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Water and Sanitation WATSAN State Series Madhya Pradesh HUP |
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Water and Sanitation
STATE SERIES 2012
MADHYA PRADESH: SLOW AND STEADY WINS THE RACE
Health of the Urban Poor (HUP) Program
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Water and Sanitation: State Series, 2012
Madhya Pradesh: Slow and Steady Wins the Race
Prepared and published by
Health of the Urban Poor (HUP) Program
Population Foundation of India
B-28, Qutab Institutional Area, New Delhi - 110 016
Author
D. Johnson Rhenius Jeyaseelan
Special Inputs
Harendra M Mishra
Anujesh Mathur
Dr Sainath Banerjee
Anand Rudra, USAID
Editing Support
Ranjan Panda
Shipra Saxena
Design & Layout
Sarita Singh
Photographs
HUP
Published
September 2012
Copyright
The contents of this publication may be used freely, for not-for-profit purposes,
provided the users duly acknowledge the publishers. However, anyone intending
to use the contents for commercial purposes must obtain prior permission from
the publishers.
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Table of Contents
Abbreviations
4
Foreword
5
In brief
7
CHAPTER 1. An Open Challenge
8
CHAPTER 2. The Call Taken
16
SPREAD BOX: Community Speaks
20
CHAPTER 3. Command and Commandments
23
List of Tables
Table 1: Demographic Highlights
8
Table 2: Houses Household Amenities and Assets - WATSAN Highlights 10
Table 3: WATSAN Institution Matrix
16
Table 4: State-level Reforms under JnNURM & BSUP
19
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ADB
AUWSP
BSUP
CAA
CSOs
CT
DFID
GDP
GoI
GoMP
HDI
HH
IDSMT
IEC
IHSDP
ILCS
IMR
IUSP
IWRM
JnNURM
MMR
MP
MPUSP
MSWM
NFHS
NGO
NREGS
NSDP
NSSO
NUHM
PP
PPP
SHG
UADD
ULBs
ULCRA
UIDSSMT
USAID
VAMBAY
WASH
Abbreviations
Asian Development Bank
Accelerated Urban Water Supply Scheme Programme
Basic Services For Urban Poor
74th Constitutional Amendment Act
Civil Society Organisations
Community Toilet
Department Of International Development, UK
Gross Domestic Product
Government Of India
Government Of Madhya Pradesh
Human Development Index
House Hold
Integrated Development Of Small And Medium Towns
Information Education Communication
Integrated Housing And Slum Development Programme
Integrated Low Cost Sanitation Scheme
Infant Mortality Rate
Integrated Urban Sanitation Programme
Integrated Water Resources Management
Jawaharlal Nehru Urban Renewal Mission
Maternal Mortality Rate
Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh Urban Services For Poor/Project Utthan
Municiple Solid Waste Management
National Sample Health Survey
Non Governmental Organisation
National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme
National Slum Development Programme
National Sample Survey Organisation
National Urban Health Mission
Poverty Pocket
Public Private Partnership
Self Help Group
Urban Administration & Development Department
Urban Local Bodies
Urban Land Ceiling And Regulation Act
Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme For Small &
Medium Towns
United States Agency for International Development
Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana
Water Sanitation Hygiene
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lh-ih- JhokLro]
{ks=h; funs”kd
C.P. Srivastava,
Regional Director
Hkkjr ljdkj
ty lalk/ku ea=ky;
dsUnzh; Hkwfety cksMZ
mRrj e/; {ks=
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES
CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD
NORTH CENTRAL REGION
FOREWORD
Water and sanitation is one of the essential indicators for improved health outcomes and
sustainable development. Madhya Pradesh’s urban population is now 20 million and has
been growing steadily over the years, which has put increased stress on existing water
sanitation resources.
According to Census 2011, 62.2 percent of urban households use tap water and 74
percent households have access to a household latrine but the urban poor continue to
lag behind in access to water and sanitation.
Madhya Pradesh has made positive and definitive steps through state, central, and
donor funded programs to reach the urban poor with water and sanitation services and
are taking planned steps to increase access to and effective coverage of water supply
and sanitation facilities in urban areas, especially for the urban poor. We are sure this
report will provide further support to all these initiatives.
The urban WASH Profile, while providing an overview of the urban challenges and status
of urban water supply and sanitation, also provides a section on the way forward. This
can be used in understanding gaps and planning interventions as per the urban
requirements and needs of the people.
I take this opportunity to extend my compliments to USAID/India supported Health of the
Urban Poor (HUP) Program being implemented by Population Foundation of India (PFI)
for this noble and praiseworthy contribution and the efforts they have put into compiling
the water sanitation profile for urban areas of Madhya Pradesh. I am sure this document
will be a vital one for all concerned departments of the government, and also
nongovernment organizations and all those concerned about these issues of the state.
Best wishes
(C.P. Srivastava)
Regional Director,
Central Ground Water Board (CGWB),
Northern Central Regional, Bhopal
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The urban population in
Madhya Pradesh is
already around 20
million and growing
fast. This has put
existing water and
sanitation (WATSAN)
resources under severe
stress
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In brief
"Making Madhya Pradesh towns and cities Open Defecation Free is possible if
the urban poor can access WASH facilities."
The urban population in Madhya Pradesh is already around 20 million and growing fast.
This has put existing water and sanitation (WATSAN) resources under severe stress.
Most of the urban centers are witnessing a declining water table. But efforts are being
made to give the urban poor and non-poor access to water. While water availability is not an
issue, source sustainability is certainly a matter of concern. Lack of rainwater harvesting,
deteriorating water quality at source, and wrong water management practices make water a
contentious and complex issue to manage. Lack of access to toilets is a major health issue for the
urban poor. Besides, the technologies used to manage hygiene are water intensive and pollute
rivers and other water bodies.
There are large numbers of programs like the Jawaharlal Nehru Urban Renewal Mission
(JnNURM), Project Uday, and Project Uthan that have made a difference in the lives of the urban
poor. But the quantum of investment and its scale and range need to be expanded in the face of
a booming urban population.
The following steps can empower us to make access to WATSAN a reality for the urban
poor:
• Involving community groups from planning to operation and maintenance (O&M) to
follow-up.
• Increasing water, sanitation & hygiene (WASH) coverage and access, and ensuring equity
and inclusion, sustainability, and quality in urban poor programs.
• Convergence with health programs.
• Focusing on behavior change practices like hand washing and safe water practices.
• Linkages with private sector institutions on water quality should be encouraged.
• Development and promotion of sustainable WASH technologies.
• To ensure water connection
for all, the connection
procedures should be
simplified and connection
costs reduced.
• Encouraging
rainwater
harvesting.
• Increase sewage treatment
capacity and its optimum
utilization.
Policies on
WATSAN should
have exclusive
focus on the urban
poor, ensuring that
they address the
challenges faced in
urban areas, from
water quality
deterioration to
water stress and
sanitation for all
Policies on WATSAN should
have exclusive focus on the
urban poor, ensuring that they
address the challenges faced in
urban areas, from water quality
deterioration to water stress and
sanitation for all.
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Chapter 1
An Open Challenge
"Ensuring water security in urban areas and making towns and cities in Madhya
Pradesh Open Defecation Free is possible"
The central state of the country, Madhya Pradesh, geographically the second largest state,
covers 9.38 percent of area (308,244 sq km)1 and houses 6 percent of the country’s
population. India’s population has increased by 408 percent during 1901–2011 whereas
Madhya Pradesh’s population during this period increased by 473 percent.2 In the Human
Development Index (HDI), Madhya Pradesh ranked 16th among states.3 This indicates poor
socioeconomic conditions.
India’s population
has increased by
408 percent
during 1901-2011
whereas
Madhya Pradesh’s
population during
this period
increased by
473 percent.
In the Human
Development
Index (HDI),
Madhya Pradesh
ranked 16th
among states
According to the census of 2011, the urban population of Madhya Pradesh is around 20.1
million (see Table 1). Its decadal growth of urban population stands at 25.6 percent. In absolute
numbers, its urban population has increased by 4.1 million in the last decade but the decadal
urban population has reduced from 52.9 percent in 1981 (43.9 percent in 1991, 30.1 percent in
2001) to 25.6 percent in 2011,4 and this can be attributed to national programs like the National
Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS). The 377 cities and towns of Madhya Pradesh
accommodate 20.1 million people or 27.5 percent of the total population of the state. Now, there
are 33 towns in the state with a population of over 100,000. These include the million plus
cities of the state—Indore, Bhopal, Gwalior, and Jabalpur. These million plus cities
accommodate 35 percent of the total urban population of the state. This indicates that the future
growth in urban population will be faster than projected.
Table 1: Demographic Highlights
Indicators
Population
Percent of rural urban population
Sex ratio
Sex ratio (0 to 6 years)
Literacy rate
Source: Census of India, 2011.
Total
72,597,565
930
912
70.60
Rural
52,537,899
72.37
936
917
65.3
Urban
20,059,666
27.63
916
895
84.1
The poverty ratio in Madhya Pradesh has declined by about 10 percentage points and more. The
percentage of population in urban areas who live below the poverty line has reduced by more
than 12.2 percent. This was 35.1 percent (61.3 lakhs) in 2004–5 and 22.9 percent (44.9 lakhs) in
2009–10.5
1 Press conference for release of Provisional Population Totals, Madhya Pradesh (http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-
results/prov_data_products_MP.html).
2 Census of India 2011, “Provisional Population Totals, Figures at a Glance, Madhya Pradesh”
(http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_MP.html). Henceforth Census 2011, “Provisional
Population Totals”.
3 “Inequality Adjusted Human Development Index for India’s States – 2011,” UNDP India 2011
(www.undp.org/.../india/.../inequality_adjusted_human_development).
4 Census of India 2011, “Provisional Population totals, Figures at Glance, Madhya Pradesh: Rural Urban Distribution”
(http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_MP.html)
5 Press note on poverty estimates, Planning Commission, March 2012: Tables 2 & 3
(www.planningcommission.nic.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf).Press note on poverty estimates, Planning Commission, March
2012: Tables 2 & 3 (www.planningcommission.nic.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf).
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The urban poor include people living in slums (notified and non-notified), the homeless, rag
pickers, workers in construction sites/squatter slums, migrants and others, like sanitary workers
and people engaged in manual scavenging.
According to census 2001 data, the slum population was around 5.1 million or 31.99 percent of
the urban population. It is estimated that the slum population of Madhya Pradesh may increase
to 7.1 million by 2017.6 The latest census of 2011 does not mention slum population data.
Water and Sanitation (WATSAN) Access
Census 2011
figures on water
access point out
that 55.4 percent of
urban households
(HHs) have access
to a water source
within the
premises,
30.1 percent near
the premises, and
14.5 percent
have to fetch water
from far away
sources
Census 2011 figures on water access point out that 55.4 percent of urban households (HHs) have
access to a water source within the premises, 30.1 percent near the premises, and 14.5 percent
have to fetch water from far away sources (see Table 2). With regard to source of water, 62.2
percent of urban HHs use tap water, 29.9 percent use hand pumps, 5.5 percent use wells, and
the remaining 2.4 percent use other sources. It is also mentioned that only about half (50.6
percent) of the urban HHs treat tap water before drinking. In the urban areas of Madhya Pradesh,
182 towns receive daily water supply, 115 towns on alternate days, 50 towns once in two days,
and 24 towns once in three days.7 While the census data does not have a separate set of data for
urban poor and urban non-poor, the HH tap connection for urban poor residing in slums is less
in most districts. In districts like Jabalpur, the urban poor have increased access to a water
source within their premises due to the Dada Baburao Paranjape Smriti Water Connection
Yojana scheme, which apart from subsidizing the water supply connection cost and the user
charges for the poor also simplified the procedures.
The sanitation coverage in urban areas, as per Census 2011 figures, is 74 percent. Of this, 2.23
percent households use pit latrines and 1.06 percent household use latrines that are directly
connected to sewers. This symbolizes unsafe sanitation practices, for example, in some areas,
the existence of pit latrines and therefore of manual scavenging. Incidentally, none of the
towns/cities of Madhya Pradesh figure in the list of first 50 cities ranked as Clean Cities for
green practices in sanitation.
6 “Report on the Committee on Slum Statistics/Census,” National Buildings Organisation, Ministry of Housing and Urban
Poverty Alleviation, Government of India (http://mhupa.gov.in/W_new/Slum_Report_NBO.pdf).
7 “Water Supply Scenario in Urban Areas of Madhya Pradesh,” Urban Administration and Development Department,
Government of Madhya Pradesh. Henceforth, “Water Supply Scenario in Urban Areas of Madhya Pradesh”.
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Out of the total
313 blocks in
Madhya Pradesh,
61 fall under
“semi critical,”
4 under
“critical,”
and 24 under
“over exploited”
categories
Table 2: Houses Household Amenities and Assets – WATSAN Highlights
Indicators
Total
Rural
Urban
Households
14,967,597 11,122,365
3,845,232
Households main source of drinking water (in %)
Tap water
Tap water from treated sources
16.45
4.66
50.55
Tap water from untreated source
6.90
5.28
11.64
Well
Covered well
1.06
0.98
1.28
Uncovered well
18.93
24.03
4.18
Hand pump
47.07
58.29
14.62
Tube well/Borehole
7.58
4.91
15.32
Spring
0.30
0.38
0.06
River/Canal
0.74
0.95
0.13
Tank/Pond/Lake
0.39
0.26
0.74
Other sources
0.58
0.27
1.47
Availability of drinking water
Availability of drinking water within premises
23.90
13.00
55.40
Availability of drinking water near the premises
45.60
50.90
30.10
Availability of drinking water away from the premises
30.50
36.10
14.50
Households by type of latrine facility
Latrine facilities within the premises
28.82
13.12
74.22
Flush/Pour latrine connected to
Piped sewer system
20.03
6.09
27.16
Septic tank
66.15
63.43
67.55
Other system
4.35
9.59
1.67
Pit latrine with ventilated slab/VIP
5.71
13.66
1.65
Pit latrine without slab/VIP
2.34
5.76
0.59
Night soil deposited into open drain
0.96
0.75
1.07
Night soil removed by human
0.13
0.20
0.10
Night soil serviced by animals
0.32
0.53
0.22
No HH latrine within the premises
71.18
86.88
25.78
Alternative sources - Public latrine
1.67
0.53
12.80
Alternative sources – Open
98.33
99.47
87.20
Source: “Houses Household Amenities and Assets, Figures at a Glance, Madhya Pradesh,” Census of India, 2011
(http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/hlo/Houselisting_Housing_2011_MP.html).
In the internal survey done by the Union Urban Development ministry, 16 cities have more than
90 percent toilet coverage, 45 cities have 70–90 percent coverage, 45 cities have 35–70 percent
coverage, and two cities have less than 35 percent coverage. Only 14 urban local bodies (ULBs)
have sewerage network coverage and of these only Indore has more than 70 percent coverage.8
Health Status
In Madhya Pradesh, the infant mortality rate (IMR) in urban areas stands at 50, the neonatal
mortality rate (NMR) at 32, the post neonatal mortality rate at 18, and under five mortality rate
at 62.9 Thus the health status is relatively poor.
8 “MPs Cities Low on Basic Services,” Sunday Hindustan Times, Bhopal, November 13, 2011.
9 “Annual Health Survey Bulletin 2010 – 2011, Madhya Pradesh,” Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner,
India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Vital Statistics Division, Government of India
(http://censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/AHSBulletins/files/03-Madhya_Pradesh_AHS_Bulletin.pdf).
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Water Availability
Out of the total 313 blocks in Madhya Pradesh, 61 fall under “semi critical,” 4 under “critical,”
and 24 under “over exploited” categories. The remaining 224 fall under the “safe” category.10
Water availability is reducing due to declining water tables and the reasons range from lack of
rainwater harvesting to major industries located in over exploited blocks in districts like Indore,
Dewas, Ratlam, and Ujjain. Intensive agricultural practices have also caused reducing water
availability in the state.
Water Supply: Connection Cost
Connection costs are both direct and indirect. Direct costs can include the cost of taking the
connection, raw materials, labor from point of main line to residence, and other charges. For
example, if one has to pierce through a kuccha/pucca road, etc. Indirect costs are the costs
related to expenses borne in the number of visits made to the municipality to get the
connection, the registration charges, and other unforeseen expenses. The connection costs
depend upon the size of the connection. The procedure to acquire a connection is also
complicated, as the application form needs to be supported with documents to ascertain the
legal status of the applicant household and the property that they occupy. Thus, the procedures
and costs involved discourage or dissuade the urban poor from obtaining a water connection.
For the poor residing in listed illegal and unlisted slums, it becomes more difficult in the
present circumstances.
Water Supply: Tariff
In Madhya Pradesh, the flat rate tariff is based on the size of the connection. In Indore, the
charges are Rs 200 per month for half an inch to Rs 60,200 for 6 inches; while in Gwalior its Rs
80 per month and in Bhopal Rs 180 for those not below poverty line (BPL) or non-BPL and Rs
30 for BPL households.11 Only Jabalpur, through its Dada Baburao Paranjape Smriti Water
The procedure to
acquire a
connection is
complicated,
as the application
form needs to be
supported with
documents to
ascertain the legal
status of the
applicant
household and
the property that
they occupy
10 “Dynamic Ground Water Resources of Madhya Pradesh” (as on March, 2009), Central Ground Water Board North Central
Region and State Ground Water Survey, Bhopal, February 2012.
11 See the City Nagar Nigam website at www.imcindore.org, http://gwaliormunicipalcorporation.org.
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Connection Yojana, has reduced the connection cost, which is Rs 300, and the monthly tariff is
fixed at Rs 30 per month.12
Also, the tariff is fixed and not volumetric and thus those who use water only for drinking and
those who use it for all purposes and therefore consume more pay the same tariff.
Non-revenue Water
Non-revenue water is wastage of water at various stages of the intake and distribution chain in
a water supply network. Several pilot studies conducted in the country have shown water
losses in the distribution systems to be of the order of 20 to 50 percent of the total flow in the
systems. It has been noticed that maximum leakage (more than 80 percent) occurs in the
distribution system and house service connections. In addition, losses do occur in the
pumping and transmission system, treatment plant, and service reservoirs, which may add up
to another 10 to 20 percent of the total output. In the area of Water Demand Management, UN-
HABITAT had commissioned studies on water demand management in four cities of Madhya
Pradesh through The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), New Delhi, and Water Resources
Planning and Conservation (WRP), South Africa. The study revealed a high level of wastage of
water at various stages of the intake and distribution chain and that the unaccounted for water
ranged from 28 to 56 percent, which, if managed properly, could be provided to a substantial
portion of people presently deprived of it. The reported non-revenue water in the study was
56.2 percent in Indore, 43.9 percent in Gwalior, 36.9 percent in Jabalpur, and 28.2 percent in
Bhopal.
Water Supply: The Hidden Cost of Water for the Urban Poor
Rooftop rainwater
harvesting has
been enforced in
municipal areas
through the
Madhya Pradesh
Bhumi Vikas Rules,
1984. The rules
state that for
rooftop rainwater
water harvesting
methods shall
have to be
provided on all
types of buildings
In many of the slum areas, the community tap water connections are free. Though they are free,
the hidden costs of water for the urban poor is high. The community tap stands are not
according to the size of the population. Also, the hidden costs parameters include the following:
• Time taken from home to point of collection to home.
• The number of trips made.
• The waiting time involved.
• The number of persons involved in water collection.
• Other factors such as mental trauma during time of non-supply, summer months,
exhaustion, etc.
Thus, if we take an average, of two persons in one household in a slum spending one hour on
water, this translates to around Rs 20 to Rs 25 per day per person.
Therefore, for the urban poor, the hidden costs of water are high and this cost increases during
times of non-supply and during the summer/droughts due to less frequency in supply of water.
Rainwater Harvesting
Rooftop rainwater harvesting has been enforced in municipal areas through the Madhya
Pradesh Bhumi Vikas Rules, 1984. The rules state that for rooftop rainwater water harvesting
methods shall have to be provided on all types of buildings with a plot size starting 250 sq m.
In addition, the Urban Administration & Development Department (UADD) provides a rebate of
6 percent on annual property tax for a plot in which the construction of a rainwater harvesting
facility is complete. But the implementation of these is lacking, as against 7,400 building
permissions for plots above 250 sq m only 74 have installed rainwater harvesting structures in
12 Compendium of Good Initiatives – National Urban Water Awards, 2009, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India.
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Bhopal, Jabalpur, and Gwalior. In Indore, 522 plots have constructed the rainwater harvesting
mechanism and have availed the rebate for the same.13 In Dewas, under a program titled “Roof
top Rainwater Harvesting in Dewas City, Madhya Pradesh” water harvesting structures in 1,000
houses was done and there was marked increase in discharge of tube wells and improvement in
quality of water obtained from tube wells utilizing rooftop rainwater harvesting.
Disease Prevalence
In Bhopal, it was
found that nearly
14 percent of
respondents had
somebody in their
family suffering
from malaria in
last month and
nearly 5 percent
respondents had a
family member
infected with
stomach worm
Water-related diseases are high in the urban areas of Madhya Pradesh. Madhya Pradesh is still
among the high malaria endemic states; the towns of Ratlam and Shiuvpur are high-risk towns
in malaria.14 Indore has witnessed increased incidence of vector borne diseases, for example,
chickungunya, malaria, and dengue, particularly after floods. The projected increase in
variability in precipitation and temperature will exacerbate the health risks.15 In Bhopal, it was
found that nearly 14 percent of respondents had somebody in their family suffering from
malaria in last month and nearly 5 percent respondents had a family member infected with
stomach worm.16
Diarrhea among children was 16.2 percent, and in treatment for episodes of diarrhea 45.1
percent were given ORS and others were taken to a treatment facility with 63.3 percent going to
a private clinic for the same.17
13 “Policy Paper 2: Measures for Ensuring Sustainability of Rainwater Harvesting,” Water for Asian Cities Programme, India–UN-
HABITAT and the Directorate of Urban Administration & Development,
Government of Madhya Pradesh (http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?cid=4179&catid=46&typeid=3).
14 “Malaria Country Profile: India (1995–2007),” 6.4 High Risk Towns, p. 44.
15 “ACCRN: Responding to the Urban Climate Change,” edited and produced by ISET, p. 31
(http://www.acccrn.org/sites/default/files/documents).
16 “Base Line Survey: Status of Water and Sanitation in the Slums of Bhopal” (AIF CIF Component of Project Uday), p. 36
(http://www.unhabitat.org.pk/newweb/LatestPublications/UN- HABITAT%20Water%20and%20Sanitation%20Publications%20-
%20Asia/WAC%20Programme/India/Publications/Baseline%20Survey%20Bhopal.pdf).
17 “District Level Household and Facility Survey (DLHS-3), 2007-08: Madhya Pradesh,” Table 5.11, p. 95, International Institute
for Population Sciences, 2010 (www.rchiips.org/pdf/rch3/report/MP.pdf).
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In Madhya
Pradesh, 68
percent of solid
waste is thrown
either in open
areas or drains,
23 percent in
common dustbins,
and 4 percent is
dumped. There is
no proper strategy
for the safe
disposal of solid
wastes as at
present
Community Participation
The forming of ward committees is a constitutional provision (Article 243S) under the 74th
constitutional amendment and Madhya Pradesh has enacted guidelines titled Madhya Pradesh
Nagar Palika Mohalla Committee Rules 2008 for the same. Ward/mohalla committees can
ensure community participation from planning to implementation but the same is not being
implemented as envisaged. In practice, the community is out of the planning process and its
involvement is only required in accepting whatever is in the plan.
Community Toilets
Large and sizable investment has been made for the construction of community toilets (CTs).
There are 71 CTs in 380 poverty pockets (PPs) in Bhopal, 115 CTs in 229 PPs in Gwalior, 126
CTs in 604 PPs in Indore, and 164 CTs in 324 PPs in Jabalpur. In Bhopal, only 12 percent of CTs
are properly maintained and not overcrowded, 26 percent of CTs are properly maintained but
overcrowded, 37 percent of CTs are poorly maintained but used, and 24 percent of CTs are not
maintained and not used.18 The CTs managed by self-help groups (SHGs) have been promoted
by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and donors and have been successful to a certain
extent. The success is limited as many slum households have constructed and started using HH
latrines or because the SHGs are unable to sustain the O&M of the CTs due to increased costs for
doing so and reduced income.
Sewage Generation and Treatment
Most of the sewage generated goes untreated to the rivers. Only few cities like Bhopal and
Indore and towns like Vidisha and Nagda have sewage treatment plants. Except Nagda all the
treatment plants are below capacity and the balance untreated sewage is disposed directly to the
18 “Policy Paper 3: Rejuvenation of Community Toilets,” Water for Asian Cities Programme– UN-HABITAT and the Directorate of
Urban Administration & Development (http://www.unhabitat.org.pk/newweb/LatestPublications/UN-
HABITAT%20Water%20and%20Sanitation%20Publications%20-%20Asia/WAC%20Programme/India/Publications).
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rivers. In Indore, the sewage generation is 204 mega liter per day (MLD) but treatment capacity
is only 78; Bhopal sewage generation is 334.75 MLD but treatment capacity is 22 MLD and this
has been the major cause of pollution in the majority of rivers in Madhya Pradesh
Solid Waste Management
In Madhya Pradesh, 68 percent of solid waste is thrown either in open areas or drains, 23
percent in common dustbins, and 4 percent is dumped.19 There is no proper strategy for the safe
disposal of solid waste as at present it is dumped in common grounds. In Bhopal, almost three
fourth of the survey respondents had less than 1.5 kg of waste generated per day in their homes.
A large proportion (65.4 percent) of households disposed the household waste in open places
whereas a very small percentage of respondents threw the waste either in the streets (16.4
percent) or it was collected from their homes (14.7 percent).20 Indore and Ujjain generate
around 500 tonnes per day (tpd) and 160 tpd of solid waste respectively.
Liquid Waste Management
In Madhya Pradesh, none of the cities are fully covered by a sewerage system. The larger cities
are partially covered by a sewerage network but the waste water is not treated before being
released in a river. Bhopal and Indore corporations are in the process of installing waste water
treatment plants. In the absence of a sewerage network, the liquid waste from the households is
transported through open drains. Rainwater and poor maintenance in terms of regular cleaning
often leads to choking and flooding of drains. Of the urban households in the state, 76 percent
have the facility of being connected to either a closed or an open drain for waste water disposal.
In the internal survey done by the Union Urban Development ministry, only 14 ULBs have
sewerage network coverage and of these only Indore has more than 70 percent coverage.
19 CM Urban sanitation mission, p. 6 (www.slideshare.net/cmampindia/cm-urban-sanitationmission).
20 “Base Line Survey Status of Water and Sanitation in the Slums of Bhopal,” see footnote 16 for details.
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Chapter 2
The Call Taken
"The next five-year plan is a big opportunity to mainstream WATSAN for the
urban poor."
With the enactment of the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act in 1992, urban
planning and urban development with other listed functions are supposed to be
transferred to the ULBs but major reform related to performance as vibrant units of
local self-government generally remains on paper.
The Government of Madhya Pradesh (GoMP) through the UADD is responsible for overseeing
urban sector reforms, in terms of capital investment in basic infrastructure for the ULBs. The
UADD is also responsible for implementation of various schemes sponsored by the central and
state governments. The public welfare schemes are implemented through the District Urban
Development Agency (DUDA). Being the parent organization of the municipal corporations,
UADD monitors the functioning of all municipal corporations in the state.
Besides the municipal corporation, there are a number of agencies responsible for urban
development/management in the state, including:
Madhya Pradesh is
one of the states
where PPP based
water supply
schemes are under
implementation in
two towns, that is,
Khandwa and
Shivpuri
G The Town and Country Planning Department.
G The City Development Authority (CDA).
G The Public Health Engineering Department (PHED)
G Madhya Pradesh Housing Board.
G Madhya Pradesh Pollution Control Board.
Bhopal is the state capital and one of the million plus cities of the state. An institutional
responsibility matrix related to WATSAN for the region (Table 3) can throw light on the role of
various institutions/agencies.
Table 3: WATSAN Institution Matrix
Sector
Planning & Design
Water
PHED
Sanitation and Sewerage PHED/ MC/ UDA/ HB/ NGOs
Roads/Bridges
GoI/ GoMP (PWD)/MC/
UDA/ HB
Drainage
PHED/ MC/ UDA
Slum Development
MC/DUDA
City Planning
T & CP
Construction
PHED
PHED/ MC/ UDA/ HB/ NGO’s
GoI/ Go MP (PWD)/
MC/ UDA/
PHED/ MC/ UDA
MC/DUDA
UDA/HB
O&M
PHED/MC
PHED/ MC Households
GoI/ GoMP
(PWD) MC/ UDA/ HB
PHED/ MC/ UDA
MC/DUDA
MC/UDA/HB
Note: PHED: Public Health Engineering Department; MC: Municipal Corporation; UDA: Urban Development Authority;
HB: Housing Board; NGO: Nongovernment Organizations; GoI: Government of India; PWD: Public Works Department;
DUDA: District Urban Development Agency.
Source: “Bhopal City Development Plan,” 2006
(www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/.../Bhopal%20CDP_Final%20.pdf).
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Water Supply and Sanitation Schemes
The Jawaharlal Nehru Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM) is operational in four cities, namely,
Bhopal, Indore, Jabalpur, and Ujjain, with a total investment of Rs 8,065 crores, and the focus is
on water supply, solid waste management, and sewerage and sewage treatment. In Basic
Services for the Urban Poor (BSUP), slum rehabilitation, redevelopment, and resettlement has
been undertaken with an investment of Rs 704 crores in these four cities. The Integrated
Housing and Slum Development Program, which combines the previous schemes of Valmiki
Ambedkar AwasYojana (VAMBAY) and National Slum Development Programme (NSDP), aims
at an integrated approach in ameliorating the conditions of the urban slum dwellers and has
been taken up in 37 ULBs totaling Rs 19,467 crores.21
The Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small and Medium Towns (UIDSSMT) is
a major program concerning the WATSAN interests of the urban poor and is implemented in
42 towns. It has subsumed the previous scheme of Integrated Development of Small and
Medium Towns (IDSMT) and Accelerated Urban Water Supply Scheme Programme
(AUWSP). Under this scheme, the focus is on urban renewal, that is, redevelopment of old
parts of the city, water supply, sewerage and solid waste management, and other
infrastructure development.
The Urban Water Supply and Environmental Improvement Project or Project UDAY is a
specially designed program to fulfill the demand for drinking water in four major cities—
Bhopal, Indore, Gwalior, and Jabalpur. The Government of India (GoI) facilitated financial
assistance from the Asian Development Bank (ADB) to the ULBs for this project.
135 slums have
been selected in a
participatory and
transparent manner.
NGOs strengthen
community
partnerships
for improved
livelihoods and
community-based
projects
The Department of International Development (DFID) supported the Madhya Pradesh Urban
Services for the Poor (MPUSP), operational since 2006, works with ULBs and slum
communities to improve WATSAN services, including waste collection and to provide better
roads, drains, and streetlights. Under this, 135 slums have been selected in a participatory and
transparent manner. NGOs strengthen community partnerships for improved livelihoods and
community-based projects. An important part of MPUSP is to improve citizen access to
government through the introduction of “e-governance” and other delivery systems. MPUSP’s
activities have been designed to target the poorest and most vulnerable groups. MPUSP
supports the pro-poor activities of the JnNURM and other government and donor
interventions.
The Integrated Urban Sanitation Programme (IUSP) was initiated in the year 2009 with the
primary objective of making at least four to five towns Open Defecation Free (OFD). The program
is being implemented through convergence with the GoI’s Integrated Low Cost Sanitation Scheme
(ILCS) and public private partnership (PPP) mode (Sulabh and community participation model)
for CTs. This program also focuses on Information Education Communication (IEC) and
awareness generation. One hundred and seventy-eight community toilets and 14,281 individual
toilets have been constructed across the state till now. Based on this program, the state
government has framed a new policy program called the Chief Minister Urban Sanitation
Mission.
Madhya Pradesh is one of the states where PPP based water supply schemes are under
implementation in two towns, that is, Khandwa and Shivpuri. In water supply, the state
government is also planning a state-level bulk water supply company, city-level water distribution
company, and state-level tariff regulatory commission. A water demand management strategy is
under implementation.
21 “The JnNURM Impact in Urban Madhya Pradesh” (6.0.26.98/attachments/article/52/JnNURM%20_Nishant.pdf).
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The state chief
minister, Shivraj
Singh Chauhan, has
stressed that the
upcoming
Twelfth Five year
Plan should be
declared as the
Water Plan. This
brings the focus
back on urban
water security
The state government has recently launched the CM Peyjal Yogana with the aim to provide 100
percent towns with 24x7 water supply by providing grant plus loan based support to ULBs.
Under this scheme, towns with less than 50 lakh population will be given a state grant of 20
percent and a loan of 80 percent in which the ULB will have to repay 25 percent of the loan.
Similarly, in towns with more than 50 lakh population, a state grant of 30 percent and a loan of
70 percent in which the ULB will have to repay 25 percent of the loan will be given. The
program has a mandatory reform of levying of user charges and collection efficiency of user
charges of up to 85 percent.22
All these projects are definitely changing the urban WATSAN scenario for the urban poor. But
there is much to be done and all the urban poor, irrespective of tenure and status, should have
access to WASH services. Future programs must be directed toward this with increased scale of
investment and sustainability for the urban poor by adopting the principles of equity and
inclusion. The upcoming Twelfth Five-year Plan is a big opportunity to fix certain nagging
problems in urban WATSAN.
The state chief minister, Shivraj Singh Chauhan, has stressed that the upcoming Twelfth Five-
year Plan should be declared as the Water Plan. This brings the focus back on urban water
security. Going by recent developments in drafting the Twelfth Plan, urban WATSAN is
certainly gaining more focus than ever before. The GoI has declared a National Urban Health
Mission (NUHM) during the next plan under which WASH is a major component. The focus is
to include behavior change communication models of WASH in NUHM, integration with
health, convergence with UADD, PHED for infrastructure support, and UADD to recognize and
integrate health as key parameters in its program.
State -level Reforms
JnNURM and BSUP have both mandated and optional reforms. The status of the same in
Madhya Pradesh is given in Table 4.
22 “Water supply Scenario in Urban Areas of Madhya Pradesh”.
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Table 4: State-level Reforms under JnNURM & BSUP
S. No. Reforms
Mandatory Reforms
1
74th CAA (Transfer of 12 schedule function)
2
74th CAA (Constitution of DPC))
3
74th CAA (Constitution of MPC))
4
Transfer of city planning functions
5
Transfer of water supply and sanitation
6
Reform in rent control
7
Stamp duty rationalization to 5%
8
Repeal of ULCRA
9
Enactment of community participation law
10 Enactment of public disclosure law
ULB Level Reforms:
11 E Governance set up
12 Shift to accrual based double entry accounting
13 Property tax (85% coverage)
14 Property tax (90% collection efficiency)
15 100% cost recovery (water supply)
16 100% cost recovery (solid waste)
17 Internal earmarking of funds for services to urban poor
Optional Reforms:
18 Introduction of property title certification system
19 Streamlining of building Bye laws – Streamlining the approval process
20 Revision of building bye laws – Mandatory rain water harvesting in all buildings
21 Earmarking 25% developed land in all housing projects for EWS/LIG
22 Simplification of legal and procedural framework for conversion of agricultural
land for non agricultural purposes
23 Introduction of computerized process of registration of land and property
24 Bye laws on reuse of recycled water
25 Administrative reforms
26 Structural reforms
27 Encouraging PPP
Status
Achieved
Achieved
Achieved
Achieved
Achieved
Achieved
Achieved
Achieved
Achieved
Indore – Achieved
Indore, Bhopal, Jabalpur,
Ujjain – Achieved
Bhopal – Achieved
Indore, Bhopal, Jabalpur,
Ujjain – Achieved
Indore, Bhopal, Jabalpur,
Ujjain – Achieved
Indore, Bhopal, Jabalpur,
Ujjain – Achieved
Indore, Bhopal, Jabalpur,
Ujjain – Achieved
Indore, Bhopal, Jabalpur,
Ujjain – Achieved
Indore, Bhopal, Jabalpur,
Ujjain – Achieved
Indore, Bhopal, Jabalpur,
Ujjain – Achieved
Jabalpur – Achieved
Indore, Bhopal, Jabalpur,
Ujjain – Achieved
Indore, Bhopal, Jabalpur,
Ujjain – Achieved
In water supply,
the state
government is also
planning a state-
level bulk water
supply company,
city-level water
distribution
company, and state-
level tariff
regulatory
commission.
A water demand
management
strategy is under
implementation
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Community speaks
Why?
Madhya Pradesh has the distinction of many urban
programmes being implemented by central, state and
external aid agencies. While JnNURM, BSUP, RAY and other
government schemes are being implemented by the
centre and state, ADB is funding Project Uday, DFID is
funding Project Uthan. It is important to understand
people’s perspectives on these programmes and their
current situation.
How?
Below is an assessment of all such programmes based on
communities’ perception and experience in slums of
Bhopal. Visits were made to slums to interact with the
people, through focussed group and general community
discussions, on the WATSAN situation.
What?
Water
Most slums have access to water, except in the case of
Gandhi Nagar, where water taps (provided by a local
charity) are few and far in between and getting water is
difficult. In some slums, though people complained of
inadequate water, its timing and pressure, there was no
issue of access. The worst water problems were in the
slums on hills (Idgah) because of pressure. The same is
the situation in remote slums in Gandhinagar where the
municipal network has not yet reached. Similarly, people
are facing lot of problems in Kechi Chola, north of the old
city, because the terminal pressure there is very low and
part supply is from dug wells. A common problem that
most of the slum dwellers complained about is that the
water is available at points on the perimeter main lines
and people have to carry water to the internal areas in
buckets, often crossing steep terrain and through kutcha
lanes.
Sanitation – Toilets, drains and sewerage
Less than 5% of the households have access to some toilet
facility within the community in most of the slums. While
some of the slums were serviced by Sulabh complexes,
the residents displayed a reluctance to use them,
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particularly the women. Issues raised in this regard were:
maintenance of the Sulabh; distance of the facility from
the slum; and eve-teasing in the vicinity of the Sulabh.
It seems that the twin pit latrine scheme of the
government has not been accepted in most slums. There
was only one slum in which 25% of the families had the
twin pits with septic tanks. Whilst space for the tanks was
cited as a major reason for the rejection of the scheme,
there appeared to be sufficient open spaces within slums
to accommodate individual latrines if not the tanks.
Typically, discharge from individual toilets is either into
open drains or septic tanks/soak pits. All of this
eventually drains into nallahs. In one slum, there were dry
latrines, cleaned by sweepers once a month.
Approximately more than 80 percent of slum dwellers
defect in the open. There is a network of small open
drains, typically kutcha, which carry wastewater into the
main nallah within each slum. There were often
complaints of the discharge entering houses on the drain
path. No effluence undergoes any form of treatment. In
the slums observed, although the number of individual
toilets was low, there was space and demand for
individual toilets in most places.
Garbage
There is little or no access to solid waste management
services provided by the municipal maintenance systems.
Slums typically located in the middle of housing colonies,
e.g. the group of slums on link road no. 2, have access to
dustbins on the main road. But these are not used by the
residents in the interiors of the slums. There is no system
of collection of garbage from the households living in the
inner places of the slums. Garbage is generally thrown
into the nallah, which the residents recognize as one of
the reasons for choking, overflowing etc.
Density and open space
The slums are of low to medium density. In almost every
slum, the perimeter of the slum was found to be very
dense whereas in the interiors, there were open spaces.
The city periphery and old village slums (Gandhinagar,
Khanugaon) were of lower density of 50-100 dwellings
per hectare. A visual comparison would put inner city
slums (e.g. Banganga) and those around industrial areas
(Satnami Nagar) at higher densities of 150-200 persons
per hectare.
Nature of housing
The slums have a mixture of housing – from pucca (in
areas such as Banganga), semi-pucca (where there is brick
masonry with mud plaster) to kutcha mud houses and
small shacks made of wood/bamboo slats and plastic
sheet. Most of the houses are single storied, one to two
room houses averaging an area of 300–400 square feet.
The quality of housing stock depends on a combination of
factors such as the age of settlement, level of tenure
security, infrastructure provisions and funding from
sources such as Bhopal gas relief fund.
Roads
Most slums have reasonably good access roads on the
periphery, largely asphalt. In the internal areas of the
slums there are largely concrete, stone paved, WBM and
kutcha roads. The older settlements, particularly those in
and around the old city as well as those authorised, have
better road coverage whereas the newer, rural, peripheral
and unauthorised slums have kutcha roads. Some of the
internal paving is done either by the residents themselves
or provided by the corporator. The problem with existing
slum roads in Bhopal, particularly concrete and asphalt, is
that the other services are not there. This means that
when internal water supply, sewerage, drainage and
lighting are introduced, there would be an infructuous
cost of dismantling the existing roads and making them
good afterwards.
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Ensuring access
to WATSAN is
a big challenge,
particularly for the
urban poor whose
settlements are yet
to be recognized
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Chapter 3
Command and Commandments
"Understanding the challenge is the first step toward facing it."
Ensuring access to WATSAN is a big challenge, particularly for the urban poor whose
settlements are yet to be recognized. But as mentioned above, these programs and policies offer
great opportunities to fix this historical injustice. Below are some challenges and opportunities
that can either prevent or help make WATSAN a fundamental right.
Challenges
• Living Conditions of the Urban Poor
K Increasing poverty pockets in urban areas: The 2011 census of Madhya Pradesh has
revealed that the decadal urban population and growth rate has reduced from 30.1 percent
in 2001 to 25.6 percent in 2011. The urban growth rate was highest at 52.9 percent in 1981.
But the slum population is increasing and with limited water resources the gap between
demand and supply is not only widening, the urban poor are the worst affected in this
situation as their access is limited. With public spaces shrinking and slums becoming
congested, access to a latrine is a distant dream for the urban poor. During times of less or
no supply, urban poor households spend more time on collecting water. This results in loss
All the cities now
want to be free of
in wage earning. Invariably, they spend more money to procure water, primarily for slums. This has
drinking and cooking purposes.
led to slums
K Rehabilitated slums: All the cities now want to be free of slums. This has led to slums
being evicted. Though many of the slums are rehabilitated, the access, functionality, and being evicted.
sustainability of the WASH infrastructure are yet to be analyzed. The O&M system of the Though many of
assets created in these colonies is also to be ascertained.
the slums are
rehabilitated,
the access,
functionality, and
sustainability of the
WASH infrastructure
are yet to be
analyzed
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Programs and
investments do
exist for the urban
poor; government
allocation for these
is increasing too.
But the quantum of
•
K
Water Security
Increasing water stress: The water table is declining in most of the state's districts. But the
investment, reach,
water stress due to less rainfall is more significant in urban areas. Due to non-
and inclusiveness
need be analyzed
implementation of rainwater harvesting measures, growing industries in water stressed
areas, promotion of water intensive crops, etc., the water table is at stress; and with a
declining water table, water quality problems will increase.
K Water quality: Water quality is crucial as most of the water supply, though treated, is
bacteriologically contaminated during transmission. Also, due to disposal of untreated
waste in water bodies the chemical contamination of water is increasing. The number of
districts affected by fluoride has increased over the years.
K Connection cost: The high connection charges act as a barrier for poor people to access
formal water and sewerage systems. Accumulating the required sum for upfront
connection costs, which are usually equivalent to a family’s one or two months income is
difficult for the poor. Also, the process to get a connection is cumbersome, involving many
days’ travel to the office, especially for the poor whose income is based on daily wages.
• Challenges to ULBs
K Financial sustainability: Municipalities and ULBs that operate and maintain water supply
systems depend entirely on the water sanitation tariff collected for their financial
sustainability. But with externally aided programs, municipalities have to repay the loans
they have taken. This increases the tariff, which is not always a solution. It leads to further
exclusion of the poor from basic amenities.
K WASH Sector Financing: Programs and investments do exist for the urban poor;
government allocation for these is increasing too. But the quantum of investment, reach,
and inclusiveness need be analyzed. Madhya Pradesh has urban programs with support
from ADB, DFID, and the GoI but its reach to the urban poor is much less than desired.
Most of the support is meant for urban infrastructure which excludes the poor.
• Sanitation for All
K Community Toilets: CTs have been created in all major towns and cities with either private
bodies or municipalities taking care of their O&M. With no sufficient manpower,
municipalities are unable to operate and maintain these CTs which gradually go to disuse.
The community managed toilet is also not a sustainable model as there needs to be regular
income for sufficient O&M.
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• Sanitation technologies
K Water intensive sanitation technology: The urban sanitation technology that can be
termed as “flush and forget it” is water intensive and centralized. In the absence of dual
water supplies, treated water is used for flushing which puts an enormous stress on our
water resources.
K Sanitation technology needs sanitation workers: Sanitation technology at present is
centralized technology with treatment plants. The need for manhole workers is high. The
hazardous working environment of these sanitary workers and the WASH access for them
are well documented.
K Urban poor and poor-friendly technologies: All the WASH programs for the urban poor
are either focused on community tap stands or CTs with exception to donor aided projects.
The programs and technologies for the urban poor and urban non-poor vary in terms of
reach, quantum of investment, and technology. There is no equity in the schemes
formulated and implemented for the urban poor and urban non-poor.
K Septage mismanagement: More than 37 percent of the total human excreta generated in
urban India is unsafely disposed.23 Management of onsite sanitation systems such as septic
tanks, primarily to be done by ULBs, remains a neglected component of urban sanitation.
Septage, which is a fluid mixture of untreated and partially treated sewage solids, liquids
and sludge of human or domestic origin, flows out of septic tanks and enters waterways, or
is generally disposed into the nearest water body or low lying areas. This leads to serious
health hazards and environmental implications. Also, manual de-sludgers working in
inaccessible low-income areas and squatter settlements are exposed to high health risks.
K Community participation in urban programs: Guidelines do exist for mohalla committees
which ensure community participation from planning to implementation. But the same on
ground is contradictory. This is due to lack of involvement of civil society organizations
(CSOs) in the programs.
K Policies on WATSAN: Madhya Pradesh has a State Water Policy and a Drinking Water and
Conservation Act, but these are not updated and do not address urban challenges. Also,
their implementation leaves much to be desired. These policies are not linked to other
policies like the industrial or agriculture policy which do not lay any stress on water
resource management.
Way Forward and Opportunities
• Ensuring water security for the urban poor
K WASH for the urban poor should not be linked to land tenure: WATSAN services to the
urban poor should be delivered without demanding various identities in both authorized
and unauthorized slums. Service delivery should be made available to the people who live
in the communities irrespective of land tenure.
K Water quality: Establishing water quality testing labs for testing the individual and public
water sources by the community at a low cost.
K One WASH technology for all: Establishing appropriate technology for connecting
individual household toilets and community managed toilets to underground drainage will
enable all citizens, including the urban poor, to be linked to underground drainage systems
(UGDS) and not to open drains.
K Increasing investments in WATSAN: Increased investment in WASH will enable more
benefits for both the community and the state. For communities it will be savings in
expenditure on health. And for the state, increased gross domestic product (GDP), as loss
in GDP due to lack of WASH is very high.
K Development/promotion of sustainable WASH technologies: The government should
promote technologies that are less water intensive, promote eco-sanitation technologies,
The programs and
technologies for the
urban poor and
urban non-poor
vary in terms of
reach, quantum of
investment, and
technology. There
is no equity in the
schemes
formulated and
implemented for
the urban poor and
urban non-poor
23 National Urban Sanitation Policy, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India.
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promote dual tap water supply, increase Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM)
measures and decentralized sanitation technology.
K Connection cost: Water connections should be for all. The connection cost should be based
on the principle “capacity of people to pay.” Simplifying connection procedures and
reducing connection costs can go a long way in facilitating the urban poor’s access to formal
service systems.
K Rainwater harvesting: Rainwater harvesting should be encouraged through awareness and
more incentives. The government should first demonstrate by creating Roof Water
Harvesting System structures in all its buildings and sensitize citizens on the same. There
should be a mix of incentives and penalties for the same.
• Decentralized planning
K Community involvement in design, implementation, and maintenance of programs:
Mohalla Committees and women SHGs are opportunities for community involvement in
implementation of programs. With involvement of CSOs, ownership in the programs can
increase thus leading to sustainability of the initiatives.
Water connections
should be for all.
The connection cost
should be based
on the principle
“capacity of people
to pay.”
Simplifying
connection
procedures and
reducing
connection costs
can go a long way
in facilitating the
urban poor's access
to formal
service systems
• Micro planning
Settlement/slum/basti level comprehensive WASH micro plans with resource mapping can
be developed for full and sustainable coverage of the urban poor population. The micro
plan may include all aspects of WASH:
K Safe drinking water.
K Basic sanitation.
K Decentralized waste disposal (may include establishment of small units for
transformation of solid waste into organic manure).
K Waste water disposal.
K WASH education through the Integrated Child Development Scheme
(ICDS)/health department functionaries.
K Water resource mapping and water quality testing.
K Point of use water disinfection for safe drinking water at household level in
collaboration with ULB, PHED, health department, NGOs/CBOs, and private
players, etc.
K Menstrual hygiene education in collaboration with ICDS and NGOs.
• Institutional (ULB) Sustainability
K Financial sustainability of municipalities and ULBs: Municipalities and ULBs should
have greater financial autonomy and be transparent. They should involve citizens,
particularly the urban poor, in planning programs so that they are financially viable.
• Effective O&M: Key to institutional sustainability and WASH services
O&M costs are very high and low tariff with very high distribution losses are adversely
affecting sustainability of the mechanism and availability of adequate water for all. The
O&M system may include the following:
K A comprehensive plan for O&M.
K Geographic information system or GIS based maps of the system.
K Maintaining Management Information System (MIS) records on the system
including history of equipment, costs, life, etc.
K Adequate personnel to operate and maintain equipment.
K Build capacity of the O&M personnel.
K Availability of spares and tools for ensuring maintenance.
K Water audit and leakage control plan.
K Action plan for energy audit for saving on energy.
K Establishing a sound financial management system.
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• Capacity Building
There is a significant capacity gap in the technical and institutional aspects of WASH.
Accordingly, when responsibilities are delegated to local governments, they are unable to
undertake effective or timely implementation. Capacity building must be based on
examination of the physical and institutional characteristics of ULBs, define opportunities
and key constraints for sustainable development, and then select a set of short- and long-
Convergence is
more important
term action programs.
with health
K Convergence with health programs: Convergence is more important with health programs programs
so that both the health and WASH sectors work hand-in-hand to ensure benefits reach
quickly. This will also avoid duplication and increased impact of programs among women so that both the
and children as they are the worst affected by the absence of WASH and health facilities. health and WASH
K Focusing on behavior change practices like hand washing and use of safe water: Urban sectors work hand-
programs need to focus on hygiene promotion such as hygiene practices like hand washing.
Use of safe water and water handling are very important and can decrease the incidences of in-hand to ensure
diarrhea. There is a need for integrating hygiene into school curriculum and converging the benefits reach
same into health and ICDS programs.
quickly. This will
• Sanitation:
also avoid
K Septage management guidelines: With around 102 million septic tanks and 60 million duplication and
latrines (World Bank, 2006) and the projected improvement level to be achieved in
sanitation sector of the country, it is intriguing to observe that India lacks national septage
management guidelines/policies.24 In the absence of any consolidated septage management
practices, health and environmental safeguards cannot be achieved. As such, there is a
increased impact of
programs among
women
need to invest in septage management as a complement to safe sanitation systems. Policy and children as
framework and guidelines for desludging of septic tanks, transport, and disposal/treatment they are the worst
needs to be framed and adopted by ULBs.
K Community toilets: The government should ensure that CTs are constructed in slums affected by the
which are crowded and have no space for the construction of individual toilets rather than absence of WASH
constructing CTs in all poverty pockets. This will ensure that even if CTs are given to and health facilities
community groups for O&M they will be sustainable due to regular income. In CTs that are
maintained by private parties, municipalities should ensure that the communities are
aware of the terms and conditions and empower the mohalla committees to closely monitor
their functioning, including the CTs maintained by municipalities.
K WATSAN policies: The existing State Water Policy and the Drinking Water and
Conservation Act need to be completely reframed and updated and linked with other
policies such as the industrial and agriculture policy. They should focus on urban areas
and the challenges unique to them.
24 “Policy Paper on Septage Management in India,” CSE, May 2011 (www.cseindia.org/content/policy-paper-septage-
management-india-1).
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HUP in Madhya Pradesh
Health of the Urban Poor (HUP) Program is supporting government of
India (GOI) and eight state governments and five cities in improving
the health outcomes in the urban areas. In Madhya Pradesh (MP), the
HUP Program is being implemented by Population Foundation of
India’s MP office with funding support from USAID India. One of its
important objectives is to ensure availability of safe and quality
drinking water in a sustainable manner in the urban areas of Madhya
Pradesh. The Program in MP has been working closely with different
departments of the Government of Madhya Pradesh to position water,
sanitation and hygiene in most of the related programmes. The HUP
Program has so far been providing technical support and taking up
collaborative efforts with Urban Administration and Development
Department (UADD), Municipal Corporations, Department of Health &
Family Welfare, Women & Child Development Department, State
Planning Commission and other such departments. The Program has
contributed to sectoral documents like State WATSAN Profiles, Policy
Brief on WASH and Best practices in WASH. The program has helped
UADD in development of a training manual in WASH for use by ULBs
and has also developed a training module for use by front line workers
in health & ICDS. Recently the progam trained the USHA master
trainers where WASH was integrated as one of the key sessions for a
day. The program has also done an assessment of the decentralized
water and sanitation program of Jabalpur which has been awarded as
one of the best practices by GOI. The HUP programme is also
associated in various advocacy events such as collaboration in
celebration of World Water Day, Global Hand Washing Day, etc. with
donors and other stakeholders.
For more information please contact:
Health of the Urban Poor (HUP) Program
Population Foundation of India
B-28, Qutab Institutional Area, New Delhi - 110 016, Tel: 91-11-43894166, Fax: 91-11-43894199
E-mail: info_hup@populationfoundation.in, www.populationfoundation.in
Local HUP Office:
Population Foundation of India
E1/119, ARERA COLONY, BHOPAL – 462016, MADHYA PRADESH
This document is made possible by the support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The
contents are the responsibility of the Population Foundation of India and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government.