health concerns. People
complained of bad maintenance of drains that results in
overflowing. It was also pointed out by the residents of
Rajiv Nagar that the final disposal point of the drain (near
H.N. 421) is intercepted by water supply pipeline leading
to both contamination and blockage of the drain. They
have demanded construction of alternate passages for
the drain. At several junctions, solid waste is disposed
openly, complained the people. No garbage collection
containers are placed in the entire locality. .The Ward
Member felt the number of sweepers to be grossly
inadequate.
Health Centre
One urban health centre is present in the area operating
under PPP mode. People go to Doon Hospital for
emergency and to UHC/ local practitioners in the area for
general ailments. Two MAS has been formed for
awareness generation and community mobilization with
regard to health issues. People have low awareness
regarding hand washing practices and about water borne
diseases.
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Chapter 4
Way Forward
The state has good opportunities to fix the WATSAN problems
Uttarakhand is just beginning to streamline its WATSAN sector. It can be both good and
bad. It will be a win-win situation for the urban poor, as unlike other states
Uttarakhand can factor in their concerns and special needs from the inception of the
WATSAN programs. On the other hand, if a comprehensive assessment of the urban poor's
access to WATSAN is not done now, the programs in the pipeline may not reflect the poor's
concerns. Going by the state government's policy focus, there is a serious churning taking place
toward a positive beginning. Listed below are a few challenges and opportunities:
Challenges
G Inadequate coverage of area under the sewerage system and un-serviced new areas
particularly in the urban slums.
G Conventional municipal functions such as water supply, sewerage, and roads construction
and maintenance are in the hands of either parastatals or state agencies. In the absence of
institutionalization of citizens’ involvement through smaller ward committees and other
mechanisms, city management has remained virtually an “outsiders” job and not a
participatory civic management plan.
G The UFW rate is high, resulting in large revenue losses. The main issues in water supply in
The problem of
sanitation in slums
in the absence of
institutionalization
of citizens’
involvement city
management has
remained virtually
an “outsiders”job
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the state are lack of adequate database and maps on the transmission and distribution
system network, unequal distribution of water, deterioration in quality of water at times,
and maintenance of the old network of the water supply system.
G Despite the widespread use of septic tanks in the state, there still is no comprehensive
policy, legal and institutional framework for septage management. This leads to septage
receiving very little attention and funding, although it directly impacts public health and
water quality in profound ways.
G Under JnNURM, only provisions for basic services and infrastructure development are
permissible. It focuses on alleviation of non-income poverty. In the present context, the
coverage is to be increased to universal collection and treatment of sewage. However, there
is no information available on the operation and maintenance of onsite sanitation systems.
G Low public awareness and participation in management of water and sanitation facilities
does not aid to sustainability.
G Low private and corporate involvement in the urban slums for improving water and
sanitation services.
G An important challenge is to transform the mindset of all stakeholders about the sanitation
issues and to inculcate among them the feeling that proper sanitation is the first and utmost
priority. Since the state has various tourist destinations that attract a huge floating
population, extra efforts are required to change their mindset for keeping the cities clean.
Way Forward and Opportunities
G Careful planning with adoption of appropriate technology in context to urban slums to take
care of health concerns of the urban poor. Decentralized onsite sanitation systems need to
be promoted in the state as 100 percent centralized sewerage connections cannot be
achieved due to the undulating topography.
G The ULBs must be empowered to play proactive roles in designing and implementing
WATSAN projects. Besides functional devolution in terms of the 74th Constitution
Amendment Act (CAA), all-round municipal capacity building and organizational
development is a paramount necessity. Drafting a coherent urban policy and strategy in
favor of the urban poor is needed.
G A robust revenue collection will fund the operation and maintenance of water supply and
sanitation infrastructure thus leading to sustainable systems.
G Proper septage management guidelines need to be developed and implemented by ULBs as
a large portion of the population in the urban areas depend upon onsite sanitation systems
such as septic tanks. A strategy is to be formulated for reuse of treated sewage and septage
for agriculture, horticulture, and recreational parks.
G In the programs such as JnNURM, it is necessary to understand poverty with reference to its
various dimensions including asset ownership. Programs need to be worked out to reduce
urban poverty, especially the vulnerability of the poor and to enhance their assets in terms
of labor, human capital, housing, and social capital.
G The ULBs have the capacity to develop CSPs. However, support needs to be taken from all
stakeholders. Trainings are required at regular intervals for effective implementation of
CSPs through various indigenous agencies.
G The community should be encouraged to use public conveniences and be involved in the
maintenance of sanitation facilities.
G Private partners and NGOs needs to be involved to promote water and sanitation facilities
in the urban slums.
Decentralized
onsite sanitation
systems need to
be promoted in
the state as 100
percent
centralized
sewerage
connections
cannot be
achieved due to
the undulating
topography
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Annexures
ANNEXURE 1
Ground Water Availability in Uttarakhand
Area (Sq.km)
Physiography
Drainage
53,484
Ganga Plain, Siwalik Hills, Lesser Himalayas, Central Himalayas
The State is drained by major perennial rivers like Ganga,
Yamuna, Ramganga, Sarda and Kali and their tributaries.
Rainfall (mm)
1523
Total Districts / Tehsils
13 districts / 78 Tehsils
Dynamic Ground Water Resources
Annual Replenishable Ground water Resource
2.27 BCM
Net Annual Ground Water Availability
2.10 BCM
Annual Ground Water Draft
1.39 BCM
Stage of Ground Water Development
66 %
Ground Water Development & Management
Over Exploited
2 blocks
Critical
NIL
Semi- critical
3 blocks
Ground Water User Maps
5 districts
Artificial Recharge to Ground Water (AR)
Feasible AR structures: 500 spring development, 500 check
dams, 500 sub-surface dykes
AR schemes completed during IX Plan: 1
Ground Water Quality Problems
Contaminants
Districts affected (in part)
Nitrate (>45 mg/l)
Dehradun, Hardwar, Udhamsinghnagar
Central Ground Water Authority
Areas Notified for Regulation of ground water development
NIL
Mass Awareness Programme (as on 31.03.2010)
12
Water Management Training Programme (as on 31.03.2010)
7
Source: Central Ground Water Board (http://cgwb.gov.in/gw_profiles/Uttarakhand.htm), accessed on 2nd June 2012)
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ANNEXURE 2
Water Sources in the State
Dehradun
S.No. Name of Sources
Approximate quantity Available (MLD)
1
Bajpur Canal
10.00
2
Badal River
6.00
3
Mosi fall
8.00
4
Kolhu Khet
5
Total Surface Sources
0.54
24.54
6
Tube Wells 57 Nos.
77.97
7
Total
102.51
Source: City Development Plan, Dehradun, 2007, JnNURM, Urban Development Department, Government of
Uttarakhand.
Haridwar
S.No. Source
Nos
Approximate quantity available (MLD)
1
Infiltration Wells
16
25
2
Tube Wells
23
32
3
Mini tubewells 9150mm dia)
2
2
4
4 open wells
3
1
5
Total
44
60
Source: City Development Plan, Haridwar, 2007, JnNURM, Urban Development Department, Government of
Uttarakhand.
Nainital
S.No. Name of source
Approximate quantity available (MLD)
1
Parda Dhara Spring
1.0
2
Lake Infiltration Well
1.92
3
Tubewells
a) Old tubewells 6 Nos.
7.80
b) New tubewells 2 Nos.
4.32
4
Total
14.31
Source: City Development Plan, Nainital, 2007, JnNURM, Urban Development Department, Government of
Uttarakhand.
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HUP in Uttarakhand
Health of the Urban Poor (HUP) Program is supporting government of India
(GOI) and eight state governments and five cities in improving the health
outcomes in the urban areas. In Uttarakhand, the HUP Program is being
implemented by Plan India, Dehradun with support from Population
Foundation of India and funding support from USAID India. The key focus
is promotion of water and sanitation services in the state in line with the
program objectives through adopting effective, efficient and sustainable
strategic interventions to improve the health status of the urban poor. The
Program in Uttarakhand has been working closely with different
departments of the Government of Uttarakhand to position water and
sanitation in most of the related programs and Government of India
Schemes. The HUP Program has so far been providing technical support
and taking up collaborative efforts with Uttarakhand Jal Sansthan,
Municipal Corporations, Department of Health & Family Welfare, Women &
Child Development Department and Mid Day Meal Scheme of the state.
HUP Uttarakhand has contributed in the module and IEC development on
WASH for state MDM scheme and conducted series of TOTs as a key
resource agency in which around 200 master trainers were trained on
WASH aspects. HUP Uttarakhand has also conducted joint situation
assessment of Anganwadi centers and Urban Health Centers for
strengthening of WASH facilities and practices. The Program has
contributed to sectoral documents like State WATSAN Profiles, Policy Brief
on WASH, Manual on WASH for ULBs and many such important documents.
The HUP program is also associated in developing capacity building plans
for ULB functionaries and in various advocacy events such as celebration of
World Water Day with govt. departments and other stakeholders.
For more information please contact:
Health of the Urban Poor (HUP) Program
Population Foundation of India
B-28, Qutab Institutional Area, New Delhi - 110 016, Tel: 91-11-43894166, Fax: 91-11-43894199
E-mail: info_hup@populationfoundation.in, www.populationfoundation.in
Local HUP Partner:
Plan India
12/4 Laxmi Road, Dalanwala, Dehradun-248 001
This document is made possible by the support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The
contents are the responsibility of the Population Foundation of India and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government.